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| Mainstream popularity | Since late 1980s in the United States, worldwide beginning in early 1990s, among best-selling genres of music by early 2000s. Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. Hip hop is a Subculture, which is said to have begun with the work of DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five, and Afrika Bambaattaa Hip hop dance refers to Dance styles mainly Street dance styles primarily danced to Hip hop music, or that have evolved as a part of the Hip hop Hip-hop fashion is a distinctive style of dress originating with African-American youth in The Bronx ( New York City) and later influenced by Dancehall is a type of Jamaican Popular music which developed in the late 1970s initially as a more sparse and less political and religious variant of Reggae Toasting, Chatting, or Deejaying is the act of talking or Chanting over a Rhythm or beat. Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul Kingston is the Capital and largest city of Jamaica and is located on the southeastern coast of the island country The South Bronx is a region of the New York City Borough of The Bronx. The City of New York Turntablism is the art of manipulating sounds and creating music using phonograph turntables and a DJ mixer. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and For the early "drum machine" computers that used a rotating cylinder as their main memory see Drum memory A drum machine is an A sampler is an electronic musical instrument closely related to a Synthesizer. |
| Derivative forms | drum and bass, grime |
Hip hop music is a genre of music typically consisting of a rhythmic style of speaking called rap over backing beats performed on a turntable by a DJ. GrimE (Grim Engine is an Adventure game engine, created by Bret Mogilefsky at LucasArts using the Free software scripting language Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Hip hop music is part of hip hop culture, which began in New York City in the 1970s, predominantly among African Americans and Latinos (two other elements are breakdancing and graffiti art). Hip hop is a Subculture, which is said to have begun with the work of DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five, and Afrika Bambaattaa The City of New York African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Breakdance, breaking, b-boying or b-girling is a Street dance style that evolved as part of the hip hop movement among Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property [1] The term rap is sometimes used synonymously with hip hop music, though it originally referred only to rapping itself.
Rapping, also referred to as MCing or emceeing, is a vocal style in which the performer speaks rhythmically and in rhyme, generally to a beat. Beats are traditionally sampled from portions of other songs by a DJ, though synthesizers, drum machines, and live bands are also used, especially in newer music. In Music, sampling is the act of taking a portion or sample, of one Sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or element of a new recording Rappers may perform poetry which they have written ahead of time, or improvise rhymes on the spot. Freestyle rap is an Improvisational form of Rapping, performed with few or no previously composed Lyrics, which is said to reflect a direct mapping of the Though rap is usually an integral component of hip hop music, DJs sometimes perform and record alone, and many instrumental acts are also defined as hip hop.
Hip hop arose in New York City when DJs began isolating the percussion break from funk or disco songs for audiences to dance to. In Popular music a break is an Instrumental or percussion section or interlude during a song derived from or related to Stop-time &ndash being Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define The role of the MC was originally to introduce the DJ and the music, and to keep the audience excited. The MC would speak between songs, giving exhortations to dance, greetings to audience members, jokes and anecdotes. Toasting, Chatting, or Deejaying is the act of talking or Chanting over a Rhythm or beat. Eventually, this practice became more stylized, and came to be known as rapping. By 1979, hip hop had become a commercially recorded music genre, and began to enter the American mainstream. It also began its spread across the world. In the 1990s, a form called gangsta rap became a major part of American music, causing significant controversy over lyrics which were perceived by some as promoting violence, promiscuity, drug use and misogyny. For the Ice T album see Gangsta Rap (album. Gangsta rap is a term originated by the mainstream media to describe a certain subgenre The music of the United States reflects the country's multi-ethnic population through a diverse array of styles Nevertheless, by the beginning of the 2000s, hip hop became a staple of popular music charts and is now performed in widely varying styles around the world.
Contents |
1970s
Roots of hip hop
The roots of hip hop are found in African-American and West African music. The roots of hip hop can be found in 1970s block parties in New York City, specifically The Bronx. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. The griots of West Africa are a group of traveling singers and poets, whose musical style is reminiscent of hiphop. A griot ( pronounced /gɹiɒ/ in English or in French, with a silent t) or jeli ( djeli or djéli in French Within New York City, griot-like performances of poetry and music by artists such as The Last Poets and Jalal Mansur Nuriddin had a great impact on the post-civil rights era culture of the 1960s and 1970s. The Last Poets is a group of poets and musicians who arose from the late 1960s African American civil rights movement's Black nationalist thread Jalaluddin Mansur Nuriddin born in Brooklyn New York, 1944 is one of the founding members of The Last Poets, a group of Poets and Musicians Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Hip hop arose during the 1970s when block parties became common in New York City, especially the Bronx. A block party is a large public celebration in which many members of a single Neighborhood congregate either to observe an event of some importance or simply The City of New York Block parties were usually accompanied by music, especially funk and soul music. Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul Soul music is a Music genre that combines Rhythm and blues and Gospel music, originating in the United States. The early DJs at block parties began isolating the percussion breaks to hit songs, realizing that these were the most dance-able and entertaining parts; this technique was then common in Jamaica and had spread via the substantial Jamaican immigrant community in New York City, especially the "godfather" of hip hop, DJ Kool Herc. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Clive Campbell (born April 16 1955 AKA Kool Herc, DJ Kool Herc and Kool DJ Herc, is a Jamaican-born DJ who is credited as originating Hip hop
Dub had arisen in Jamaica due to the influence of American sailors and radio stations playing R&B. Dub is a form of music which evolved from Reggae in the late 1960s The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Large sound systems were set up to accommodate poor Jamaicans, who couldn't afford to buy records, and dub developed at the sound systems (refers to both the system and the parties that evolved around them). In the context of Jamaican Popular culture, a sound system is a group of Disc jockeys engineers and MCs playing Ska, Herc was one of the most popular DJs in early 70s New York, and he quickly switched from using reggae records to funk, rock and, later, disco, since the New York audience did not particularly like reggae. Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Because the percussive breaks were generally short, Herc and other DJs began extending them using an audio mixer and two records. In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board or soundboard, is an electronic device for combining Mixing and scratching techniques eventually developed along with the breaks. (The same techniques contributed to the popularization of remixes. A remix is an alternative version of a song different from the original version ) Such looping, sampling and remixing of another's music, usually without the original artist's knowledge or consent, can be seen as an evolution of Jamaican Dub music, and would become a hallmark of the hiphop style. Dub is a form of music which evolved from Reggae in the late 1960s
Later DJs such as Grandmaster Flash refined and developed the use of breakbeats, including cutting. Joseph Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown Barbados) better known as Grandmaster Flash, is an American Hip hop musician [2] As in dub, performers began speaking while the music played; these were originally called MCs; Herc focused primarily on DJing, and began working with two MCs, Coke La Rock and Clark Kent—this was the first MC crew, Kool Herc & the Herculoids. Coke La Rock' is an American old school Rapper.For practical reasons he is considered to be the first hip-hop emcee Originally, these early rappers focused on introducing themselves and others in the audience (the origin of the still common practice of "shouting out" on hip hop records). These early performers often MCed for hours at a time, with some improvisation and a simple four-count beat, along with a basic chorus to allow the performer to gather his thoughts (such as "one, two, three, y'all, to the beat, y'all").
Later, the MCs grew more varied in their vocal and rhythmic approach, incorporating brief rhymes, often with a sexual or scatological theme, in an effort at differentiating themselves and entertaining the audience. These early raps incorporated similar rhyming lyrics from African American culture, such as the dozens. "The Dozens", also known as "Yo Momma Fights" is an element of the African American oral tradition in which two competitors usually males While Kool Herc & the Herculoids were the first hip hoppers to gain major fame in New York, more MC teams quickly sprouted up. Frequently, these were collaborations between former gang members, such as Afrikaa Bambaataa's Universal Zulu Nation (now a large, international organization). Gangsters redirects here For the computer game see Gangsters (video game. Afrika Bambaataa (born Kevin Donovan on April 17, 1957) is an American DJ from the South Bronx, who was instrumental in the The Universal Zulu Nation is an "international hip hop awareness" group formed and headed by Hip hop godfather Afrika Bambaataa. Melle Mel, a rapper/lyricist with The Furious Five is often credited with being the first rap lyricist to call himself an "MC. Melvin Glover (born May 15, 1961 in The Bronx New York) also known by his stage name Grandmaster Mele Mel, and formerly Grandmaster Melle Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five was a highly influential hip hop group comprised of Grandmaster Flash, Melle Mel, Kid Creole, Cowboy Scorpio "[3] During the early 1970s, breakdancing arose during block parties, as b-boys and b-girls got in front of the audience to dance in a distinctive, frenetic style. Breakdance, breaking, b-boying or b-girling is a Street dance style that evolved as part of the hip hop movement among For information on the breakdancers see B-boy. Benjamin "Benny" Cuntapay (born December 29, 1978) is an American The style was documented for release to a world wide audience for the first time in Beat Street. "Beat Street" may also refer to Orange Street in Kingston Jamaica.
Although there were many early MCs that recorded solo projects of note, such as DJ Hollywood, Kurtis Blow, and Spoonie Gee, real notoriety didn't appear until later with the rise of soloists with big stage presence and drama, such as LL Cool J. DJ Hollywood (born December 10, 1954) is an American Old school hip hop DJ and Rapper. Curtis Walker (born 9 August 1959) better known by his stage name Kurtis Blow, is one of the first commercially successful rappers and Spoonie Gee (born Gabriel Jackson) was the nephew of veteran R&B producer Bobby Robinson and one of the earliest rap artists James Todd Smith (born January 14 1968 better known as LL Cool J, is an American Rapper and actor Most early hip hop was dominated by groups where collaboration among the members was integral to the show. [4]
Origin of term
Coinage of the term hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, a rapper with Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and Joseph Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown Barbados) better known as Grandmaster Flash, is an American Hip hop musician Though Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was still known as disco rap, it is believed that Cowboy created the term while teasing a friend who had just joined the U. Lovebug Starski (born Kevin Smith on December 18, 1959, in the Bronx New York) is an American emcee, musician record DJ Hollywood (born December 10, 1954) is an American Old school hip hop DJ and Rapper. Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define S. Army, by scat singing the words "hip/hop/hip/hop" in a way that mimicked the rhythmic cadence of marching soldiers. In Vocal jazz, scat singing is vocal improvisation with random vocables and syllables or without words at all Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of [5] Cowboy later worked the "hip hop" cadence into a part of his stage performance, which was quickly copied by other artists; for example the opening of the song "Rapper's Delight" by The Sugarhill Gang. " Rapper's Delight " is a 1979 single by American hip hop trio The Sugarhill Gang; it was one of the first hip hop hit singles The Sugarhill Gang is an American hip hop and Funk group known mostly for their biggest hit " Rapper's Delight " the first hip hop [5] Former Black Spades gang member Afrika Bambaataa is credited with first using the term to describe the subculture that hip hop music belongs to, although it is also suggested that the term was originally derisively used against the new type of music. The Black Spades was one of the largest and most violent black street gangs in New York City during the 1970s Afrika Bambaataa (born Kevin Donovan on April 17, 1957) is an American DJ from the South Bronx, who was instrumental in the For the term in biology see Subculture (biology. For the song by New Order see Sub-culture (song. [6]
Context
The reasons for the rise of hip hop are found in the changing urban culture within the United States during the 1970s. Perhaps most important was the low cost involved in getting started: the equipment was relatively inexpensive, and virtually anyone could MC along with the popular beats of the day. MCs could be creative, pairing nonsense rhymes and teasing friends and enemies alike in the style of Jamaican toasting at blues parties or playing the dozens in an exchange of wit. Toasting, Chatting, or Deejaying is the act of talking or Chanting over a Rhythm or beat. "The Dozens", also known as "Yo Momma Fights" is an element of the African American oral tradition in which two competitors usually males MCs would play at block parties, with no expectation of recording, in the way of folk music. Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous The skills necessary to create hip hop music were passed informally from musician to musician, rather than being taught in expensive music lessons.
Another reason for hip hop's rise was the decline of disco, funk and rock in the mid- to late 70s. Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African Disco arose among black and gay male clubs in America, and quickly spread to Europe, where it grew increasingly sunny, bright and poppy. In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. Once disco broke into the mainstream in the United States, and was thus appropriated, its original fans and many other listeners rejected it as pre-packaged and soulless. While many remember the white teens shouting "disco sucks" at every available opportunity, often in racist and homophobic contexts, inner-city blacks were similarly rejecting disco and disco-fied rock, soul and funk (which was virtually everything on the radio at the time). List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that BenPhelpsJPG|thumb|right|Westboro Baptist Church picket signs with Ben Phelps grandson of Fred Phelps
If disco had anything redeemable for urban audiences, however, it was the strong, eminently danceable beats, and hip hop rose to take advantage of the beats while providing a musical outlet for the masses that hated disco. Disco-inflected music (though comparatively little actual disco) was one of the most popular sources of beats in the first ten or twelve years of hiphop's existence. In Washington DC, go go also emerged as a reaction against disco, and eventually mixed with hip hop during the early 1980s, while electronic music did the same, developing as house music in Chicago and techno music in Detroit. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s
Along with the low expense and the demise of other forms of popular music, social and political events further accelerated the rise of hip hop. In 1959, the Cross-Bronx Expressway was built through the heart of the Bronx, displacing many of the middle-class white communities and causing widespread unemployment among the remaining blacks as stores and factories fled the area. The Cross Bronx Expressway is a major expressway ( Freeway) in the New York City borough of The Bronx. By the 1970s, poverty was rampant. When a 15,000+ apartment Co-op City was built at the northern edge of the Bronx in 1968, the last of the middle-class fled the area and the area's black and Latino gangs began to grow in power. Co-op City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world
Stylistic diversification
Pete DJ Jones, Eddie Cheeba, DJ Hollywood and Love Bug Starski were disco-flavored early hip hop DJs. DJ Hollywood (born December 10, 1954) is an American Old school hip hop DJ and Rapper. Lovebug Starski (born Kevin Smith on December 18, 1959, in the Bronx New York) is an American emcee, musician record Others hip hop musicians focused on rapid-fire rhymes and more complex rhythmic schemes. Afrika Bambaataa, Paul Winley, Grandmaster Flash and Bobby Robinson were members of this group. Afrika Bambaataa (born Kevin Donovan on April 17, 1957) is an American DJ from the South Bronx, who was instrumental in the Joseph Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown Barbados) better known as Grandmaster Flash, is an American Hip hop musician Bobby Robinson ( October 25, 1903 in Mobile Alabama - May 17, 2002) was an American Negro League Baseball During the transition into the early 1980s, many felt that hip hop was a novelty fad that would soon die out. This was to become a constant accusation for at least the next fifteen years.
The first hip hop recording was probably the New Jersey-based Sugar Hill Gang's Rapper's Delight in 1979[7]. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The Sugarhill Gang is an American hip hop and Funk group known mostly for their biggest hit " Rapper's Delight " the first hip hop " Rapper's Delight " is a 1979 single by American hip hop trio The Sugarhill Gang; it was one of the first hip hop hit singles By the 1980s, all the major elements and techniques of the genre were in place. Though not yet mainstream, hip hop was by now well known among African Americans, even outside of New York City; it could be found in cities as diverse as Los Angeles, Washington, DC, Baltimore, Dallas, Kansas City, Miami, Seattle, St. Louis, New Orleans, and Houston. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana
Despite the genre's spreading popularity, Philadelphia was, for many years, the only city whose contributions to hip hop were valued as greatly as New York City's by fans and critics. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The City of New York Hip hop music was popular there at least as far back as the late 1970s (the first Philadelphia hip hop record was "Rhythm Talk", by Jocko Henderson in 1979), and the New York Times dubbed Philadelphia the "Graffiti Capital of the World" in 1971. A Philadelphia-area radio DJ, Lady B, was the first female solo hip hop artist to record music ("To the Beat Y'All", 1980). Lady B (b Wendy Clark) is an American Rapper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Later Schoolly D, another Philadelphia-based artist, helped invent what became known as gangsta rap. Schoolly D is the moniker of American Rapper Jesse B Weaver Jr For the Ice T album see Gangsta Rap (album. Gangsta rap is a term originated by the mainstream media to describe a certain subgenre
1980s
The 1980s saw intense diversification of hip hop, which developed into a more complex form. Hip hop's "golden age" is a name given to a period in mainstream Hip hop —usually cited as the late 1980s—said to be characterized by its diversity quality innovation As technology evolved so did the practice of looping break into breakbeats; the emergence of samplers and sequencers allowed the beats to be manipulated with greater precision and granularity and recombined in more complex new ways than was possible with vinyl alone. In 1984, Marley Marl accidentally caught a drum machine snare hit in the sampler; this innovation was vital in the development of electro and other later types of hip hop. Marlon Williams (born 1962 in Queens, New York City) better known as Marley Marl, is considered one of the most important and influential hip-hop Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk In 1989, DJ Mark James under the moniker "45 King", released "The 900 Number", a breakbeat track created by synchronizing samplers and vinyl. DJ Mark the 45 King (born Mark James) also known as the 45 King, started DJing in New Jersey in the mid-1980s [8]
The content evolved as well. The simple tales of 1970s MCs were replaced by highly metaphoric lyrics rapping over complex, multi-layered beats. Some rappers even became mainstream pop performers, including Kurtis Blow, whose appearance in a Sprite commercial made him the first hip hop musician to be considered mainstream enough to represent a major product, but also the first to be accused by the hip hop audience of selling out. Curtis Walker (born 9 August 1959) better known by his stage name Kurtis Blow, is one of the first commercially successful rappers and Sprite is a clear soda Lemon-lime Flavored caffeine free Soft drink, produced by The Coca-Cola Company. "Sold Out" redirects here For other uses see Sold Out (disambiguation or Selling Out (disambiguation. Another popular performer among mainstream audiences was LL Cool J, who was a success from the release of his first LP, Radio. James Todd Smith (born January 14 1968 better known as LL Cool J, is an American Rapper and actor Radio is the Debut album of American Rapper LL Cool J, released November 18 1985 on Def Jam Recordings.
Hip hop was almost entirely unknown outside of the United States prior to the 1980s. During that decade, it began its spread to every inhabited continent and became a part of the music scene in dozens of countries. In the early part of the decade, breakdancing became the first aspect of hip hop culture to reach Germany, Japan and South Africa, where the crew Black Noise established the practice before beginning to rap later in the decade. Breakdance, breaking, b-boying or b-girling is a Street dance style that evolved as part of the hip hop movement among Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Black Noise is a hip hop group hailing from Cape Flats in Cape Town, South Africa. Meanwhile, recorded hip hop was released in France (Dee Nasty's 1984 Paname City Rappin') and the Philippines (Dyords Javier's "Na Onseng Delight" and Vincent Dafalong's "Nunal"). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Dee Nasty (Born 1960 is a DJ, producer, and Hip-Hop pioneer in Paris, France. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP In Puerto Rico, Vico C became the first Spanish rapper, and his recorded work was the beginning of what became known as reggaeton. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Vico C (born Luis Armando Lozada Cruz on September 8, 1971) is an American Rapper and Reggaeton artist of Puerto Reggaeton (also spelled reggaetón, and known as reguetón and reggaetón in Spanish) is a form of urban music which became popular
Politicization
The first rap records (Fatback Band's King Tim III, Grandmaster Flash's Super Rappin and The Sugarhill Gang's Rapper's Delight) were actually recorded by live musicians in the studio, with the rappers adding their vocals later. Political hip hop is a form of Hip hop music that developed in the 1980s The Fatback Band (later simply Fatback) is an American Funk and Disco band "King Tim III (Personality Jock" is a 1979 (see 1979 in music) song by the Fatback Band from the disco album XII. Joseph Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown Barbados) better known as Grandmaster Flash, is an American Hip hop musician The Sugarhill Gang is an American hip hop and Funk group known mostly for their biggest hit " Rapper's Delight " the first hip hop " Rapper's Delight " is a 1979 single by American hip hop trio The Sugarhill Gang; it was one of the first hip hop hit singles This changed with DJ records such as Grandmaster Flash's Adventures on the Wheels of Steel (known for pioneering use of scratching, which was invented by Grandwizard Theodore in 1977) as well as electronic recordings such as Planet Rock by Afrika Bambaataa and Run DMC's very basic, all electronic Sucker MC's and Peter Piper which contains genuine cutting by Run DMC member Jam Master Jay. Joseph Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown Barbados) better known as Grandmaster Flash, is an American Hip hop musician "Scratching" is also a Present participle of " Scratch " and may also refer to a form of street art Scratching Grand Wizard Theodore (real name Theodore Livingston also known as GrandWizzard Theodore or DJ GrandWizzard Theodore, is a hip hop DJ. Afrika Bambaataa (born Kevin Donovan on April 17, 1957) is an American DJ from the South Bronx, who was instrumental in the Run-DMC was a pioneering hip hop group during the 1980s founded by Joseph "[The Reverend] Run" Simmons, Darryl "D Jason William Mizell ( January 21 1965 &ndash October 30 2002) also known as Jam-Master Jay and Jay Gambulos, was These early innovators were based out of New York City, which remained the capital of Hiphop during the 1980s. This style became known as East Coast hip hop. East Coast hip hop is the original style of Hip hop music that originated in New York City, USA, during the early-1970s
Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five released a "message rap", called The Message, in 1982; this was one of the earliest examples of recorded hip hop with a socially aware tone. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five was a highly influential hip hop group comprised of Grandmaster Flash, Melle Mel, Kid Creole, Cowboy Scorpio
In 1987, Public Enemy brought out their debut album (Yo! Bum Rush the Show) on Def Jam, and Boogie Down Productions followed up in 1988 with By All Means Necessary; both records pioneered a wave of hard-edged politicized performers. Public Enemy, also known as PE, is an influential hip hop group from Long Island New York, known for its politically charged Lyrics, criticism Yo! Bum Rush the Show is the debut album by Public Enemy, released by Def Jam / Columbia Records on January 26, 1987. Def Jam Recordings is a United States based hip-hop Record label, owned by Universal Music Group, and operates as a part of The Island Boogie Down Productions was a hip hop group originally comprised of KRS-One, D-Nice, and DJ Scott La Rock. The late 1980s saw a flourishing of like-minded rappers on both coasts, and Public Enemy's It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back became surprisingly successful, despite its militant and confrontational tone, appearing on both the club and rap charts, and peaking at #17 and #11, respectively. It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back is the second studio album by American hip hop group Public Enemy, released on Def Jam Aside from the lyrical innovations, Public Enemy's Terminator X (along with Eric B., of Eric B. & Rakim) pioneered new techniques in sampling that resulted in dense, multi-layered sonic collages. Norman Rogers (known by his stage name Terminator X, born 25 August 1966) is best known as the producer DJ of the rap group Eric B (born Louis Eric Barrier) was the producer and DJ for the rap duo Eric B Eric Barrier ( Eric B) and William Barrier Griffin Jr ( Rakim) were a hip-hop duo known as Eric B
Popularization
The mid-1980s saw a flourishing of the first hip hop artists to achieve mainstream success, such as Kurtis Blow (Kurtis Blow), LL Cool J (Radio) and especially Run-D.M.C. (Raising Hell), as well as influences in mainstream music, such as Blondie's Debbie Harry rapping in the first non-black hit to feature rapping, "Rapture". Curtis Walker (born 9 August 1959) better known by his stage name Kurtis Blow, is one of the first commercially successful rappers and The album Kurtis Blow was rapper Kurtis Blow 's self-titled debut released in 1980 (see 1980 in music) James Todd Smith (born January 14 1968 better known as LL Cool J, is an American Rapper and actor Radio is the Debut album of American Rapper LL Cool J, released November 18 1985 on Def Jam Recordings. Run-DMC was a pioneering hip hop group during the 1980s founded by Joseph "[The Reverend] Run" Simmons, Darryl "D For the video by Iron Maiden, see Raising Hell (video Raising Hell is a 1986 album by Hip-hop group Blondie is an American rock band that first gained fame in the late 1970s and has so far sold over 60 million records Deborah Ann "Debbie" Harry (born July 1 1945 is an American Singer-songwriter and Actress, most famous for being the lead singer for the Punk LL Cool J's Radio spawned a number of singles that entered the dance charts, peaking with "I Can Give You More" (#21). 1986 saw two hip hop acts in the Billboard Top Ten; Run-D.M.C.'s "Walk This Way" collaboration with Aerosmith, and the Beastie Boys "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)". Run-DMC was a pioneering hip hop group during the 1980s founded by Joseph "[The Reverend] Run" Simmons, Darryl "D Aerosmith is an American Hard rock band sometimes referred to as "The Bad Boys from Boston " and "America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band" The pop success of both singles was unheard of for the time; "Walk This Way" has proved especially memorable for its early mixture of hip hop and rock (though it was not the first such mixture), and it peaked at an unheard of #4 on the pop charts. Also, the mid-1980s saw the rise of the first major black female group, Salt-N-Pepa, who hit the charts with singles like "The Show Stoppa" in 1985. Salt-n-Pepa is a Grammy -Award Winning American hip hop group from Queens New York that came into the music scene in 1985 and went on to Ice-T's seminal "6n' Da Mornin'" (1986) is one of the first nationally successful West Coast hip hop singles, and is often said to be the beginning of gangsta rap (along with Schoolly D, LL Cool J and N.W.A.). West Coast hip hop is a style of Hip hop music that originated in California in the early 1980s For the Ice T album see Gangsta Rap (album. Gangsta rap is a term originated by the mainstream media to describe a certain subgenre Schoolly D is the moniker of American Rapper Jesse B Weaver Jr James Todd Smith (born January 14 1968 better known as LL Cool J, is an American Rapper and actor NWA (also known as Niggaz with Attitudes) was a Compton, California -based hip hop group widely considered one of the seminal acts of the
Turntablism
While early hip hop arose through the decline of funk and disco while still employing their musicianship, there was the rise of artists who employed the use of the turntable as an instrument in itself. Turntablism is the art of manipulating sounds and creating music using phonograph turntables and a DJ mixer. Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define Hip Hop Turntablist DJs use turntable techniques such as beat mixing/matching, scratching, and beat juggling to create a base that can be rapped over. A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Turntablism is generally focused more on turntable technique and less on mixing. Each scratch of the turntable is considered unique due to the complex waveforms produced and employing digital sampling is considered an affront to a true Turntablist. [9]
Rise of gangsta rap
The first gangsta rap album to become a mainstream pop hit, selling more than 2. For the Ice T album see Gangsta Rap (album. Gangsta rap is a term originated by the mainstream media to describe a certain subgenre 5 million copies, was N.W.A.'s Straight Outta Compton (1988). NWA (also known as Niggaz with Attitudes) was a Compton, California -based hip hop group widely considered one of the seminal acts of the Straight Outta Compton is the second album by Compton -based hip hop group N N. W. A. 's controversial subject matter, including drugs, violence and sex, helped popularize what became known as gangsta rap (said to have begun with Ice-T's "6N' Da Morning"). For the Ice T album see Gangsta Rap (album. Gangsta rap is a term originated by the mainstream media to describe a certain subgenre Specifically, the song "Fuck Tha Police" earned the foursome the enmity of law enforcement, resulting in a strongly-worded letter of discontent from the FBI. N. W. A. 's most lasting impact, however, was placing the West Coast on the hip hop map.
Diversification
Though women, whites and Latinos had long been a part of the hip hop scene, it was not until the 1980s that groups other than young African American males began creating popular, innovative and distinctive styles of hip hop music.
The first rap recording by a solo female was Philadelphia-based Lady B.'s "To the Beat, Y'All" (1980), while The Sequence became the first female group to record. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Lady B (b Wendy Clark) is an American Rapper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Sequence is a former Female Old school hip hop trio signed to the Sugar Hill label in the early-1980s It was, not, however, until Salt-N-Pepa in the middle of the decade that female performers gained mainstream success. Salt-n-Pepa is a Grammy -Award Winning American hip hop group from Queens New York that came into the music scene in 1985 and went on to
The first groups to mix hip hop and heavy metal included 1984's "Rock Box" (Run-D.M.C.) and "Rock Hard" (Beastie Boys). Run-DMC was a pioneering hip hop group during the 1980s founded by Joseph "[The Reverend] Run" Simmons, Darryl "D Later in the decade, Ice-T and Anthrax were among the most innovative mixers of thrash metal and hiphop. Anthrax is a New York City -based heavy metal band that released its first full-length album in 1984 Thrash metal (sometimes referred to simply as thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal that is characterized by its fast tempo and aggression These fusions helped move hip hop into new audiences, and introduced it to legions of new fans in the States and abroad.
In Puerto Rico, Vico C became the first mainstream Spanish language rapper, and his recorded work was the beginning of what became known as reggaeton. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Vico C (born Luis Armando Lozada Cruz on September 8, 1971) is an American Rapper and Reggaeton artist of Puerto Reggaeton (also spelled reggaetón, and known as reguetón and reggaetón in Spanish) is a form of urban music which became popular Hip hop had always had a significant connection to the Latino community in New York City including the first Latin DJ DJ Disco Wiz, and hip hop soon spread amongst Latinos. The City of New York DJ Disco Wiz, (born Luis Cedeño was born in the Bronx, New York USA to a Puerto Rican father and a mother from Cuba. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, most Latin rap came from the West Coast of the United States. In 1989, Cuban-American Mellow Man Ace became the first Latino artist to have a major bilingual single. Ulpiano Sergio Reyes (born April 12 1967) is a Cuban Rapper known as Mellow Man Ace and original member of the rap group Cypress Mellow Man, referred to as the "Godfather of Latin rap", brought mainstream attention to Spanglish rhyming with his 1989 platinum single "Mentirosa". In 1990, fellow West Coast artist Kid Frost further brought Latinos to the rap forefront with his single "La Raza. Arturo Raymond Molina Jr (born May 31, 1962 in East Los Angeles California) better known as Frost (Originally Kid Frost) is a " Cypress Hill, of which Mellow Man Ace was a member before going solo, would become the first Latino rap group to reach platinum status in 1991. Cypress Hill is an American hip hop group from Los Angeles California. Ecuadorian born rapper Gerardo received heavy rotation on video and radio for his single "Rico, Suave. Gerardo (born Gerardo Mejía on April 16, 1965) is a rapper and singer who later became a recording industry executive " As a result of the success of these artists, countries throughout Latin America such as Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Mexico created their own hip hop scenes.
While Run DMC laid the groundwork for East Coast rap, "Planet Rock" (Afrika Bambaataa) was one of the first electro tracks. Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk Based on a sample from German rock group Kraftwerk (Trans-Europe Express), "Planet Rock" inspired countless groups, based in New Jersey, New York City and Detroit, among other places, to make electronic dance music (called electro) that strongly influenced techno and house music, and especially the burgeoning electro music scene in northern England, the Midlands and London. Kraftwerk (ˈkʁaftvɛɐk German for " power plant " or " Power station " is an influential Electronic music band from The Trans Europ Express is a former international Train network in Europe. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The City of New York This article is about music for dancing in general You may also be looking for Electronic dance music. Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line This article is mainly about the English Midlands For other uses see Midlands (disambiguation. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
"Planet Rock" influenced hip hop outside of New York as well, such as Latin hip hop (also Latin freestyle or freestyle) such as Expose and The Cover Girls, as well as Los Angeles-based electro hop performers like the World Class Wreckin' Cru and Egyptian Lover. Freestyle or Latin Freestyle, also called Latin Hip Hop in its early years is a form of Electronic music that is heavily influenced by Latin American Exposé is an American Vocal group. Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Ann Curless, Jeanette Jurado, and Gioia Bruno The Cover Girls are a New York City -based freestyle / urban / Dance-pop Girl group who achieved the majority of their chart success Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk The World Class Wreckin' Cru was a 1980s Electro-hop group from Compton, California formed by the Eve After Dark nightclub owner and established DJ Alonzo Egyptian Lover (born Greg Broussard on August 31, 1963) is an American Electro-hop musician vocalist producer and DJ and was an
Nationalization & Internationalization
By the end of the 1970s, hip hop was known in most every major city in the country, and had developed into numerous regional styles and variations. Hip hop music was primarily limited to its country of origin the United States, until the mid 1980s at which point it reached into other countries and continents until its Outside of New York City, New Jersey and Philadelphia, where hip hop had long been well-established, the 1980s saw intense regional diversification.
The first Chicago hip hop record was the "Groovy Ghost Show" by Casper, released in 1980 and a distinctively Chicago sound began by 1982, with Caution and Plee Fresh. Chicago also saw the development of house music (a form of electronic dance music) in the early 1980s and this soon mixed with hip hop and began featuring rappers; this is called hip house, and gained some national popularity in the late 1980s and early 90s, though similar fusions from South Africa, Belgium and elsewhere became just as well-known into the 90s. House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production This article is about music for dancing in general You may also be looking for Electronic dance music. Hip-house, also known as house rap, is a musical genre that mixes elements of House music and hip-hop.
Los Angeles hardcore rappers (Ice-T) and electro hop artists (Egyptian Lover) began recording by 1983, though the first recorded West Coast rap was Disco Daddy and Captain Rapp's "Gigolo Rapp" in 1981. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk Egyptian Lover (born Greg Broussard on August 31, 1963) is an American Electro-hop musician vocalist producer and DJ and was an West Coast hip hop is a style of Hip hop music that originated in California in the early 1980s In Miami, audiences listened to Miami bass, a form of sultry and sexually explicit dance music with a heavy bass sound, which arose from Los Angeles electro; it frequently included rapping. Miami bass (also known as booty music, a term that may also include other genres such as Dirty rap) is a type of Hip hop music that became This article is about music for dancing in general You may also be looking for Electronic dance music. Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk In Washington D.C. a hip hop-influenced form of dance music called go go emerged and incorporated rapping and DJing. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D This article is about music for dancing in general You may also be looking for Electronic dance music.
Beginning in the early 1980s, hip hop culture began its spread across the world. By the end of the 1990s, popular hip hop was sold almost everywhere, and native performers were recording in most every country with a popular music industry. Elements of hip hop became fused with numerous styles of music, including ragga, cumbia and samba, for example. Raggamuffin music, usually abbreviated as ragga, is a sub-genre of Dancehall music or Reggae, in which the instrumentation primarily consists Cumbia is originally a Colombian Folk dance and Dance music and is Colombia 's representative national dance and music along with Vallenato Samba ( is one of the most popular forms of music in Brazil. It is widely viewed as Brazil's national musical style The Senegalese mbalax rhythm became a component of hip hop, while the United Kingdom and Belgium produced a variety of electronic music fusions of hip hop, most famously including British trip hop. Mbalax (or Mbalakh is the national popular dance music of Senegal and The Gambia. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production Trip hop is a music Genre also known as the Bristol sound or Bristol acid rap.
Hip hop also spread to countries like Greece, Spain and Cuba in the 1980s, led in Cuba by the self-exiled African American activist Nehanda Abiodun and aided by Fidel Castro's government. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until In Japan, graffiti art and breakdancing had been popular since the early part of the decade, but many of those active in the scene felt that the Japanese language was unsuited for rapping; nevertheless, by the beginning of the 1990s, a wave of rappers emerged, including Ito Seiko, Chikado Haruo, Tinnie Punx and Takagi Kan. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities The New Zealand hip hop scene began in earnest in the late 1980s, when Maori performers like Upper Hutt Posse and Dalvanius Prime began recording, gaining notoriety for lyrics that espoused tino rangatiratanga (Maori sovereignty). New Zealand hip hop derives from the wider hip hop cultural movement originating amongst African Americans in the United States. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. Upper Hutt Posse is a Musical band named after the city of Upper Hutt in Wellington, New Zealand. Maui Dalvanius Prime ( January 16, 1948 – October 3, 2002) was a New Zealand entertainer and songwriter The most contentious phrase from the Treaty of Waitangi, tino rangatiratanga has become something of a rallying cry for proponents of Māori Sovereignty
Hip-hop has globalized into many cultures worldwide. We now find hip-hop in every corner of the globe, and like the South Bronx, each locale embodies a kind of globalism. Hip hop has emerged globally as an arts movement with the imperative to create something fresh by using technology, speech, and the body in new ways. The music and the art continue to embrace, even celebrate, its transnational dimensions while staying true to the local cultures to which it is rooted. Hip-hop's inspiration differs depending on each culture. Still, the one thing virtually all hip-hop artists worldwide have in common is that they acknowledge their debt to those Black and Latino kids in New York who launched this global movement in the first place. [10] As hip-hop is sometimes taken for granted by Americans, it is not so elsewhere, especially in the developing world, where it has come to represent the empowerment of the disenfranchised and a slice of the American dream. American hip-hop music has reached the cultural corridors of the globe and has been absorbed and reinvented around the world. [11]
1990s
In the 1990s, gangsta rap became mainstream, beginning in about 1992, with the release of Dr. Dre's The Chronic. Andre Romelle Young (born February 18 1965 primarily known by his stage name Dr The Chronic is the Debut album of Hip hop producer and rapper Dr This album established a style called G Funk, which soon came to dominate West Coast hiphop. G-funk, or Gangsta Funk, is a type of Hip hop music that emerged from West Coast Gangsta rap in the early 1990s West Coast hip hop is a style of Hip hop music that originated in California in the early 1980s Later in the decade, record labels based out of Atlanta, St. Louis and New Orleans gained fame for their local scenes. By the end of the decade, especially with the success of Eminem, hip hop was an integral part of popular music, and many American pop songs had a major hiphop component. Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17 1972 known as Slim Shady and his primary Stage name Eminem, is an Academy Award -winning
In the 90s and into the following decade, elements of hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music; nu soul, for example, combined hip hop and soul music and produced some major stars in the middle of the decade, while in the Dominican Republic, a recording by Santi Y Sus Duendes and Lisa M became the first single of merenrap, a fusion of hiphop and merengue. This article is about the musical genre For the Yael Naim song see New Soul. Soul music is a Music genre that combines Rhythm and blues and Gospel music, originating in the United States. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Marlisa Marrero Vázquez (born January 16, 1974) better known by her stage name Lisa M or her nicknames "The Queen of Spanish Rap" or "La Merenrap, or meren-rap, is a style of Hip hop music which was formed from the fusion of Dominican merengue music with Rapping.
New York City experienced a heavy Jamaican hip hop influence during the 90s. This influence was brought on by cultural shifts particularly due to the heightened immigration of Jamaicans to New York City, and the American-born Jamaican youth who were coming of age during the 90s. Hip hop artists such as De La Soul and Black Star have both produced albums influenced by Jamaican roots. De La Soul is a Grammy Award-winning hip hop group They are best known for their eclectic sampling and quirky surreal lyrics and their contributions to the evolution [1]
In Europe, Africa and Asia, hip hop began to move from an underground phenomenon to reach mainstream audiences. In South Africa, Germany, France, Italy and many other countries, hiphop stars rose to prominence and gradually began to incorporate influences from their own country, resulting in fusions like Tanzanian Bongo Flava. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Bongo Flava is a nickname for Tanzanian hip hop music The genre which is based out of the city of Dar es Salaam, takes its name from the Swahili word
West Coast
After N. West Coast hip hop is a style of Hip hop music that originated in California in the early 1980s W. A. broke up, Dr. Dre (a former member) released The Chronic (1992), which peaked at #1 on the R&B/hip hop chart and #3 on the pop chart and spawned a #2 pop single in "Nothin' But a 'G' Thang". Andre Romelle Young (born February 18 1965 primarily known by his stage name Dr The Chronic is the Debut album of Hip hop producer and rapper Dr . The Chronic took West Coast rap in a new direction, influenced strongly by P funk artists, melding the psychedelic funky beats with slowly drawled lyrics—this came to be known as G funk, and dominated mainstream hip hop for several years through a roster of artists on Death Row Records, including most popularly, Snoop Doggy Dogg, whose Doggystyle included "What's My Name" and "Gin and Juice", both Top Ten pop hits. P-Funk (also spelled P Funk or P Funk) is a shorthand term for the repertoire and performers associated with George Clinton and the Parliament-Funkadelic G-funk, or Gangsta Funk, is a type of Hip hop music that emerged from West Coast Gangsta rap in the early 1990s Death Row Records was a Record label that was founded in 1991 by Dr Cordozar Calvin Broadus Jr (born October 20 1971 His mother nicknamed him " Snoopy " as a child because of the way he dressed and because of his love of Doggystyle is the 1993 debut album by American West Coast hip hop artist Snoop Doggy Dogg, released by Death Row Records.
Though West Coast artists eclipsed New York, some East Coast rappers achieved success. New York became dominated in terms of sales by Puff Daddy (No Way Out), Mase (Harlem World) and other Bad Boy Records artists, in spite of often scathing criticism for a perceived over-reliance on sampling and a general watered-down sound, aimed directly for pop markets. Sean John Combs (born November 4 1969 known by his Stage names Puff Daddy, P This article is about the rapper For the basketball player nicknamed 'Mase' see Anthony Mason. Harlem World is the multi-platinum debut Album by Rapper Mase, released October 28, 1997. Bad Boy Records (originally Bad Boy Entertainment) is an East Coast Hip-Hop / R&B Record label founded by producer/rapper Sean Other New York based artists continued with a harder edged sound, achieving only limited popular success. Nas (Illmatic), Busta Rhymes (The Coming) and The Wu-Tang Clan (Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)), for example, received excellent reviews but generally mediocre or sporadic sales. Nasir Jones, nɑːˈsiər (born September 14 1973 better known by his Stage name Nas, nɑːz formerly Nasty Nas, is an American rapper Trevor George Smith Jr, (born May 20 1972 better known as Busta Rhymes, is an American actor and Musician of Jamaican descent The Coming is the first solo album released by former Leaders of the New School representative Busta Rhymes, in 1996 by Elektra Records Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers is the Debut album of American East Coast hip hop collective Wu-Tang Clan, released November
The sales rivalry between the East Coast and the West Coast eventually turned into a personal rivalry, aided in part by the music media. Many reporters were not aware that MC battles were an integral part of hip hop since its inception, and that, generally, little was meant by open taunts on albums and in performances. Nevertheless, the East Coast-West Coast rivalry grew, eventually resulting in the still unsolved deaths of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G.. The East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry was a feud in the early-mid 1990s between artists and fans of the East Coast and West Coast hip-hop scenes Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16 1971 &mdash September 13 1996 also known by his Stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21 1972 – March 9 1997 popularly known as Biggie Smalls (after a Gangster in the 1975 film Let's Do It Again
Diversification of styles
- Further information: List of hip hop genres
In the wake of declining sales following the deaths of both superstar artists, the sounds of hip hop were greatly diversified. CategoryHip hop genres Hip hop music can be subdivided into various subgenres fusions with other genres and regional hip hop scenes Most important was the rise of Southern rap, starting with OutKast (ATLiens) and Goodie Mob (Soul Food), based out of Atlanta. Southern hip hop is a form of American hip hop music that emerged from a club oriented vibe in the late-1990s as a popular force from cities including but not limited to Outkast (typeset as OutKast) is a Grammy Award -winning American hip hop duo based out of East Point Georgia, a city ATLiens is the second album by hip-hop duo OutKast. It was released on August 27, 1996. Goodie Mob is a hip hop act based in Atlanta Georgia. Members Cee-Lo ( Thomas Callaway) Khujo ( Willie Knighton Jr Soul Food is the 1995 debut album for the Goodie Mob, released by LaFace Records. Later, Master P (Ghetto D) built up an impressive roster of popular artists (the No Limit posse) based out of New Orleans and incorporating G funk and Miami bass influences, and distinctive regional sounds from St. Louis, Chicago, Washington D.C., Detroit (ghettotech) and others began to gain some popularity. Percy Miller, better known as P Miller, (formerly Master P is an American entertainer and entrepreneur Ghetto D is an album by Rapper Master P. The first week sales of the album were the highest of any of Master P's albums selling over 761000 No Limit Records is a Record label that began in 1990 as the No Limit Record Shop in Richmond California. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana G-funk, or Gangsta Funk, is a type of Hip hop music that emerged from West Coast Gangsta rap in the early 1990s Miami bass (also known as booty music, a term that may also include other genres such as Dirty rap) is a type of Hip hop music that became Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Ghettotech is a form of electronic dance music originating from Detroit. Also in the 1990s, rapcore (a fusion of hip hop and heavy metal) became popular among mainstream audiences. Rap rock is a fusion genre of rock and hip-hop. It blends vocal and instrumental parts of hip-hop and various forms of rock including punk and rock Rage Against the Machine, Linkin Park and Limp Bizkit were among the most popular rapcore bands. Rage Against the Machine (sometimes shortened to RATM or Rage) is Linkin Park is an American rock band from Agoura Hills, California. Limp Bizkit is an American Nu metal band from Jacksonville, Florida.
Though Caucasian rappers like the Beastie Boys (Paul's Boutique), Vanilla Ice (To the Extreme) and 3rd Bass (The Cactus Album) had had some popular success and/or critical acceptance from the hip hop community, Detroit-native Eminem's success, beginning in 1999 with the triple platinum The Slim Shady LP, came as a surprise to many. Paul's Boutique is the second Studio album by hip hop group Beastie Boys, released July 25, 1989 on Capitol Records Robert Matthew Van Winkle (born October 31, 1967) best known as Vanilla Ice, is an American Rap artist known for the 1990 smash hit To The Extreme is the mainstream debut album by American Rapper Vanilla Ice, released on August 28, 1990 (see 1990 in music 3rd Bass was an American Hip-hop group that rose to fame in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was notable for being one of the first successful Interracial The Cactus Album (The Cee/Dee was the debut album by 3rd Bass, released on Def Jam. Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17 1972 known as Slim Shady and his primary Stage name Eminem, is an Academy Award -winning The Slim Shady LP is the commercial debut Studio album (and second overall from American Rapper Eminem, released in 1999 Like most successful hip hop artists of the time, Eminem came to be criticized for alleged glorification of violence, misogyny, and drug abuse, as well as homophobia and albums laced with constant profanity.
In South Africa, pioneering crew Black Noise began rapping in 1989, provoking a ban by the apartheid-era government, which lasted until 1993. Black Noise is a hip hop group hailing from Cape Flats in Cape Town, South Africa. Later, the country produced its own distinctive style in the house fusion kwela. House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Kwela is a happy often Pennywhistle based street music from southern Africa with jazzy underpinnings Elsewhere in Africa, Senegalese mbalax fusions continued to grow in popularity, while Tanzanian Bongo Flava crews like X-Plastaz combined hiphop with taarab, filmi and other styles. Bongo Flava is a nickname for Tanzanian hip hop music The genre which is based out of the city of Dar es Salaam, takes its name from the Swahili word X Plastaz is a hip hop group from Arusha, Tanzania, consisting of six members the brothers Nelly (aka Ruff-Nell Gsan and Ziggy Maasai singer Yamat Taarab is a Music genre popular in Tanzania. It is influenced by music from the cultures with a historical presence in East Africa, including music from Filmi (or Filmy used as an adjective is a colloquial term which refers to anything relating to the Bollywood film industry
In Europe, hip hop was the domain of both ethnic nationals and immigrants. Germany, for example, produced the well-known Die Fantastischen Vier as well as several Turkish performers like the controversial Cartel, Kool Savaş, and Eko Fresh. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Die Fantastischen Vier fanˌtastɪʃən ˈfiːɐ̯}} also known as Fanta 4 is a German hip hop group from Stuttgart, Germany. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Cartel is a 1995 Turkish hip hop group that received attention and popularity in both Turkey and Germany. Savas Yurderi (born in Aachen) better known by his stage name Kool Savas, is a German rapper of Turkish descent and one of Germany's Ekrem Bora (born September 3, 1983 in Cologne) better known as Eko Fresh and also known as Elektro Eko is a German Similarly, France has produced a number of native-born stars, such as IAM and the Breton crew Manau, though the most famous French rapper is probably the Senegalese-born MC Solaar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Manau may refer to Manau (group Manau Nepal MC Solaar is the Stage name of Claude M'Barali (born March 5, 1969) a Francophone hip hop and rap artist The Netherlands' most famous rappers are The Osdorp Posse, an all-white crew from Amsterdam, and The Postmen, from Cape Verde and Suriname. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Osdorp Posse was one of the first rap groups to produce rap music in the Dutch language. Postmen was/ Postman is a Reggae / hip hop band from The Netherlands. The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by Italy found its own rappers, including Jovanotti and Articolo 31, grow nationally renowned, while the Polish scene began in earnest early in the decade with the rise of PM Cool Lee. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Jovanotti (often misspelt as Giovanotti) is an Italian Singer-songwriter and Rapper. Articolo 31 is a popular band in Milan, Italy, melding hip hop, Funk, pop and traditional Italian musical forms Piotr Marzec (b August 12 1971 in Busko Zdrój, Poland) better known as Liroy (Leeroy is a rapper living in Kielce In Romania, B.U.G. Mafia came out of Bucharest's Pantelimon neighborhood, and their brand of gangsta rap underlines the parallels between life in Romania's Communist-era apartment blocks and in the housing projects of America's ghettos. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania BUG Mafia ( B ucuresti U nder G round Mafia) is a Bucharest -based hip hop group (founded in 1993 among the first Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Israel's hip hop grew greatly in popularity at the end of the decade, with several stars emerging from both sides of the Palestinian (Tamer Nafer) and Jewish (Subliminal) divide; though some, like Mook E. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Tamer Nafar (تامر النفار is an Arab israeli Rap artist. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Ya'akov "Kobi" Shimoni ( Hebrew: יעקב "קובי" שמעוני born November 13, 1979) generally known by his Stage name , preached peace and tolerance, others expressed nationalist and violent sentiments. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation
In Asia, mainstream stars rose to prominence in the Philippines, led by Michael V., Rap Asia, MC Lara and Lady Diane, and in Japan, where underground rappers had previously found a limited audience, and popular teen idols brought a style called J-rap to the top of the charts in the middle of the 90s. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP For the Byzantine emperor of similar name see Michael V. Michael V Teen idols refers to someone idolized by teens a teen idol is often young but in many cases no longer teenaged
Latinos had played an integral role in the early development of hip hop, and the style had spread to parts of Latin America, such as Cuba, early in its history. In Mexico, popular hip hop began with the success of Calo in the early '90s. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. CALO is an artificial intelligence project that attempts to integrate numerous AI technologies into an assistant that learns to help manage your office environment Later in the decade, with Latin rap groups like Cypress Hill on the American charts, Mexican rap rock groups, such as Control Machete, rose to prominence in their native land. Cypress Hill is an American hip hop group from Los Angeles California. Control Machete is a Mexican hip hop group from Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. An annual Cuban hip hop concert held at Alamar in Havana helped to popularize Cuban hip hop, beginning in 1995. Alamar is a district in east part of the city of La Habana in Cuba. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading Hip hop grew steadily more popular in Cuba, due to official governmental support for musicians.
Though mainstream acceptance has become fairly limited to so-called commercial acts, some alternative hip hop musicians, with a socially aware or positive or optimistic tone, have achieved moderate mainstream success. Alternative hip hop (also known as alternative rap) is a genre that is defined in greatly varying ways De La Soul's Three Feet High and Rising, Gang Starr's No More Mr. Nice Guy and the Jungle Brothers' Straight Out the Jungle are usually considered the first albums in this genre, with jazz-based samples and lyrics (see jazz rap) strongly influenced by the Afrocentric messages of Bambaataa's Zulu Nation collective. De La Soul is a Grammy Award-winning hip hop group They are best known for their eclectic sampling and quirky surreal lyrics and their contributions to the evolution 3 Feet High and Rising is the influential debut album from American hip-hop trio De La Soul, released in 1989 Gangstar redirects here For the video game see Gangstar Crime City. No More Mr Nice Guy is the debut album by Alternative hip hop duo Gang Starr, released in 1989 (see 1989 in music) The Jungle Brothers are an American hip hop group who pioneered the fusion of Jazz and hip-hop and also became the first hip-hop group to use a house-music Straight out the Jungle is the debut album from hip hop group Jungle Brothers. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Jazz rap (also known as hip bop) is a fusion of Alternative hip hop and Jazz, developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s Afrocentrism or Afrocentricity is a World view that emphasizes the importance of African people in culture philosophy and history The Universal Zulu Nation is an "international hip hop awareness" group formed and headed by Hip hop godfather Afrika Bambaataa. Later alternative artists like A Tribe Called Quest, Mos Def, and The Roots, also achieved some mainstream success, though the influence of jazz had grown less pronounced (with some exceptions, such as Guru's Jazzmatazz project). A Tribe Called Quest is an American hip-hop group formed in 1988 Dante Terrell Smith (born December 11, 1973) better known by his stage name Mos Def, is an American MC and Actor. The Roots are an American hip-hop band from Philadelphia Pennsylvania. Guru (born Keith Edward Elam, July 17 1966 is an American Rapper, and the lyrical half of the hip-hop group Gang Starr, together with
Jazz rap went on to influence the development of trip hop in the United Kingdom, which fuses hip hop, jazz and electronic music; it is said to have been started by Massive Attack's Blue Lines (1991). Trip hop is a music Genre also known as the Bristol sound or Bristol acid rap. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Massive Attack are an English Trip hop group founded in 1988 by Robert Del Naja, Grantley Marshall, and Andrew Vowles in Bristol Blue Lines is the debut album by British Electronica group Massive Attack, released on April 9, 1991 (see 1991 in music Arrested Development also released their album 3 Years, 5 Months & 2 Days in the Life Of... in 1992, which included the hit single, "Tennessee. Arrested Development is a Grammy Award -winning American Alternative hip hop group, founded by Speech and Headliner as a 3 Years 5 Months & 2 Days in the Life Of is the debut album by American hip hop group Arrested Development, released in 1992 (see 1992 in " At the time, it was one of the best selling and most popular alternative rap albums. The success of Dr. Dre's The Chronic later that year, however, showed gangsta rap to be a more commercially viable form of hip hop. Andre Romelle Young (born February 18 1965 primarily known by his stage name Dr The Chronic is the Debut album of Hip hop producer and rapper Dr For the Ice T album see Gangsta Rap (album. Gangsta rap is a term originated by the mainstream media to describe a certain subgenre
2000s
In the year 2000, The Marshall Mathers LP by Eminem sold over nine million copies in the United States, and Nelly's debut LP, Country Grammar, sold over six million copies. The new school of hip hop was a second wave of recorded Hip hop music starting 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D The Marshall Mathers LP is the third Studio album released by American Rapper Eminem, released in 2000 Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17 1972 known as Slim Shady and his primary Stage name Eminem, is an Academy Award -winning Cornell Haynes Jr (born November 2 1974 Highly successful Nelly has sold over 20 million records in the United States This article is about the album by Nelly For title track from this album see " Country Grammar (Hot Shit " The United States also saw the rise of alternative hip hop in the form of moderately popular performers like The Roots, Dilated Peoples and Mos Def, who achieved unheard-of success for their field. Dilated Peoples is an Underground hip hop group residing in California.
As the decade progressed, hip hop has transformed from the more or less "old school" rhythmic rap to a more melodic hip hop that has the elements of jazz, classical, pop, reggae, and many other genres. Hip hop also gave birth to subgenres such as snap music and crunk. Snap music is a type of music that emerged from Atlanta Georgia. Crunk is a type of music which originated from Southern hip-hop and EDM in the late 1980s early 1990s. Hip hop influences also found their way into mainstream pop during this period as well.
Some countries, like Tanzania, maintained popular acts of their own in the early 2000s, though many others produced few homegrown stars, instead following American trends. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Scandinavian, especially Danish and Swedish, performers became well known outside of their country, while hip hop continued its spread into new lands, including Russia, Japan, Philippines, Canada and China. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
Primarily in Germany, gangsta rap has become popular among youths who like the violent and aggressive lyrics. For the Ice T album see Gangsta Rap (album. Gangsta rap is a term originated by the mainstream media to describe a certain subgenre [12] Some rappers openly or comically flirt with nazism, Bushido (born Anis Mohamed Youssef Ferchichi) raps "Salutiert, steht stramm, Ich bin der Leader wie A" (Salute, stand to attention, I am the leader like 'A') and Fler had a hit with the record Neue Deutsche Welle (New German Wave) complete with the title written in Third Reich style gothic print and advertised with an Adolf Hitler quote. Bushido (born Anis Mohamed Youssef Ferchichi, September 28, 1978 in Bonn, Germany) is a German Rapper. Patrick Losensky, better known by his Stage name, Fler, is a Rapper from Berlin, Germany, also known as Frank White Life [13] These references also spawned great controversy in Germany. [14][15]
Further reading
- David Toop (1984/1991). David Toop (born 5 May 1949) is an English Musician and Author, and as of 2001 was visiting Research Fellow in the Media School at London Rap Attack II: African Rap To Global Hip Hop. New York. New York: Serpent's Tail. ISBN 1852422432.
- McLeod, Kembrew. Interview with Chuck D and Hank Shocklee. Carlton Douglas Ridenhour (born August 1 1960 in Roosevelt New York) better known by his stage name Chuck D, is an American rapper author and producer The Bomb Squad is an influential Hip hop production team known for their work with Public Enemy. 2002. Stay Free Magazine.
- Yes Yes Y'All: Oral History of Hip Hop's First Decade. Fricke, Jim and Charlie Ahearn (eds). Experience Music Project. Perseus Books Group. ISBN 0306811847
- Corvino, Daniel and Livernoche, Shawn (2000). A Brief History of Rhyme and Bass: Growing Up With Hip Hop. Tinicum, PA: Xlibris Corporation/The Lightning Source, Inc. ISBN 1-4010-2851-9
- Chang, Jeff. "Can't Stop, Won't Stop". Can't Stop Won't Stop A History of the Hip-Hop Generation is a book by Jeff Chang chronicling the early Hip hop scene
- Rose, Tricia (1994). "Black Noise". Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6275-0
- Light, Alan (ed). (1999). The VIBE History of Hip-Hop. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-609-80503-7
- George, Nelson (2000, rev. 2005). Hip-Hop America. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-028022-7
- Fricke, Jim and Ahearn, Charlie (eds). (2002). Yes Yes Y'All: The Experience Music Project Oral History of Hip Hop's First Decade. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81184-7
- Kitwana, Bakar (2004). The State of Hip-Hop Generation: how hip-hop's culture movement is evolving into political power. Retrieved December 4, 2006. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. From Ohio Link Database
External links
- "In the Heart of Freedom, In Chains": 2007 City Journal article on Hip Hop and Black America
- Olivo, W. (March 2001). "Phat Lines: Spelling Conventions in Rap Music". Written Language & Literacy 4 (1): 67–85. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- McLeod, Kembrew. Interview with Chuck D and Hank Shocklee. Carlton Douglas Ridenhour (born August 1 1960 in Roosevelt New York) better known by his stage name Chuck D, is an American rapper author and producer The Bomb Squad is an influential Hip hop production team known for their work with Public Enemy. 2002. Stay Free Magazine, issue 20. Retrieved from http://www.stayfreemagazine.org/archives/20/public_enemy.html on July 9, 2006. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
References
- ^ The Resource - THE NEXT
- ^ Dj Kool Herc | Interview | Godfather Of Hip Hop | Rapindustry.Com
- ^ article about Mele Mel (Melle Mel) at AllHipHop.com
- ^ Toop:2000, 94
- ^ a b Keith Cowboy - The Real Mc Coy
- ^ http://www.zulunation.com/hip_hop_history2.htm (cached)
- ^ hip hop :: The Encyclopedia of New York State :: Syracuse University Press
- ^ Toop, 2000
- ^ Toop:2000, 96
- ^ https://moodle.brandeis.edu/file.php/3404/pdfs/kelley-foreword-vinyl-aint-final.pdf
- ^ USATODAY.com - The globalization of hip-hop starts and ends with 'Where You're At'
- ^ NY Times: Germany's Rap Music Veers Toward the Violent
- ^ The Independent: Rap music and the far right: Germany goes gangsta, 17 August 2005
- ^ Der Spiegel: Skandal Rap, 23 May 2005
- ^ laut.de Fler: Stolz, Deutsch und rechtsradikal, 13 May 2005
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