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For other uses of the term, see hip (disambiguation).
Hip (anatomy)
Right hip-joint from the front.
Bones of the hip
Latin coxa
Gray's subject #92 333
MeSH Hip
Dorlands/Elsevier h_12/12422739

In anatomy, the hip is the bony projection of the femur which is known as the greater trochanter, and the overlying muscle and fat. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Introduction ( Joints or Articulations Sutural ligament Fibrocartilages Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce The femur is the thigh bone In Humans, it is the longest, most voluminous and strongest Bone. Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint, is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e. A joint is the location at which two or more Bones make contact The acetabulum is a concave surface of the Pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum forming the hip Joint The pelvis (pl pelvises or pelves) or pelvic girdle is the irregular bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known g. standing) and dynamic (e. g. walking or running) postures.

Contents

Description of the bones of the hips

The hip bones are divided into 5 areas, which are:

Movements

Seven different kinds of movements are possible in the hip joint:

A synovial joint that can produce movement around more than one axis is called a multiaxial joint. In Anatomy, flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing The movement of body structures is accomplished by the contraction of Muscles Muscles may move parts of the skeleton relatively to each other or may move parts of internal organs relatively The movement of body structures is accomplished by the contraction of Muscles Muscles may move parts of the skeleton relatively to each other or may move parts of internal organs relatively The movement of body structures is accomplished by the contraction of Muscles Muscles may move parts of the skeleton relatively to each other or may move parts of internal organs relatively The movement of body structures is accomplished by the contraction of Muscles Muscles may move parts of the skeleton relatively to each other or may move parts of internal organs relatively The movement of body structures is accomplished by the contraction of Muscles Muscles may move parts of the skeleton relatively to each other or may move parts of internal organs relatively The movement of body structures is accomplished by the contraction of Muscles Muscles may move parts of the skeleton relatively to each other or may move parts of internal organs relatively Synovial joints (or diarthroses, or diarthroidal joints) are the most common and most moveable type of Joints in the human body

Anatomy of the hip joint

Articulation

The hip joint is a synovial joint formed by the articulation of the rounded head of the femur and the cup-like acetabulum of the pelvis. Synovial joints (or diarthroses, or diarthroidal joints) are the most common and most moveable type of Joints in the human body The femur is the thigh bone In Humans, it is the longest, most voluminous and strongest Bone. The acetabulum is a concave surface of the Pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum forming the hip Joint It is classified as a ball and socket joint. A ball and socket joint ( enarthrosis, spheroidal joint) is a Joint in which the distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes It forms the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton of the trunk and pelvis. The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body Both joint surfaces are covered with a strong but lubricated layer called articular hyaline cartilage. Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix The cuplike acetabulum forms at the union of three pelvic bones and the joint may not be fully ossified (the process of forming bone) under the age of 25 years. Ossification is the process of Bone formation in which connective tissues such as Cartilage are turned to bone or bone-like tissue The depth of the acetabulum is increased by a fibrocartilaginous rim called a labrum that grips the head of the femur and secures it in the joint. The acetabulum is oriented inferiorly, laterally and anteriorly. The magnitude of inferior orientation can be assessed using a line connecting the lateral rim of acetabulum and center of femoral head. This lines forms an angle with vertical known as center edge angle or angle of Wiberg. The magnitude of anterior orientation is referred as angle of acetabular anteversion.

The large head of the femur is completely covered in hyaline cartilage except for a small area called the fovea or pit. This is the site of attachment for an intracapsular ligament (called the ligamentum teres) that attaches directly from the head of the femur to the acetabulum. The head of the femur is attached to the shaft by a thin neck region that is often prone to fracture in the elderly, which is mainly due to the degenerative effects of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture.

Capsule

The strong but loose fibrous capsule of the hip joints permits the hip joint to have the second largest range of movement (second only to the shoulder) and yet support the weight of the body, arms and head. In Human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the Humerus attaches to the Scapula. The capsule is attached proximally to the entire periphery of the acetabulum beyond the acetabular labrum. The capsule covers the femoral head and neck like a sleeve and attaches to the base of neck. The capsule has two sets of fibers: longitudinal and circular. The circular fibers form a collar around the femoral neck called the zona orbicularis. The longitudinal retinacular fibers travel along the neck and carry blood vessels. As the line of gravity falls posterior to the axis of the hip joint, the combined weight of the body seeks to extend the hip joint in normal standing and make the trunk fall backwards to the ground. To resist the stretching action on the anterior joint capsule in normal upright posture, the hip has two very strong anterior ligaments.

Ligaments

The hip joint is reinforced by three main ligaments.

There is also a small ligament called ligamentum teres or the ligament of the head of the femur. The ligament is a triangularly shaped band with its base on both sides of peripheral edge of acetabular notch. This structure is not that important as a ligament but can often be vitally important as a conduit of a small artery to the head of the femur. This arterial branch is not present in everyone but can become the only blood supply to the bone in the head of the femur when the neck of the femur is fractured or disrupted by injury in childhood.

Blood supply and nerve supply of the hip joint

The hip joint is supplied with blood from the medial circumflex femoral and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, which are both usually branches of the deep artery of the thigh (profunda femoris), but may also arise directly from the femoral artery. The medial circumflex femoral artery ( internal circumflex artery, medial femoral circumflex artery) is an Artery in the upper thigh that helps supply blood The lateral circumflex femoral artery ( lateral femoral circumflex artery, external circumflex artery) is an Artery in the upper thigh The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the Femoral artery that as its name The femoral artery is a large Artery in the muscles of the Thigh. There is also a small contribution from a small artery in the ligament of the head of the femur which is a branch of the posterior division of the obturator artery, which becomes important to avoid avascular necrosis of the head of the femur when the blood supply from the medial and lateral circumflex arteries are disrupted (e. The posterior branch of the obturator artery follows the posterior margin of the foramen and turns forward on the Inferior ramus of the ischium, where it anastomoses with the Avascular necrosis is a disease resulting from the temporary or permanent loss of the Blood supply to the bones g. through fracture of the neck of the femur along their course).

The hip has two anatomically important anastomoses, the cruciate and the trochanteric anastomoses. These exist between the femoral artery or profunda femoris and the gluteal vessels.

The hip joint is supplied by a number of nerves (proprioception, nociception, etc. Proprioception (ˌproʊpriːəˈsɛpʃən PRO -pree-o-SEP-shun from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own" and perception is the Sense Nociception (synonym nociperception is defined as "the neural processes of encoding and processing Noxious stimuli. . . ) including the femoral nerve, the obturator nerve, superior gluteal nerve, and the nerve to quadratus femoris. The femoral nerve, the largest branch of the Lumbar plexus, arises from the dorsal divisions of the second third and fourth Lumbar nerves. The obturator nerve arises from the ventral divisions of the second third and fourth Lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest while that from the second is The superior gluteal nerve is a Nerve that originates in the Pelvis which supplies the Gluteus medius, the Gluteus minimus, and the Tensor The nerve to quadratus femoris is a Nerve that provides innervation to the Quadratus femoris and Gemellus inferior muscles

Muscles producing movements at the hip joint

Main article: Muscles of the hip

The muscles that cause movement in the hip can be divided into five groups according to their orientation around the hip joint:

These muscles produce flexion, extension, lateral rotation, medial rotation, abduction, and adduction. In Anatomy, flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing Extension is a movement of a joint that results in increased angle between two bones or body surfaces at a joint External rotation (or lateral rotation) is rotation away from the center of the body In Anatomy, internal rotation (also known as medial rotation) is rotation towards the center of the body Abduction, in functional anatomy is a movement which draws a limb away from the median ( Sagittal) plane of the body Adduction is a movement which brings a limb — Arm or Leg — closer to the sagittal plane of the body

Many of the hip muscles are responsible for more than one type of movement in the hip, as different areas of the muscle act on tendons in different ways.

Sexual dimorphism in humans

In humans, unlike other animals, the hip bones are substantially different in the two sexes. The hips of human females are broader and deeper than those of males. The femurs are also more widely spaced in females, so as to widen the opening in the hip bone and thus facilitate childbirth. Finally, the ilium and its muscle attachment are shaped so as to situate the buttocks away from the birth canal, where contraction of the buttocks could otherwise damage the baby.

Cultural significance of hips

In art and culture, a woman's hips are often viewed as a symbol of fertility.
In art and culture, a woman's hips are often viewed as a symbol of fertility. Fertility is the natural capability of giving life As a measure "Fertility Rate" is the number of children born per couple person or population

It should also be noted that the hips have long been associated with both fertility and general expression of sexuality. Fertility is the natural capability of giving life As a measure "Fertility Rate" is the number of children born per couple person or population Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings Since broad hips facilitate child birth and also serve as an anatomical cue of sexual maturity, they have been seen as an attractive trait for women for thousands of years. Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth Offspring. Many of the classical poses women take when sculpted, painted or photographed, such as the Odalisque, serve to emphasize the prominence of their hips. An odalisque (Odalık was a virgin female slave in an Ottoman Seraglio. In Western society, this often harks back to classical notions of female beauty, particularly in the Venus Kallipygos. The Callipygian Venus or Venus Kallipygos, (Ἀφροδίτη Καλλίπυγος Aphrodite Kallipygos, " Aphrodite of the Beautiful Buttocks" Similarly, women's fashion through the ages has often drawn attention to the girth of the wearer's hips. Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time

See also

Additional images

Radiograph of a healthy human hip joint

External links

In Medicine, the hip examination, or hip exam, is undertaken when a patient has a complaint of Hip pain and/or signs and/or Symptoms Hip replacement, also hip Arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure in which the Hip joint is replaced by a prosthetic implant. Snapping hip syndrome (coxa saltans Iliopsoas Tendinitis, or dancer's hip is a condition characterized by a snapping sensation when the hip is flexed and extended Female body shape has a bearing on a wide range of human activities and there are and have been widely different ideals of it in different cultures over history Waist-hip ratio or Waist-to-hip ratio ( WHR) is the Ratio of the circumference of the Waist to that of the Hips It is calculated by Hip dysplasia, developmental dysplasia of the Hip (DDH or congenital dysplasia of the Hip (CDH is a Congenital or acquired
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