Hip hop is a subculture, which is said to have begun with the work of DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five, and Afrika Bambaattaa. For the term in biology see Subculture (biology. For the song by New Order see Sub-culture (song. Clive Campbell (born April 16 1955 AKA Kool Herc, DJ Kool Herc and Kool DJ Herc, is a Jamaican-born DJ who is credited as originating Hip hop Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five was a highly influential hip hop group comprised of Grandmaster Flash, Melle Mel, Kid Creole, Cowboy Scorpio Afrika Bambaataa (born Kevin Donovan on April 17, 1957) is an American DJ from the South Bronx, who was instrumental in the The four main aspects, or "elements", of hip hop culture are MCing (rapping), DJing, urban inspired art/tagging (graffiti), and b-boying (or breakdancing). Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property For information on the breakdancers see B-boy. Benjamin "Benny" Cuntapay (born December 29, 1978) is an American Breakdance, breaking, b-boying or b-girling is a Street dance style that evolved as part of the hip hop movement among The most known "extended" elements are beatboxing, hip hop fashion, and hip hop slang. Hip-hop fashion is a distinctive style of dress originating with African-American youth in The Bronx ( New York City) and later influenced by Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language.

Contents 1 Cultural pillars 1.1 DJing 1.2 Rapping 1.3 Graffiti 1.4 BBoying 1.5 Beatboxing 2 Social impact 2.1 Effects 2.2 Language 2.3 Censorship 2.4 Product placement in hip hop 2.5 Media 2.6 Diversification 3 Hip hop and religions 3.1 Islam 3.2 Judaism 3.3 Christianity 3.4 Paganism 3.5 Sikhism 3.6 Other religions 4 Legacy 5 Further reading 6 External links 7 References

Cultural pillars

DJing

Main article: Disc jockey

While hip hop did not invent DJing, it has extended its boundaries and techniques. A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience The first hip hop DJ was Kool DJ Herc, who created hip hop through the isolation of "breaks" (the parts of albums that focused solely on the beat). Clive Campbell (born April 16 1955 AKA Kool Herc, DJ Kool Herc and Kool DJ Herc, is a Jamaican-born DJ who is credited as originating Hip hop In addition to developing Herc's techniques, DJs Grandmaster Flash, Grand Wizard Theodore, and Grandmaster Caz made further innovations with the introduction of scratching. Joseph Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown Barbados) better known as Grandmaster Flash, is an American Hip hop musician Grand Wizard Theodore (real name Theodore Livingston also known as GrandWizzard Theodore or DJ GrandWizzard Theodore, is a hip hop DJ. Grandmaster Caz aka Grandmaster Casanova Fly, (born Curtis Fisher was born in the Bronx New York, USA and was a part of the hip hop group "Scratching" is also a Present participle of " Scratch " and may also refer to a form of street art Scratching

Traditionally, a DJ will use two turntables simultaneously. A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s These are connected to a DJ mixer, an amplifier, speakers, and various other pieces of electronic music equipment. A DJ mixer is a type of audio Mixing console used by Disc jockeys The key features that differentiate a DJ mixer from other types of audio mixers are the ability Generally an amplifier or simply amp, is any device that changes usually increases the amplitude of a signal. For the Marty Friedman album see Loudspeaker (album A loudspeaker, speaker, or speaker system is an electroacoustical The DJ will then perform various tricks between the two albums currently in rotation using the above listed methods. An album or record album is a collection of related audio or Music tracks distributed to the public The result is a unique sound created by the seemingly combined sound of two separate songs into one song. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed A DJ should not be confused with a producer of a music track (though there is considerable overlap between the two roles). In the Music industry, a record producer or music producer has many roles among them controlling the recording sessions coaching and guiding the musicians organizing

In the early years of hip hop, the DJs were the stars, but their limelight has been taken by MCs since 1978, thanks largely to Melle Mel of Grandmaster Flash's crew, the Furious Five. Melvin Glover (born May 15, 1961 in The Bronx New York) also known by his stage name Grandmaster Mele Mel, and formerly Grandmaster Melle Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five was a highly influential hip hop group comprised of Grandmaster Flash, Melle Mel, Kid Creole, Cowboy Scorpio However, a number of DJs have gained stardom nonetheless in recent years. Famous DJs include Grandmaster Flash, Mr. Magic, DJ Jazzy Jeff, DJ Scratch from EPMD, DJ Premier from Gang Starr, DJ Scott La Rock from Boogie Down Productions, DJ Pete Rock of Pete Rock & CL Smooth, DJ Muggs from Cypress Hill, Jam Master Jay from Run-DMC, Eric B., Funkmaster Flex, Tony Touch, DJ Clue, DJ Q-Bert. Joseph Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown Barbados) better known as Grandmaster Flash, is an American Hip hop musician Mr Magic is a hip hop DJ and radio host He released his first single "Rappin' With Mr Magic" in 1979 Jeffrey A Townes (born January 22 1965 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania) also known as DJ Jazzy Jeff, is an American DJ Scratch (born George Spivey) was introduced to EPMD by Jam Master Jay at the Run's House Tour after DJ K LA Boss left Erick Sermon EPMD is an American Hip hop group from Brentwood, New York, active for more than 20 years ( 1986 –present is one of the most Christopher Edward Martin (born March 21, 1966) better known as DJ Premier is an American Record producer and DJ, and Gangstar redirects here For the video game see Gangstar Crime City. Scott "La Rock" Sterling ( March 2, 1962 – August 27, 1987) was the original DJ for the hip hop group Boogie Boogie Down Productions was a hip hop group originally comprised of KRS-One, D-Nice, and DJ Scott La Rock. Pete Rock (born Peter Phillips, June 21 1970 in Bronx New York) is an American DJ, Record producer, and Pete Rock & CL Smooth were an influential rap group from Mount Vernon, New York. Lawrence Muggerud (born January 28, 1968, in Queens New York) of Italian and Norwegian decent and better known as DJ Muggs, is Cypress Cypress Hill is an American hip hop group from Los Angeles California. Jason William Mizell ( January 21 1965 &ndash October 30 2002) also known as Jam-Master Jay and Jay Gambulos, was Run-DMC was a pioneering hip hop group during the 1980s founded by Joseph "[The Reverend] Run" Simmons, Darryl "D Eric B (born Louis Eric Barrier) was the producer and DJ for the rap duo Eric B Aston George Taylor Jr, better known as Funkmaster Flex is a Hip hop DJ on New York City 's Hot 97 radio station Tony Touch (born Joseph Anthony Hernandez) also known as Tony Toca is an American hip hop DJ MC, B-boy and Ernesto Shaw (born January 8, 1975 in Jamaica Queens, New York City, New York, U The underground movement of turntablism has also emerged to focus on the skills of the DJ. Turntablism is the art of manipulating sounds and creating music using phonograph turntables and a DJ mixer.

Rapping

Main article: rapping

Rapping, also known as Emceeing, MCing, Rhyme spitting, Spitting, or just Rhyming, is the rhythmic delivery of rhymes, one of the central elements of hip hop music and culture. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of This article is about the poetic technique For the form of ice see Rime ice. Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Although the word rap has sometimes

been claimed to be a backronym of the phrase "Rhythmic American Poetry", "Rhythm and Poetry", "Rhythmically Applied Poetry", or "Rhythmically Associated Poetry", use of the word to describe quick and slangy speech or repartee long predates the musical form. A backronym (or bacronym) is a Phrase that is constructed "after the fact" from a previously existing word or Abbreviation, the abbreviation ^[1] Rapping can be delivered over a beat or without accompaniment. A beat is the basic Time Unit of a piece of Music; for example each tick sounded by a Metronome would correspond to a beat

Graffiti

Main article: Graffiti

In America around the late 1960s, graffiti was used as a form of expression by political activists, and also by gangs such as the Savage Skulls, La Familia, and Savage Nomads to mark territory. Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property Aerosol paint (spray paint – Paint in a sealed pressurized container that is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a Valve button located on the top of Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change Towards the end of the 1960s, the signatures—tags—of Philadelphia graffiti writers Top Cat,^[2] Cool Earl and Cornbread started to appear. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə ^[3] Around 1970-71, the centre of graffiti innovation moved to New York City where writers following in the wake of TAKI 183 and Tracy 168 would add their street number to their nickname, "bomb" a train with their work, and let the subway take it—and their fame, if it was impressive, or simply pervasive, enough—"all city". The City of New York TAKI 183 is one of the originators of New York Graffiti. He worked as a foot messenger and would write his Nickname TRACY 168 (b Michael Tracy, 1958 is a well known 'Oldschool writer' from New York Bubble lettering held sway initially among writers from the Bronx, though the elaborate Brooklyn style Tracy 168 dubbed "wildstyle" would come to define the art. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Wildstyle is a complicated and intricate form of Graffiti. Due to its complexity it is often very hard to read by people who are not familiar with it ^[2][4] The early trendsetters were joined in the 70s by artists like Dondi, Futura 2000, Daze, Blade, Lee, Zephyr, Rammellzee, Crash, Kel, NOC 167 and Lady Pink. This article is about the Graffiti artist For the Comic strip, see Dondi. Futura 2000 (born 1955) is an internationally acclaimed Graffiti artist Andrew Zephyr Witten is a Graffiti artist lecturer and author from New York City. Rammellzee (or RAMMΣLLZΣΣ, pronounced "Ram Ell Zee" born 1960 in Far Rockaway, Queens, New York) is a Graffiti writer Crash (b John Matos, Bronx, New York, Oct 11 1961 is a famous Graffiti artist Lady Pink (born Sandra Fabara, Ambato, Ecuador, 1964 is a Graffiti artist ^[2]

The relationship between graffiti and hip hop culture arises both from early graffiti artists practicing other aspects of hip hop, and its being practiced in areas where other elements of hip hop were evolving as art forms. Graffiti is recognized as a visual expression of rap music, just as breakdancing is viewed as a physical expression. Breakdance, breaking, b-boying or b-girling is a Street dance style that evolved as part of the hip hop movement among The book Subway Art (New York: Henry Holt & Co, 1984) and the TV program Style Wars (first shown on the PBS channel in 1984) were among the first ways the mainstream public were introduced to hip hop graffiti. Style Wars is an early documentary on Hip hop culture, made by Tony Silver and Henry Chalfant, made in New York City in 1983. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the

BBoying

Main article: Breaking

B-boying, also known as breaking or B-girling (for women) by its practitioners and followers, is a dynamic style of dance. For information on the breakdancers see B-boy. Benjamin "Benny" Cuntapay (born December 29, 1978) is an American Breaking began to take form in the South Bronx alongside the other elements of hip hop. The "B" in B-boy stands for break, as in break-boy (or girl). The term "B-boy" originated from the dancers at DJ Kool Herc's parties, who saved their best dance moves for the break section of the song, getting in front of the audience to dance in a distinctive, frenetic style. In Popular music a break is an Instrumental or percussion section or interlude during a song derived from or related to Stop-time &ndash being According to the documentary film The Freshest Kids, a history of the b-boy; DJ Kool Herc describes the b in b-boy as short for breaking which at the time was slang for "going off" also one of the original names for the dance. However, early on the dance was known as the "boiong" (the sound a spring makes). Breaking was briefly documented for release to a world wide audience for the first time in Style Wars, and was later given a little more focus in the fictional film Beat Street. "Beat Street" may also refer to Orange Street in Kingston Jamaica. The Zulu Kings are believed to be earliest B-Boy "crew. "

BBoying is one of the major elements of hip hop culture, commonly associated with, but distinct from, "popping", "locking", "hitting", "ticking", "boogaloo", and other funk styles that evolved independently during the late 1960s in California. It was common during the 1980s to see a group of people with a radio on a playground, basketball court, or sidewalk performing a bboy show for a large audience. A playground or play area is an area designed for Children to play, indoors or outdoors Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m

"Hip hop" as a form of dance is becoming more popular. Hip hop dance comes from BBoying, but does not consist wholly of breaking moves. Unlike most other forms of dance, which are often at least moderately structured, hip hop dance has few (if any) limitations on positions or steps.

Beatboxing

Main article: Beatboxing

Beatboxing, popularized by Doug E. Fresh, considered by many to be the "fifth element" of hip hop, is the vocal percussion of hip hop culture. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Doug E Fresh is the Stage name of Douglas E Davis (born September 17 1966) an American rapper, Record Vocal percussion is the art of creating sounds with one's Mouth that approximate imitate or otherwise serve the same purpose as a Percussion instrument, whether It is primarily concerned with the art of creating beats, rhythms, and melodies using the human mouth. The term beatboxing is derived from the mimicry of the first generation of drum machines, then known as beatboxes. For the early "drum machine" computers that used a rotating cylinder as their main memory see Drum memory A drum machine is an As it is a way of creating hip-hop music, it can be categorized under the production element of hip-hop, though it does sometimes include a type of rapping intersected with the human-created beat.

The art form enjoyed a strong presence in the '80s with artists like the Darren "Buffy, the Human Beat Box" Robinson of the Fat Boys and Biz Markie showing their beatboxing skills. The Fat Boys was an American Hip-hop music trio from Brooklyn, New York City Marcel Theo Hall (born April 8 1964 in Harlem New York) better known by his Stage name Biz Markie, is a Rapper, DJ, and Comedian Beatboxing declined in popularity along with break dancing in the late '80s, and almost slipped even deeper than the underground. Beatboxing has been enjoying a resurgence since the late '90s, marked by the release of "Make the Music 2000. " by Rahzel of The Roots (known for even singing while beatboxing). Rahzel or Rahzel M Brown, also known as the " Godfather of Noyze," is a Musician and Beatboxer, formerly a member of The Roots are an American hip-hop band from Philadelphia Pennsylvania.

As it grew and developed into a multi-billion dollar industry, the scope of hip hop culture grew beyond the boundaries of its traditional four elements. KRS-ONE, a rapper from the golden age of hip hop, names nine elements of hip hop culture: the traditional four and beatboxing, plus hip hop fashion, hip hop slang, street knowledge, and street entrepreneurship. Lawrence Krishna Parker (born August 20 1965) better known by his stage name KRS-One, is an American Rapper. Hip-hop fashion is a distinctive style of dress originating with African-American youth in The Bronx ( New York City) and later influenced by He also suggests that hip hop is a cultural movement and that the word itself had to reflect this. He spells it Hiphop (one word, capital "h") and this is reflected in his Temple of Hiphop. The Temple of Hiphop is a Ministry Archive School and Society (M

Social impact

Effects

People live in an age where the media, particularly from the United States, greatly impacts and influences people's thoughts around the world. People's ideas are heavily inspired by movies, books, articles, but one form of mass communication that deeply influences people around the world in particular is hip hop music. Mass communication is the term used to describe the academic study of the various means by which individuals and entities relay information through Mass media to large segments Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. One person that helps describe the phenomenon of how hip hop spread rapidly around the world and diffusion of Global Culture is Orlando Patterson, a sociology professor at Harvard University. Orlando Patterson (1940 is a sociologist at Harvard University known for his work regarding issues of race in America. Professor Patterson argues that mass communication is controlled by the wealthy, government, and businesses in Third World nations and countries around the world. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically ^[5] Professor Patterson believes that mass communication created a global cultural hip hop scene. As a result, the youth absorb and are influenced by the American hip hop scene and start their own form of hip hop. Professor Patterson believes that revitalization of hip hop music will occur around the world as traditional values are mixed with American hip hop musical forms,^[5] and ultimately a global exchange process will develop that brings youth around the world to listen to a common musical form known as hip hop.

Language

Hip hop has a creative and distinctive slang. Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language. Due to hip hop's extraordinary commercial success in the late nineties and early 21st century, many of these words have been assimilated into many different dialects across America and the world and even to non-hip hop fans (the word dis for example is remarkably prolific). There are also words like homie which predate hip hop but are often associated with it. Homie (more frequently homey) is a contraction of the American Slang word " homeboy " which became prevalent among some of the youth

Sometimes, terms like what the dilly, yo are popularized by a single song (in this case, "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" by Busta Rhymes) and are only used briefly. Trevor George Smith Jr, (born May 20 1972 better known as Busta Rhymes, is an American actor and Musician of Jamaican descent Of special importance is the rule-based slang of Snoop Dogg and E-40, who add -izz to the middle of words so that shit becomes shizznit (the addition of the n occurs occasionally as well). Cordozar Calvin Broadus Jr (born October 20 1971 His mother nicknamed him " Snoopy " as a child because of the way he dressed and because of his love of Earl Stevens (born November 15, 1967) best known by his Stage name E-40, is a Bay Area rapper, part of the Bay Area rap This practice, with origins in Frankie Smith's nonsensical language from his 1980 single "Double Dutch Bus", has spread to even non-hip hop fans, who may be unaware of its derivation. For the football player of the same name see Frankie Smith (football player. As a genre of music popular all over the world, World hip hop, in which African-American English is not the dialect used, is as prevalent as ever. Hip hop music was primarily limited to its country of origin the United States, until the mid 1980s at which point it reached into other countries and continents until its

Censorship

Hip hop has probably encountered more problems with censorship than any other form of popular music in recent years, due to the frequency of expletives used in lyrics. It also receives flak for being anti-establishment, and many of its songs depict wars and coup d'états that in the end overthrow the government. An anti-establishment view or belief is one which stands in opposition to the conventional social political and economic principles of a society For example, Public Enemy's "Gotta Give the Peeps What They Need" was edited without their permission, removing the words "free Mumia". Public Enemy, also known as PE, is an influential hip hop group from Long Island New York, known for its politically charged Lyrics, criticism Mumia Abu-Jamal (born Wesley Cook on April 24 1954 is an American who was convicted and sentenced to death for the 1981 murder of police officer Daniel ^[6]

After the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, Oakland, California group The Coup was under fire for the cover art on their Party Music, which featured the group's two members holding a detonator as the Twin Towers exploded behind them. The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U The Coup is a Political hip hop group based in Oakland California. Party Music is the fourth studio album by The Coup, an Alternative hip hop group based in Oakland California. Ironically, this art was created months before the actual event. The group, having politically radical and Marxist lyrical content, said the cover meant to symbolize the destruction of capitalism. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Their record label pulled the album until a new cover could be designed.

The use of profanity as well as graphic depictions of violence and sex creates challenges in the broadcast of such material both on television stations such as MTV, in music video form, and on radio. The original meaning of the adjective profane (from the Latin for "in front of or outside the Temple " was to refer to items not belonging to the church MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. A music video is a Short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music most commonly a Song with lyrics As a result, many hip hop recordings are broadcast in censored form, with offending language "bleeped" or blanked out of the soundtrack (though usually leaving the backing music intact), or even replaced with "clean" lyrics. The result – which sometimes renders the remaining lyrics unintelligible or contradictory to the original recording – has become almost as widely identified with the genre as any other aspect of the music, and has been parodied in films such as Austin Powers in Goldmember, in which a character – performing in a parody of a hip hop music video – performs an entire verse that is blanked out. Austin Powers in Goldmember is the third Film of the Austin Powers series starring Mike Myers in the title role. In 1995 Roger Ebert wrote:^[7]

“

Rap has a bad reputation in white circles, where many people believe it consists of obscene and violent anti-white and anti-female guttural. Roger Joseph Ebert (iːbɝt born June 18, 1942) is an American film critic and Screenwriter. Misogyny (mɪˈsɒdʒɪni is hatred (or contemptof women Misogyny is parallel to Misandry — the hatred of men Some of it does. Most does not. Most white listeners don't care; they hear black voices in a litany of discontent, and tune out. Yet rap plays the same role today as Bob Dylan did in 1960, giving voice to the hopes and angers of a generation, and a lot of rap is powerful writing. Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major "

”

In a way to circumvent broadcasting regulations BET has created a late-night segment called "Uncut" to air uncensored videos. Not only has this translated into greater sales for mainstream artists, it has also provided an outlet for undiscovered artists to grab the spotlight with graphic but low production quality videos, often made cheaply by non-professionals. Perhaps the most notorious video aired, which for many came to exemplify BET's program Uncut, was "Tip Drill" by Nelly. Cornell Haynes Jr (born November 2 1974 Highly successful Nelly has sold over 20 million records in the United States While no more explicit than other videos, its exploitative depiction of women, particularly of a man swiping a credit card between a stripper's buttocks, was seized upon by many social activists for condemnation. The segment was discontinued in mid 2006.

Product placement in hip hop

Critics such as Businessweek's David Kiley argue that the discussion of many products within hip hop music and culture may actually be the result of undisclosed product placement deals. BusinessWeek is a business Magazine published by McGraw-Hill. ^[8] Such critics allege that shilling or product placement takes place in commercial rap music, and that lyrical references to products are actually paid endorsements, often with only a small portion, if any amount, of the proceeds going to the actual artists. A shill is an associate of a person selling goods or services or a political group who pretends no association to the seller/group and assumes the air of an enthusiastic customer Product placement, or embedded marketing, is a type of Advertising, in which promotional Advertisements placed by marketers using ^[8] In 2005, a proposed plan by McDonalds, which would have paid rappers to advertise McDonalds food in their music, was leaked to the press. ^[8] After Russell Simmons made a deal with Courvoisier to promote the brand among hip hop fans, Busta Rhymes recorded the song "Pass The Courvoisier". Russell Simmons (born October 4, 1957 in Queens New York) is an American entrepreneur and philanthropist Courvoisier is a brand of cognac. The company is now based in the town of Jarnac in the Charente department Trevor George Smith Jr, (born May 20 1972 better known as Busta Rhymes, is an American actor and Musician of Jamaican descent ^[8] Simmons insists that no money changed hands in the deal. ^[8]

The symbiotic relationship has also stretched to include car manufacturers, clothing designers and sneaker companies, and many other companies have used the hip-hop community to make their name or to give the credibility. Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. One such beneficiary was Jacob the Jeweler, a diamond merchant from New York, Jacob Arabo's clientèle included Sean Combs, Lil Kim and Nas. Jacob Arabo (aka "Jacob the Jeweler", born Yakov Arabov) is a famed Bukharian -American Jewish jeweler who is owner and founder of Sean John Combs (born November 4 1969 known by his Stage names Puff Daddy, P Nasir Jones, nɑːˈsiər (born September 14 1973 better known by his Stage name Nas, nɑːz formerly Nasty Nas, is an American rapper He created jewelry pieces from precious metals that were heavily loaded with diamond and gemstones. As his name was mentioned in the song lyrics of his hip hop customers, his profile quickly rose. Arabo expanded his brand to include gem-encrusted watches that retail for hundreds of thousands of dollars, gaining so much attention that Cartier filed a trademark-infringement lawsuit against him for putting diamonds on the faces of their watches and reselling them without permission. ^[9] Arabo's profile increased steadily until his June, 2006 arrest by the FBI on money laundering charges. Money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial Transactions in order to conceal the Identity, source and/or destination of Money, ^[10]

While some brands welcome the support of the hip-hop community, one brand that did not was Cristal champagne maker Louis Roederer. Cristal is the brand name of a well-known champagne produced by Louis Roederer. Champagne is a Sparkling wine produced by inducing the in-bottle Secondary fermentation of Wine to effect Carbonation. Louis Roederer is one of the largest remaining independent Champagne Houses owned by the Rouzaud family since it was founded in 1776 A 2006 article from The Economist magazine featured remarks from managing director Frederic Rouzaud about whether the brand's identification with rap stars could affect their company negatively. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London His answer was dismissive in tone: "That's a good question, but what can we do? We can't forbid people from buying it. I'm sure Dom Pérignon or Krug would be delighted to have their business. " In retaliation, many hip hop icons such as Jay-Z and Sean Combs who previous included references to "Cris", ceased all mentions and purchases of the champagne. Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4 1969 better known as Jay-Z, is an American Rapper and former CEO of Def Jam Recordings and Roc-A-Fella Sean John Combs (born November 4 1969 known by his Stage names Puff Daddy, P

Media

Hip-hop culture is intrinsically related to televisionThere have been a number of television shows devoted to or about hip-hop. For a long time, BET was the only television channel likely to play much hip hop, but in recent years the mainstream channels VH1 and MTV have added a significant amount of hip hop to their play list. VH1 (known as VH-1 Video Hits One from 1985 to 1994 and VH1 Music First until 2003) is an American Cable television MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. With the emergence of the Internet a number of online sites have also begun to offer Hip Hop related video content.

Hip hop films have been related since hip-hop's conception and have become even more related in the 21st century. During the early 1990s, African-Americans experienced a film renassiance, sparked by the popularity of hood films, in-depth looks at urban life, focusing on violence, family, friends and hip-hop. Hood film is a Film genre originating in the United States in the late 1980s which features aspects of primarily African American urban culture including There have also been a number of hip hop films, movies which focused on hip-hop as a subject. Hip hop films are Motion pictures that display the Aesthetics and culture of Hip hop, primarily use hip hop as the musical soundtrack use hip hop artists

Hip hop magazines have a large place in hip hop culture, including XXL, Scratch, The Source and Vibe. Scratch was a magazine about the art of creating hip-hop It featured articles regarding producers musicians and DJs that make beats for rap records and details the secret The Source is a United States -based monthly full-color Magazine covering Hip-hop music, Politics, and culture, founded in Vibe is a Magazine, launched 1993 by founder Quincy Jones and funded by Time Inc Many individual cities have produced their own local hip hop newsletters, while hip hop magazines with national distribution are found in a few other countries. The 21st century also ushered in the rise of online media, and hip hop fan sites now offer comprehensive hip hop coverage on a daily basis.

Diversification

Main articles: List of hip hop genres and World hip hop

Hip hop has spawned dozens of sub-genres which incorporate a style of production or rapping which dominates their music. Though it began a stereotypically African American music, it has since spread to all people of the world. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa

Hip-hop influences people in many different ways, such as the vocabulary people use (Slang words), the way people dress, and the way they carry themselves, at times people are influenced so much that they will do a lot of things their favorite rappers are doing, sort of idolizing them, there are cases where fans get tattoos that their favorite rappers have. Hip-Hop has now expanded and gone on a global scale, millions of rap albums are sold in foreign countries, some are not English speaking countries, yet people go out of their way and purchase these albums even thought they don’t understand the message the song carries, and manage to memorize the lyrics and sing along not knowing what they are saying. In foreign countries Hip-Hop has influenced natives to pursue rap careers and do what is being done in the United States such as following the trends, in their country. This is a product of globalization and it explains how popular culture can be interwoven with the everyday life of individuals that follow it, and how it can affect them in many ways. Like jazz, and all musics created by African Americans, hip-hop is one of the few musical genres seen as thoroughly, entirely American. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa With its popularization all over the world, however, it is now an international, rather than American, genre of music. Here, it is important to note the varying social influences that affect hip-hop's message in different nations. Frequently a musical response to political and/or social injustices, the face of hip-hop varies greatly from nation to nation.

In France, hip hop music and culture has been appropriated by African and Arab teens to describe their political and economic disenfranchisement, the racism they face and the housing projects many live in outside the city of Paris. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Cuba's hip hop movement is used to express political discontent and to decry the poverty found in that island nation under Fidel Castro's leadership. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until

"Hip hop, as with any number of African-American cultural forms before it, offers a range of compelling and contradictory significations to Jamaican artist and audiences. From "modern blackness" to foreign mind," transnational cosmopolitanism to militant pan-Africanism, radical remixology to outright mimicry, hip-hop in Jamaica embodies the myriad ways that Jamaicans embrace, reject, and incorporate foreign yet familiar forms"- Wayne Marshall ^[11]

The United Kingdom's styles of hip hop differ strongly from its American roots due to the nation's colonial history in the Caribbean and India. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country An influx of immigrants from these regions, particularly from the 1960s and '70s has led to a hip hop generation that has been born of immigrant parents and greatly influenced by their heritage, but who are firmly rooted in the Anglo culture. Interestingly, more female rappers have achieved mainstream success in the U. K. than in America. Among the more well-known are Ms. Dynamite and Lady Sovereign who toured the U. Louise Amanda Harman (born 19 December 1985) known as Lady Sovereign, is an English Rapper. S. in 2007 with Gwen Stefani and Akon. Gwen Renée Stefani (born October 3 1969 (ˈgwɛn stɛˈfɑːni is an American recording artist and Fashion designer Stefani fronts the rock band No Doubt Aliaune Thiam

In South Africa the largest form of hip hop is called Kwaito, which has had a growth similar to American hip hop. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Kwaito is a Music genre that emerged in Johannesburg, South Africa in the early 1990s Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. Kwaito is a direct reflection of a post apartheid South Africa and is a voice for the voiceless; a term that U. S. hip hop is often referred to. Kwaito has become much more than just music, it has evolved into a lifestyle, encompassing all aspects of life including language and fashion. ^[12]The music of Kwaito is both politically and party driven. The politically fuelled music gives a voice to oppressed people that have no other way to voice their concerns and find music to be very accessible, not only to themselves but also to the audiences they are trying to reach. On the other hand the club driven music can also be seen as political in the sense that the artists couldn't care less about the post apartheid life they live and are more concerned about having a good time and not how their access to this life came about. Kwaito is a music that came from a once hated and oppressed people, but it is now sweeping the nation. The main consumers of Kwaito are adolescents and half of the South African population is under 21. Some of the large Kwaito artists have sold over 100,000 albums, and in an industry where 25,000 albums sold is considered a gold record, those are impressive numbers. ^[13]In the end Kwaito gives aspirations to the oppressed people of a post apartheid South Africa, where they now have a control over a very influence source of media, music. ^[14]

In Jamaica the sounds of hip hop are derived from American and Jamaican influences, Jamaican hip hop is defined both through dancehall and Reggae music. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. Jamaican Kool Herc brought the sound systems, technology, and techniques of Reggae music to New York during the 1970’s. Clive Campbell (born April 16 1955 AKA Kool Herc, DJ Kool Herc and Kool DJ Herc, is a Jamaican-born DJ who is credited as originating Hip hop Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Jamaican hip hop artists often rap in both Brooklyn and Jamaican accents. Jamaican hip hop subject matter is often influenced by outside and internal forces. Outside forces such as the bling-bling era of today's modern hip hop and internal influences coming from the use of anti colonialism and marijuana or "Ganja" references which Rastafarians believe bring them closer to God. The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament ^[15][16]

^[17]

In the developing world hip hop has made a considerable impact in the social context. Despite the lack of resources, hip hop has made considerable inroads. ^[18] Because funds are limited, hip hop artists are forced to use very basic tools, and even graffiti, an important aspect of the hip hop culture, is constrained because it is not available to the average person. However, the vibrant culture is what fuels the spread of hip hop in developing nations and the general political instability that comes along with a developing nation. Many hip hop artists that make it out of the developing world come to places like the United States in search of an identity and place that fits them specifically. Maya Arulpragasm is a Sri Lankan born hip hop artist in this situation. She claims, "I'm just trying to build some sort of bridge, I'm trying to create a third place, somewhere in between the developed world and the developing world. " ^[19]

Hip hop and religions

Religion and spirituality is found in the music of many successful mainstream and underground artists, even as many artists focus on issues outwardly non-religious. Kanye West made this distinction in his song "Jesus Walks" where he repeatedly declares his devotion to Jesus while noting that "They say you can rap about anything except for Jesus/That means guns, sex, lies, video tapes/But if I talk about God my record won't get played Huh?". Kanye Omari West (ˈkɑnjɛj born June 8 1977 is a ten-time Grammy Award -winning American Rapper, Record producer and Singer. Rapper DMX is also known to include prayers on his albums, and claimed interest in producing a gospel album. Mase, a rapper best known for his association with Bad Boy Records, retired from the rap industry to become an ordained minister. This article is about the rapper For the basketball player nicknamed 'Mase' see Anthony Mason. Bad Boy Records (originally Bad Boy Entertainment) is an East Coast Hip-Hop / R&B Record label founded by producer/rapper Sean

Islam

Islam has been a spiritual and political force within African-American communities in the United States since at least the 1960s, when the Nation of Islam gained national attention under the dynamic leadership of Malcolm X (who subsequently left and disavowed his support of the group while remaining a Muslim). The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little; May 19 1925 February 21 1965 also known as El-Hajj Malik El- Shabazz, was an African American Many conscious hip hop artists, who see their music as a tool for political and social change, have embraced Islam. Conscious hip hop or socially conscious hip-hop is a form of Hip hop that focuses on Social issues. A short list of Muslim rappers: Scarface, Busta Rhymes, Freeway, Mos Def, Ice Cube, Paris, A Tribe Called Quest, Brother Ali, Ghostface Killah, Lupe Fiasco, Talib Kweli, Jus Allah, Vinnie Paz, Beanie Sigel, and Jurassic 5. Brad Jordan, better known by his Stage name Scarface (and formerly Akshen) is an American Rapper originally known for his work Trevor George Smith Jr, (born May 20 1972 better known as Busta Rhymes, is an American actor and Musician of Jamaican descent Dante Terrell Smith (born December 11, 1973) better known by his stage name Mos Def, is an American MC and Actor. O'Shea Jackson (born June 15 1969 better known by his Stage name Ice Cube, is an American Actor, Screenwriter, producer, and Oscar Jackson Jr (born October 29, 1967) better known by his Stage name Paris, is an American hip hop artist from A Tribe Called Quest is an American hip-hop group formed in 1988 Brother Ali (born Jason Newman, now Ali Newman) is an American hip hop artist Dennis Coles, better known by his Stage name Ghostface Killah, is an American rapper and member of the Wu-Tang Clan. Wasalu Muhammad Jaco (born February 16 1982 better known by his Stage name Lupe Fiasco, is a Grammy -winning American rapper. Talib Kweli Greene (born October 3, 1975) better known as Talib Kweli, is an American MC from Brooklyn, New Jus Allah (born James Bostick) is a New Jersey Rapper who made his debut on Jedi Mind Tricks second album Violent by Design Vincenzo Luvineri, better known as Vinnie Paz, is an American Rapper and the lyricist behind the Philadelphia underground hip hop group Dwight Grant (born on March 6, 1974) also known as Beanie Sigel, is an American Rapper from Philadelphia Pennsylvania Jurassic 5 was an American Alternative hip hop group formed in 1993 by rappers Chali 2na, Akil, Zaakir aka Soup, Mark

The Nation of Gods and Earths gained a significant presence in hip hop with the emergence of the Wu-Tang Clan. The Nation of Gods and Earths, sometimes referred to as the Five-Percent Nation, the Five-Percent Nation of Islam, or the Five Percenters was founded in All nine members, with the exception of Ghostface Killah, a Sunni Muslim, and several affiliates, are affiliated with the nation, as are other artists such as Eric B. and Rakim, Jadakiss, Nas, and Big Daddy Kane. The hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan has various "affiliates" which receive support financial and otherwise from the Wu-Tang Clan Eric Barrier ( Eric B) and William Barrier Griffin Jr ( Rakim) were a hip-hop duo known as Eric B Jayson Tyrone Phillips (born May 27 1975) also known by his Stage name Jadakiss, is an American rapper. Nasir Jones, nɑːˈsiər (born September 14 1973 better known by his Stage name Nas, nɑːz formerly Nasty Nas, is an American rapper Antonio Hardy (born September 10, 1968 in Brooklyn New York) better known by his stage name Big Daddy Kane, is an African-American The Wu-Tang often drop references to the nation's teachings in their lyrics. RZA even published a book "The Wu-Tang Manual" which in part, explained these references. Robert F Diggs (born July 5, 1969) better known as RZA (pronounced) is an American Music producer, Rapper, and occasional The entire Brand Nubian group lineup are members of The Nation; also, Lord Jamar of Brand Nubian, released an album in 2006 entitled The 5% Album. Brand Nubian is a hip hop group from New Rochelle New York, consisting of three MCs Grand Puba (born Maxwell Dixon March 4, 1966 Lord Jamar (born Lorenzo Dechalus, September 17 1968 in New Rochelle New York) is an American emcee and actor Brand Nubian is a hip hop group from New Rochelle New York, consisting of three MCs Grand Puba (born Maxwell Dixon March 4, 1966 The 5% Album is the debut solo record from Brand Nubian member Lord Jamar Islam has affected the evolution of hip hop because of the number of rappers who have been Muslim.

Internationally, Islam figures prominently in French hip hop, where the majority of artists are Muslims of primarily Algerian descent, in Arabic hip hop, and in Iranian hip hop. This article is about Hip hop music from the country of France, and does not cover the hip hop scenes in other French speaking countries like Senegalese Ninety-one percent of the Algerian population lives along the Mediterranean coast on 12% of the country's total land mass Arabic hip hop is Hip hop music and culture originating in the Arabic-speaking world Iranian hip hop is Hip hop music from Iran. Intro The first group to release an Iranian Rap album was the Los Angeles based

Judaism

The only Jewish artists to have gained large-scale success in hip hop are the Beastie Boys, although Hassidic Jew Matisyahu has recently gained considerable attention. Matisyahu (born Matthew Paul Miller, June 30 1979) is an American Reggae musician One of the most respected Jewish Hip Hop artists is MC Serch one half of the New York based Rap duo 3rd Bass. MC Serch (born Michael Berrin on May 6, 1967) is an American hip hop MC and former member of 3rd Bass. 3rd Bass was an American Hip-hop group that rose to fame in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was notable for being one of the first successful Interracial MC Serch is known for his intelligent and socially conscious rhymes and recently created the VH-1 special "The White Rapper Show" which was a talent search for the next great white Rapper. Ill Bill, who is a prominenet underground rapper and affiliate of MC Serch had a brief appearance on The White Rapper Show with his group La Coka Nostra, is also Jewish. William Braunstein (born 1972 better known as Ill Bill, is an American Rapper and Record producer from Brooklyn, New York Rapper Necro, who, coincidentally is Ill Bill's younger brother, is Jewish as well. Ron Braunstein, better known as Necro, is an American Jewish Rapper, Record producer and director from Brooklyn, There is also the lesser know group Blood of Abraham which was comprised of Mazik and Ben-Yad. Blood of Abraham was an American Hip-hop duo composed of Benyad (Benjamin Mor and Mazik (David Saevitz They were signed by the late Eazy-E and Ruthless records and addressed such themes as anti-semitism and racism in their lyrics. They have toured with the Black Eyed Peas for years. Remedy is a Jewish affiliate of the Wu-Tang Clan. The hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan has various "affiliates" which receive support financial and otherwise from the Wu-Tang Clan Former The Roots member and producer Scott Storch is also Jewish. The Roots are an American hip-hop band from Philadelphia Pennsylvania. Scott Storch (born December 16 1973) is a Canadian Record producer. Less well known is Princess Superstar. Princess Superstar (born Concetta Kirschner, 1971 is an American emcee. Recently the hip hop scene in Israel, where the majority of rappers are Jewish - though there are many Arab and Black artists as well - has gained international attention. History of Hip Hop in Israel Although Native Hebrew hip hop gain popularity only during the 1990s stemming from global influences traces of it could been during the mid 1980s The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Black is the Color of objects that do not emit or Reflect Light in any part of the Visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of Popular Jewish-Israeli rappers include Subliminal and The Shadow. Ya'akov "Kobi" Shimoni ( Hebrew: יעקב "קובי" שמעוני born November 13, 1979) generally known by his Stage name Yoav Eliasi (יואב אליאסי (born November 21, 1977) commonly known by his Stage name The Shadow (הצל is an Israeli

Christianity

Main article: Christian hip hop

Christian hip-hop is by far the most common form of overtly religious hip hop and many of the artists in this sub-genre are actually ordained ministers. Christian hip hop (originally Gospel rap, also known as holy hip hop or Christ hop) is a form of Hip hop music which uses Christian Artists of note include Cross Movement, GRITS,Pigeon John,Braille,Red Cloud, Da' T. The Cross Movement is a Grammy-nominated Christian hip hop band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. GRITS is a Christian hip hop group from Nashville, Tennessee. R. U. T. H. , KJ52, Flame, Lecrae, John Reuben, Tedashii, Trip Lee, Sho Baraka, T-Bone, Fresh IE, Mr. Del (formerly of Three Six Mafia), Righteous B, Toby Mac and many others. Three 6 Mafia (formerly Triple 6 Mafia) is an Academy-Award winning American Rap group originating from Memphis, Tennessee This form of expression is a way for people to glorify the Lord through they music they listen to.

Paganism

Though not as prominent as other religions in hip hop, pagan rappers include Emcee Lynx, a conscious hip hop artist from Oakland, California who self-identifies as a Druid, and The Heretics. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Lynx, or Emcee Lynx is an Anarchist hip hop artist from Oakland California in the San Francisco Bay Area who has achieved significant Conscious hip hop or socially conscious hip-hop is a form of Hip hop that focuses on Social issues. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U There are many other less well-known artists as well.

Sikhism

Sikhism has gained prominence in the hip hop scene not only in India, but also in other parts of the world where there are large Sikh populations - and in the UK, particularly west London, and the Silicon Valley / South Bay region of California in particular. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. For the valley nicknamed "Silicone Valley" see San Fernando Valley. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. In India, hip hop music is often mixed with Bhangra and Electronica to produce a high-energy fusion incorporating traditional Punjabi musical traditions and high-speed raps. Bhangra (ਭੰਗੜਾ pa-PK بھنگڑا pə̀ŋgɽäː is a lively form of music and dance that originated in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India Electronica includes a wide range of contemporary Electronic music designed for a wide range [1]

Other religions

Given the importance of religion in general as a key facet of most rappers' self-expression, the environment in the culture is generally hospitable to a diverse range of religious expressions. Among the minority religions represented in the hip-hop community are Sikhism, The Bahá’í Faith and Buddhism. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Sikh rappers are concentrated mostly in the UK, India and Australia, although the most famous is likely the Canadian rapper Sikh Knowledge. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Bahá’í rappers include members of Blue Scholars and Common Market, as well as Gabriel Teodoros, New York's Fort Tabarsi and others in the United States and Canada, including one in Toronto who also affiliates with Universal Sufism. Blue Scholars are a hip hop duo based in Seattle Washington. The duo was created in 2002 while the members Geologic and Sabzi were a part of The SHOW (Student Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Universal Sufism is a spiritual and Universalist movement founded by Hazrat Inayat Khan in the early 20th century Chinese hip hop is home to several Buddhist rappers, although their numbers in the United States are few. Chinese hip hop (Chinese 嘻[[wikt 哈|哈]] pinyin xīha is a relatively Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Stoupe and Toki Wright are both Buddhists, but presently there is no organized community of Buddhist rappers in the United States. Kevin Baldwin, better known by his stage name as Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind, is an American Hip hop producer, DJ, and member of the Underground hip

Legacy

Originating from reggaeton and dancehall from Jamaica, hip hop has since exponentially expanded into a widely accepted form of representation world wide. It expansion includes events like Afrika Bambaataa releasing "Planet Rock" in 1982 which tried to establish a more global harmony in hip hop. In the 1990s MC Solaar became an international hit that was not from America, the first of his kind. From the 80's onward, television became the major source of widespread outsourcing of hip hop to the global world. From YO! MTV Raps, a television show that was shown in many countries to Public enemies world tour, Hip Hop spread further to Latin America and became highly mainstream. Ranging from countries like France, Spain, England, the US and many many other countries world wide, voices want to be heard, and hip hop allows them to do so. As such, hip hop has been cut mixed and changed to the areas that adapt to it. ^{[20] [21]}

Early hip hop has often been credited with helping to reduce inner-city gang violence by replacing physical violence with hip hop battles of dance and artwork. However, with the emergence of commercial and crime-related rap during the early 1990s, an emphasis on violence was incorporated, with many rappers boasting about drugs, weapons, misogyny, and violence. While hip hop music now appeals to a broader demographic, media critics argue that socially and politically conscious hip hop has long been disregarded by mainstream America in favor of its media-baiting sibling, gangsta rap. For the Ice T album see Gangsta Rap (album. Gangsta rap is a term originated by the mainstream media to describe a certain subgenre ^[22]

Many artists are now considered to be alternative/underground hip hop when they attempt to reflect what they believe to be the original elements of the culture. Alternative hip hop (also known as alternative rap) is a genre that is defined in greatly varying ways Artists/groups such as Talib Kweli, Mos Def, Dilated Peoples, dead prez, Blackalicious, and Jurassic 5 may emphasize messages of verbal skill, unity, or activism instead of messages of violence, material wealth, and misogyny. Talib Kweli Greene (born October 3, 1975) better known as Talib Kweli, is an American MC from Brooklyn, New Dante Terrell Smith (born December 11, 1973) better known by his stage name Mos Def, is an American MC and Actor. Dilated Peoples is an Underground hip hop group residing in California. Dead prez is an underground Political hip hop duo comprised of Stic Blackalicious is a California -based hip hop duo made up of rapper Gift of Gab (born Timothy Parker and DJ / producer Jurassic 5 was an American Alternative hip hop group formed in 1993 by rappers Chali 2na, Akil, Zaakir aka Soup, Mark Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change Misogyny (mɪˈsɒdʒɪni is hatred (or contemptof women Misogyny is parallel to Misandry — the hatred of men

Authenticity is often a serious debate within hip hop culture. Dating back to its origins in the 1970’s in the Bronx, hip hop revolved around a culture of protest and freedom of expression in the wake of oppression. As hip hop has become less of an underground culture, it is subject to debate whether or not the spirit of hip hop is embodied in protest, or whether it can evolve to exist in a marketable integrated version. In “Authenticity Within Hip-Hop and Other Cultures Threatened with Assimilation,” Commentator Kembrew McLeod argues that hip hop culture is actually threatened with assimilation by a larger, mainstream culture. ^[23] In accordance with McLeod's position, Greg Tate an editor of the Village Voice also voices that hip hop is slowly losing its edge due to the genre's involvement in the mainstream, hyper-capitalist world. Believing that hip hop should be utilized as a voice for social justice, Tate points out that in the marketable version of hip hop, there isn't a role for this evolved genre in context of the original theme hip hop originated from (freedom from oppression). The problem with Black progressive political organizing isn't that hip hop, but that the No. 1 issue on the table needs to be poverty, and nobody knows how to make poverty sexy. ^[24] Tate discusses how the dynamic of progressive Black politics cannot apply to the genre of hip hop in the current state today due to the genre's heavy involvement in the market. In his article he discusses Hip Hop's 30^th birthday and it's evolution has been a devolution due to its capitalistic endeavors. Both Tate and McLeod argue that hip hop has lost its authenticity due to its losing sight of the revolutionary theme and humble "folksy" beginnings the music originated from. “This is the first time artists from around the world will be performing in an international context. The ones that are coming are considered to be the key members of the contemporary underground hip-hop movement. " This is how the music landscape has broadened around the world over the last ten years. The maturation of Hip Hop has gotten older with the genres age, but the initial reasoning of why Hip Hop has started will always be intact. Expression and oppression will always be at the root of any Hip Hop movement.

Though born in the United States, the reach of hip hop is global. Youth culture and opinion is meted out in both Israeli hip hop and Palestinian hip hop, while France, Germany, the U.K., Africa and the Caribbean have long-established hip hop followings. History of Hip Hop in Israel Although Native Hebrew hip hop gain popularity only during the 1990s stemming from global influences traces of it could been during the mid 1980s Palestinian hip hop allegedly started in 1998 with Tamer Nafar 's group DAM. This article is about Hip hop music from the country of France, and does not cover the hip hop scenes in other French speaking countries like Senegalese The term German Hip Hop denotes Hip hop music produced in Germany. British hip hop is a genre of music, and a culture that covers a variety of styles of Hip hop music made in the United Kingdom. Hip hop music has been popular in Africa since the early 1980s due to widespread American influence Songo-salsa is a style of music that blends Spanish Rapping and hip hop beats with Salsa music and Songo. According to the U. S. Department of State, hip hop is "now the center of a mega music and fashion industry around the world," that crosses social barriers and cuts across racial lines. ^[25] National Geographic recognizes hip hop as "the world's favorite youth culture" in which "just about every country on the planet seems to have developed its own local rap scene. Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural "^[26]

Further reading

• Chang, Jeff. "Can't Stop, Won't Stop". Can't Stop Won't Stop A History of the Hip-Hop Generation is a book by Jeff Chang chronicling the early Hip hop scene
• Rose, Tricia (1994). "Black Noise". Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6275-0
• Light, Alan (ed). (1999). The VIBE History of Hip-Hop. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-609-80503-7
• George, Nelson (2000, rev. 2005). Hip-Hop America. St. Louis: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-028022-7
• Toop, David (1984, rev. David Toop (born 5 May 1949) is an English Musician and Author, and as of 2001 was visiting Research Fellow in the Media School at London 1991). Rap Attack II: African Rap To Global Hip Hop. New York. New York: Serpent's Tail. ISBN 1-85242-243-2 .
• Fricke, Jim and Ahearn, Charlie (eds). (2002). Yes Yes Y'All: The Experience Music Project Oral History of Hip Hop's First Decade. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81184-7
• Corvino, Daniel and Livernoche, Shawn (2000). A Brief History of Rhyme and Bass: Growing Up With Hip Hop. Tinicum, PA: Xlibris Corporation/The Lightning Source, Inc. ISBN 1-4010-2851-9
• Kitwana, Bakar (2004). The State of Hip-Hop Generation: how hip-hop's culture movement is evolving into political power. Retrieved December 4, 2006. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. From Ohio Link Database
• (1999) Light, Alan, ed. The VIBE History of Hip-Hop. New York: Three Rivers Press.
• Ro, Ronin. Bad Boy: The Influence of Sean “Puffy” Combs on the Music Industry. New York: Pocket Books, 2001.
• Gueraseva, Stacy. Def Jam Inc. New York: Random House, 2005
• Brown, Jake. Suge Knight: The Rise, fall, and Rise of Death Row Records. Phoenix: Colossus Books, 2002.

External links

• Hip Hop History Timeline
• "In the Heart of Freedom, In Chains": 2007 City Journal article on Hip Hop and Black America
• Village voice article on hip hop
• NYtimes article on hip hop
• McLeod, Kembrew. Interview with Chuck D and Hank Shocklee. Carlton Douglas Ridenhour (born August 1 1960 in Roosevelt New York) better known by his stage name Chuck D, is an American rapper author and producer The Bomb Squad is an influential Hip hop production team known for their work with Public Enemy. 2002. Stay Free Magazine, issue 20

References

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