| Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) हिन्दुस्तानी, ہندوستانی Hindustānī |
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| Spoken in: | India, Pakistan, Fiji, Guyana, Malaysia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Myanmar | |||
| Region: | South Asia, Oceania, Caribbean | |||
| Total speakers: | 541 million native, 904 million total | |||
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian[1] Indo-Aryan[1] Central zone[1] Western Hindi[1] Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) |
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| Writing system: | Devanagari script, |
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| Official status | ||||
| Official language in: |  Fiji, India (as Hindi and Urdu), Pakistan (as Urdu) |
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| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1: | hi,ur | |||
| ISO 639-2: | hin,urd | |||
| ISO 639-3: | variously: hin – Hindi urd – Urdu hif – Fijian Hindustani hns – Caribbean Hindustani |
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Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी ہندوستانی Hindustānī, IPA: [hɪn̪d̪ʊst̪aːniː]), also known as "Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering several closely related dialects in Pakistan and northern India, especially the vernacular form of the two national languages, Standard Hindi and Urdu, also known as Khariboli, but also several nonstandard dialects of the Hindi languages. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue) (/ kʰəɽiː boːliː / Hindi A nonstandard dialect is a Dialect that does not have the institutional support or sanction that a standardized dialect has Hindi (in the broad sense is a Dialect continuum of the Indic language family in the northern plains of India bounded on the northwest and west by
In other words, Standard Hindi and Urdu are standardized registers of Hindustani/Khariboli. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that In Linguistics, a register is a subset of a Language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting They are nearly identical in grammar and share a basic common vocabulary.
Before the Partition of British India, the terms Hindustani and Urdu were synonymous; both covered what would be called Hindi today. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, [2]
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History
The Hindustani dialects emerge out of Middle Indic apabhramsha "vernaculars" of North India in the 7th to 13th centuries. The history of the Hindi dialect continuum (including Urdu) i The Middle Indo-Aryan ( Middle Indic) languages are the early medieval dialects of the Indo-Aryan languages, the descendants of the Old Indo-Aryan dialects such as Amir Khusro in the late 13th century mentions the term Hindavi. Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow ( Hindi: hi अबुल हसन यमीनुद्दीन ख़ुसरो (1253-1325 CE better known as Amīr Khusrow Hindavi (हिन्दवी ہندوی) Hindawi, or Hindvi is the mother language of modern standard Hindi and Urdu.
In the early modern (Mughal) period, Hindustani gradually replaces use of Persian among the Delhi nobility in the later 17th century. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The emerging prestige dialect becomes known as Urdu (properly zabān-e Urdu-e mo'alla "language of the court"). Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised
Originally the term Hindustani ("of Hindustan") was the name given by the Turco-Persian Mughal conquerors of India to Khariboli, the local form of Hindi at their capital, Delhi, and nearby cities. Hindustan (हिन्दुस्तान, ہندوستان,) is one of the popular Names of India. The Turco-Persians were a heterogeneous confederation of certain Turkic, Iranic and Mongol peoples that eventually conquered much of Central Asia The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue) (/ kʰəɽiː boːliː / Hindi Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population As a contact language between the two cultures, Hindustani absorbed large numbers of Persian, Arabic, and Turkic words, and with further Mughal conquest it spread as a lingua franca across northern India. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely It remained the primary lingua franca of India for the next four centuries, although it varied significantly in vocabulary depending on the local language, and it achieved the status of a literary language, along with Persian, in the Muslim courts. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely In time it came to be called Urdu (zabān-e Urdu زبان اردو, ज़बान-ए उर्दू, "language of the camp" in Persian, derived from Altaic Ordū "camp", cognate with English horde), and as the highly Persianized court language, Rekhta, or "mixed". Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around Rekhta ( Urdū /ur ریختہ Hindī: रेख़्ता rekhtā; Persian for mixed) is the highly Persianized form of Urdū a language
When the British conquered India from the late 1700s through to the late 1800s, they used the words 'Hindustani' and 'Urdu' interchangeably. They developed it as the language of administration of British India, further preparing it to be the official language of modern India and Pakistan. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and
In recent times, the word Hindustani has been used for the intentionally neutral language of Bollywood films, which are popular in both India and Pakistan. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India
Urdu
Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and an officially recognized regional language of India. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country It is also an official language in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, National Capital Territory of Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U The word "Urdu" derives from the more formal Persian phrase zabān-e Urdu-e mo'alla, meaning the "language of the camp". The language began as the common speech of soldiers serving Mughal lords. The term became transferred to the court language of the Mughal aristocracy, whose dialect was based on the upper-class dialect of Delhi. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Urdu's historical development was centered on the Urdu poets of the Mughal courts of north Indian metropolises such as Delhi, Lucknow, Lahore, and Agra. Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, Urdu is written using a modified form of the Arabic script known as the Nasta'liq script. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;) is one of the main genres of Islamic calligraphy. Before the Partition of India, the terms Hindustani and Urdu were synonymous. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, [3]
Hindi
Standard Hindi, the official language of India, is based on the Khariboli dialect of the Delhi region and differs from Urdu in that it is usually written in the indigenous Devanagari script of India and exhibits less Persian influence than Urdu. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue) (/ kʰəɽiː boːliː / Hindi Many scholars today employ a Sanskritized form of Hindi developed primarily in Varanasi, the Hindu holy city, which is based on the Eastern Hindi dialect of that region. Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical
Note that, the term "Hindustani" has generally fallen out of common usage in modern India, except to refer to a style of Indian classical music prevalent in northern India. Hindustani Classical Music ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत Urdu: ہندوستانی شاستریے سنگیت The term used to refer to the language is "Hindi", regardless of the mix of Persian or Sanskrit words used by the speaker. One could conceive of a wide spectrum of dialects, with the highly Persianized Urdu at one end of the spectrum and a heavily Sanskrit based dialect, spoken in the region around Varanasi, at the other end of the spectrum. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस In common usage in India, the term "Hindi" includes all dialects, except the Urdu end of the spectrum. Thus, the different meanings of the word "Hindi" include, among others:
- standardized Hindi as taught in schools throughout India,
- formal or official Hindi advocated by Purushottam Das Tandon and as instituted by the post-independence Indian government, heavily influenced by Sanskrit,
- the vernacular dialects of Hindustani/Hindi-Urdu as spoken throughout India,
- the neutralized form of the language used in popular television and films, or
- the more formal neutralized form of the language used in broadcast and print news reports. Purushottam Das Tandon पुरुशोत्तम दास टंडन August 1, 1882 &ndash July 1, 1962) was a independence fighter
The term "Hindustani" is now used in India to deliberately convey the language of unified pre-1947 India, with a wealth of words of both Persian and Sanskrit origin, without an attempt at leaning towards either as has taken place with Urdu and Hindi. The term has a secular flavour; the speaker is rising above Hindu/Muslim visions of India.
Bazaar Hindustani
In a specific sense, "Hindustani" may be used to refer to the dialects and varieties used in common speech, in contrast with the standardized Hindi and Urdu. Hindi (in the broad sense is a Dialect continuum of the Indic language family in the northern plains of India bounded on the northwest and west by This meaning is reflected in the use of the term "bazaar Hindustani," in other words, the "language of the street or the marketplace", as opposed to the perceived refinement of formal Hindi, Urdu, or even Sanskrit. A bazaar ( بازار) (pazar is a permanent merchandising area Marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Thus, the Webster's New World Dictionary defines the term Hindustani as the principal dialect of Hindi/Urdu, used as a trade language throughout north India and Pakistan.
Hindi and Urdu
While, at the spoken level, Urdu and Hindi are considered dialects of a single language (or diasystem), they differ vastly in literary and formal vocabulary; where literary Urdu draws heavily on Persian and Arabic, literary Hindi draws heavily on Sanskrit and to a lesser extent Prakrit. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of In Linguistics, in the field of structural Dialectology, a diasystem is a single genetic Language which has two or more standard forms The vocabulary of a person is defined either as the set of all Words that are understood by that person or the set of all words likely to be used by that person when constructing Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit) ( Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति according to one The grammar and base vocabulary (most pronouns, verbs, adpositions, etc. ) of both Urdu and Hindi, however, are the same and derive from a Prakritic base.
The associated dialects of Urdu and Hindi are known as "Hindustani". It is perhaps the lingua franca of the west and north of the Indian subcontinent, though it is understood fairly well in other regions also, especially in the urban areas. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. A common vernacular sharing characteristics with Urdu, Sanskritized Hindi, and regional Hindi, Hindustani is more commonly used as a vernacular than highly Arabicized/Persianized Urdu or highly Sanskritized Hindi.
This can be seen in the popular culture of Bollywood or, more generally, the vernacular of Pakistanis and Indians which generally employs a lexicon common to both "Urdu" and "Hindi" speakers. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India Minor subtleties in region will also affect the 'brand' of Hindustani, sometimes pushing the Hindustani closer to Urdu or to Hindi. One might reasonably assume that the language spoken in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (known for its beautiful usage of Urdu) and Varanasi (a holy city for Hindus and thus using highly Sanskritized Hindi) is somewhat different. Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is
Hindustani, if both Hindi and Urdu are counted, is the third or second most widely spoken language in the world after Mandarin and possibly English. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States [4]
- See also: Persian and Urdu
Official status
Hindi, one standardized register of Hindustani, is declared by the Constitution of India as the "official language (rājabhāshā) of the Union" (Art. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that In Linguistics, a register is a subset of a Language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting The Constitution of India ( Hindi: भारतीय़ संविधान see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. 343(1)) (In this context, 'Union' means the Federal Government and not the entire country - India has 23 official languages). At the same time, however, the definitive text of Federal laws is officially the English text and proceedings in the higher appelate courts must be conducted in English. See Official languages of India. The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language At the state level, Hindi is an official language in 10 out of the 28 Indian states (namely Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab)[5]. Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Indian state Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Jharkhand ( Hindi: झारखंड Bengali: ঝাড়খণ্ডdʒʰaːɽkʰəɳɖ is a state in eastern India. Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP) ( Hindī: मध्य प्रदेश pronounced, Translation: Middle Province) often Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area Chhattisgarh ( Chhattisgarhi / Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़ tʃʰət̪t̪iːsgəɽʰ, a state in central India, formed when the sixteen Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. In the 18 states where Hindi is not an official language, studying Hindi is usually compulsory in the school curriculum as a third language (the first two languages being the state's official vernacular language and English), though the intensiveness of Hindi in the curriculum varies. [6]
Urdu, the other standardized register of Hindustani, is the national language of Pakistan, where it shares official language status with English. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that In Linguistics, a register is a subset of a Language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Although English is used in most elite circles, and Punjabi has a plurality of native speakers, Urdu is the lingua franca and is expected to prevail. Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely Urdu is also one of the official languages of India, and in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, Urdu has official language status. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U While the government school system in most other states emphasises Modern Standard Hindi, at universities in cities such as Lucknow, Aligarh and Hyderabad, Urdu is spoken and learned and is regarded as a language of prestige. Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Aligarh ( Hindi: अलीगढ़ Urdu: علی گڑھ) is a city in Aligarh District in the northern Indian
In Fiji, Hindustani has official status under Fiji's Constitution, along with Bau Fijian and English; citizens of Fiji have the constitutional right to communicate with any government agency in any of the official languages, with an interpreter to be supplied on request. Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of The Constitution of Fiji is the supreme law of Fiji. Background The Constitution of the Republic of the Fiji Islands dates from 1997 Fijian is an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian family spoken in Fiji. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
Hindustani outside South Asia
Besides being the lingua franca of South Asia, Hindustani is spoken among people of the South Asian diaspora and their descendants. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely
Fijian Hindustani descends from one of the eastern forms of Hindustani, called Awadhi, as well as the Bhojpuri dialect. Fiji Hindi, also known as Fijian Hindi or Fiji Hindustani, is a language which is spoken in Fiji by most Fijian citizens of Indian descent Awadhi is an Indo-Aryan language. It is spoken chiefly in the Awadh (Oudh region of Uttar Pradesh, although its speakers are also found in Bihar Bhojpuri ( is a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. It has developed some unique features that differentiate it from the Avadhī spoken on the Indian subcontinent, although not to the extent of hindering mutual understanding. It is spoken by nearly the entire Indo-Fijian community, 38. Indo-Fijians are Fijians who trace their ancestry to India. They number 311591 (37 1% of Fiji's entire population, regardless of ancestry.
Hindustani speakers have a significant number of speakers in Caribbean countries such as Suriname, Guyana, and Trinidad & Tobago. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American The formal name of the language spoken in this region is generally called Caribbean Hindustani or Caribbean Hindi, although the Caribbean countries may add an adjective in front of the language name (i. e. Sarnami Hindustani) even though most individuals commonly refer to it as just Hindustani or Hindi. One major country in which Hindustani is spoken is Suriname. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by Sarnami Hindustani is the second most spoken language in Suriname after Dutch. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname This is due to the emigration of East Indians (known locally as Hindustanis in Suriname) from the Indian states of Bihār and Uttar Pradesh located in North India. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula The emigration was mainly of Bhojpuri speaking people which has led to the local Hindustani language having various Bhojpuri words and phrases from other Bihari languages. Bihari is a name given to the western group of Eastern Indic languages, spoken in Bihar and neighboring states in India. Ethnic Indians form 37% of the population in Suriname, the largest ethnic group there. Hence, Hindustani is spoken frequently in Suriname and Indian culture plays a major role there in general. Hindustani is also spoken among ethnic Indians of Guyana and is popular there as South Asians make up around 45% of Guyana's total population.
Tadj-Uzbeki, a term coined by Tiwari, refers to the Hindustani dialect spoken by Indian immigrants from the 13th century onwards in the border region of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, specifically in the towns of Hisar, Shehr-e-nau, Regar, Surchi, etc. Tiwari is a Hindu Brahmin surname found mostly in the Northern and Central parts of India and Nepal Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان taajikestaan officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Hisar ( Hindi: हिसार( Punjabi: ਅੰਬਾਲਾ previously spelled as Hissar is a city in the state of Haryana, in northwestern See also Tursunzoda district Tursunzoda ( Tajik: Турсунзода also Tursunzade from Russian spelling is a city It is based on the Braj, Hariyani and Rajasthani dialects, and is highly influenced by Uzbek, Tajik and Russian languages. Region and the cult of Krishna Region is closely related to the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Haryanvi (हरियाणवी is the northern most Dialect of the Hindi language. Rajasthani (राजस्थानी is a language or language cluster Bagri: about five million speakers in Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar districts of Uzbek ( O‘zbek tili or O'zbekcha in Latin script, Ўзбек тили in Cyrillic script; أۇزبېك ﺗﻴﻠی in Arabic The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, tg-Latn ''tojikí'') is a modern Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages
Hindustani also has a significant number of speakers in North America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East due to immigration by the people of India and Pakistan to these continents and regions. Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and In South Africa, Kenya and other parts of Africa, older descendents of 18th century sugar cane workers also speak a variety of Bhojpuri as their second language. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south A century (from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred is One hundred consecutive Years Centuries are numbered ordinally (e Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Bhojpuri ( is a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them
Hindustani was also spoken widespread in Burma during British rule as the main language of the administration. Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Many older Burmese, particularly the Anglo-Indians and Anglo-Burmese of the country, still speak the language although it has no official status in the country since military rule. Anglo-Indians are people who have mixed Indian and British ancestry and the term is sometimes used in the West.
Also see: Fiji Hindi
Vocabulary
Main article: Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) word etymology
Standard or shuddha ("pure") Hindi derives much of its formal and technical vocabulary from Sanskrit while standard Urdu derives much of its formal and technical vocabulary from Persian. Fiji Hindi, also known as Fijian Hindi or Fiji Hindustani, is a language which is spoken in Fiji by most Fijian citizens of Indian descent Hindustānī also known as "Hindi-Urdu" is a term used by linguists to describe several closely related idioms in the northern central and northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Standard Hindi and Urdu are used only in public addresses and radio or TV news, while the everyday spoken language in most areas is one of several varieties of Hindustani, whose vocabulary contains words drawn from Persian and Arabic. In addition, spoken Hindustani includes words from English and other languages as well. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
Vernacular Urdu and Hindi are practically indistinguishable. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised However, the literary registers differ substantially; in highly formal situations, the languages are barely intelligible to speakers of the other. It bears mention that in centuries past both Sanskrit and Persian have been regarded as the languages of the elite, even by those of differing ethnic and religious backgrounds.
There are four principal categories of words in Hindustani:
- tatsam (तत्सम्/تتسم same as that) words: These are the words which have been directly lifted from Sanskrit to enrich the formal and technical vocabulary of Hindi. Tatsama are Sanskrit Loanwords in modern Indic languages like Bangla or Sinhala. Such words (almost exclusively nouns) have been taken without any phonetic or spelling change. Among nouns, the tatsam word could be the Sanskrit uninflected word-stem, or it could be the nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension.
- tadbhav (तद्भव/تدبھو born of that) words: These are the words that might have been derived from Sanskrit or the Prakrits, but have undergone minor or major phonetic and spelling changes as they appear in modern Hindi. They also include words borrowed from the other languages.
- deshaja (देशज/دیشج local): words that are unrelated to any Sanskrit words, and of local origin.
- videshi (foreign): Loan words from non-Indian languages that include Arabic, Persian, Turkic, Portuguese or English. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
Excessive use of tatsam words sometimes creates problems for most native speakers. The educated middle class population of India may be familiar with these words due to education, but less-educated persons or people of rural backgrounds lack familiarity with more formal registers. The issue also exists with high-register vocabulary borrowed from Persian and Arabic. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language
Writing system
Contemporarily, Hindustani is primarily written in the Devanagari script or the Perso-Arabic script. Hindustani, Hindi, and Urdu have been written in several different scripts The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. However, the Kaithi script was the historical popular script for the language. Kaithi (कैथी also called "Kayathi" or "Kayasthi" is the name of a historical script used widely in parts of North India, primarily in the former Hindi, one standardized register of Hindustani, utilizes the Devanagari script while Urdu, the other standardized register of Hindustani utilizes the Perso-Arabic script, with Nasta`liq being the preferred calligraphic style for Urdu. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that In Linguistics, a register is a subset of a Language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that In Linguistics, a register is a subset of a Language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;) is one of the main genres of Islamic calligraphy.
Perso-Arabic script used to write Hindustani (Urdu):
| جھ | ڄ | ج | پ | ث | ٺ | ٽ | ٿ | ت | ڀ | ٻ | ب | ا |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ɟʰ | ʄ | ɟ | p | s | ʈʰ | ʈ | tʰ | t | bʰ | ɓ | b | * |
| ڙ | ر | ذ | ڍ | ڊ | ڏ | ڌ | د | خ | ح | ڇ | چ | ڃ |
| ɽ | r | z | ɖʰ | ɖ | ɗ | dʰ | d | x | h | cʰ | c | ɲ |
| ڪ | ق | ڦ | ف | غ | ع | ظ | ط | ض | ص | ش | س | ز |
| k | x | pʰ | f | ɣ | ∅ | z | t | z | s | ? | s | z |
| ي | ه | و | ڻ | ن | م | ل | ڱ | گھ | ڳ | گ | ک | |
| * | h | * | ɳ | n | m | l | ŋ | ɡʰ | ɠ | ɡ | kʰ |
Devanagari script used to write Hindustani (Hindi):
| अ | आ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | ए | ऐ | ओ | औ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | ā | i | ī | u | ū | e | ai | o | au |
| क | ख | ख़ | ग | ॻ | ग़ | घ | ङ | ||
| k | kʰ | x | ɡ | ɠ | ɣ | ɡʰ | ŋ | ||
| च | छ | ज | ॼ | ज़ | झ | ञ | |||
| c | cʰ | ɟ | ʄ | z | ɟʰ | ɲ | |||
| ट | ठ | ड | ॾ | ड़ | ढ | ढ़ | ण | ||
| ʈ | ʈʰ | ɖ | ɗ | ɽ | ɖʰ | ɽʰ | ɳ | ||
| त | थ | द | ध | न | |||||
| t | tʰ | d | dʰ | n | |||||
| प | फ | फ़ | ब | ॿ | भ | म | |||
| p | pʰ | f | b | ɓ | bʰ | m | |||
| य | र | ल | व | ||||||
| j | r | l | ʋ | ||||||
| श | ष | स | ह | ||||||
| sh | ʂ | s | h | ||||||
Because of Anglicization and international use of the Roman script, Hindustani is also sometimes written in the Roman alphabet. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English This adaptation is called Roman Urdu. Roman Urdu is the name used for the Urdū language (as well as the Hindī language) written with the Roman alphabet. Despite opposition from Devanagari and Perso-Arabic script lovers, Roman Urdu is gaining popularity especially among the youth, who use the Internet or are "cyber-citizens. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Roman Urdu is the name used for the Urdū language (as well as the Hindī language) written with the Roman alphabet. " Another romanisation scheme, proposed by Syed Faish Uddin and Quader Unissa Begum is known as the Uddin and Begum Urdu-Hindustani Romanization system. The Uddin and Begum Urdu-Hindustani Romanization scheme was proposed by the late Syed Fasih Uddin and the late Quader Unissa Begum for the Romanization of Urdu - It was adopted in 1992 by The First International Urdu Conference held in Chicago, entitled " The Modern International Standard Letters of Alphabet for URDU - (HINDUSTANI) - The INDIAN Language, script for the purposes of hand written communication, dictionary references, published material and Computerized Linguistic Communications (CLC)".
Also see: Devanagari alphabet and Perso-Arabic script
Grammar
Hindustani and Bollywood
- Further information: List of popular Bollywood films
The Indian film industry Bollywood is located at Mumbai (Bombay),Maharashtra in India. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Modern Standard Hindi is the Official language of India, while Urdu is the National language of Pakistan as This is a list of popular Bollywood films in reverse chronological order Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. The dialogues and the songs use the dialects of Khariboli of Hindi-Urdu, Awadhi, Rajasthani, Bhojpuri, Punjabi, and quite often Bambaiya Hindi (along with many English words). Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue) (/ kʰəɽiː boːliː / Hindi Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Bambaiya Hindi (also spelled Bambaiyya Hindi, Hindi: बंबय्या हिंदी is a dialect of Hindi commonly spoken in and around the These movies are full of songs and dances—songs, some of them in in the Urdu Shayari style.
See also
Alphabetically arranged
- Languages of India
- Languages of Pakistan
- List of Hindi authors
- List of Urdu writers
- Mutually intelligible languages
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d Ethnologue Report for Hindustani. English is the Official language of Pakistan while Urdu is the National language despite not being a native language or being the mother tongue List of Hindi language poets This is a list of authors of Hindi literature, i In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2007-01-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental
- ^ The Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ The Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages
- ^ See Official_languages_of_India#Languages_currently_used_by_Indian_states_and_union_territories
- ^ See Government of India: National Policy on Education. The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language Also see Anti-Hindi agitations. Anti-Hindi agitation is a term used to describe the opposition of people of Tamil Nadu against the Indian Government's attempts to adopt Hindi as the sole
Bibliography
- Asher, R. E. (1994). Hindi. In Asher (Ed. ) (pp. 1547-1549).
- Asher, R. E. (Ed. ). (1994). The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-035943-4.
- Bailey, Thomas G. (1950). Teach yourself Hindustani. London: English Universities Press.
- Chatterji, Suniti K. (1960). Indo-Aryan and Hindi (rev. 2nd ed. ). Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.
- Dua, Hans R. (1992). Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language. In M. G. Clyne (Ed. ), Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-012855-1.
- Dua, Hans R. (1994a). Hindustani. In Asher (Ed. ) (pp. 1554).
- Dua, Hans R. (1994b). Urdu. In Asher (Ed. ) (pp. 4863-4864).
- Rai, Amrit. (1984). A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-561643-X.
External links
- Shakespear, John. A Dictionary, Hindustani and English. 3rd ed. , much enl. London: Printed for the author by J. L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co. , 1834.
- Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition: Hindostani
- Hindi, Urdu, Hindustani, khaRî bolî
- Hindi-Urdu FAQ
- Hindustani as an anxiety between Hindi-Urdu Commitment
- Hindi? Urdu? Hindustani? Hindi-Urdu?
- History of Hindustani
- Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Comparative Word List
- Ethnologue Report for Hindustani
- GRN Report for Hindustani
- Hindustani Poetry
- Hindi-Urdu online resources
- Biggest Hindustani-Indian poetry forum
- Hindi-Urdu Wikitravel Hindi-Urdu Phrasebook
- National Language Authority (Urdu), Pakistan (muqtadera qaumi zaban)
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