Hinduism has been a major cultural, economic, political and religious influence in the archipelago that now comprise the Philippines. An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP However, currently it is limited to the small recent immigrant Indian community, though the traditional religious beliefs have strong Hindu and Buddhist influences. Hinduism arrived from the Javanese empire of Majapahit. Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500.
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Contents |
History
Precolonial period
Before the Spanish colonial period, the archipelagos of Southeast Asia were under the influence of the traders of Hindu-Malayan culture, such as the Majapahit Empire, which was being supplanted by Islamic conquest by the Sultanate of Malacca, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam in 1414, and of Borneo. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is an umbrella term for a wide variety of related religious traditions native to India. Within Hinduism a large number of personalities or 'forms' are worshiped as Murtis. Hinduism comprises numerous Sects or denominations The main divisions in current Hinduism are Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism Hindu mythology is the large body of Mythology related to Hinduism, notably as contained in Sanskrit literature, such as the Sanskrit epics and Hindu philosophy is divided into six Sanskrit ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') schools of thought or darshanas (literally "views" Sankhya The Sanskrit term ( Devanāgarī: धर्म Pali transliteration dhamma) is an Indian spiritual and religious Artha ( Devanagari: अर्थ is a Sanskrit term meaning "purpose cause motive meaning notion" In Indian religions, Moksha ( Sanskrit: sa मोक्ष mokṣa) or Mukti ( Sanskrit: sa मुक्ति literally "release" Karma is a concept in Hinduism which explains Causality through a system where beneficial effects are derived from past beneficial actions Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the Bhakti ( Devanāgarī: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion. Maya ( Sanskrit sa माया māyā) in Indian religions, has multiple meanings This article is about Hinduism. Puja or "pooja" may also refer to certain devotional practices performed by Balmikis Buddhists (see A Hindu temple or Mandir ( Sanskrit: मंदिर is a house of worship for Hindus followers of Hinduism. Literature regarded as central to the Hindu literary tradition was predominantly composed in Sanskrit, Indeed much of the morphology and linguistic "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" The following is a bibliography of Hindu scriptures and texts. The percentage of Hindu population of each country was taken from the US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2006. These are some of the most noteworthy Gurus and Saints of Hinduism (in alphabetical order A Hinduism is going through a phase of regeneration and reform through the vehicle of several contemporary movements collectively termed as Hindu reform movements. Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization and today there are several regional Indian Calendars, as This article deals with social and cultural criticism of Hinduism The following is a glossary of terms and concepts in Hinduism. Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English Hinduism in Southeast Asia influenced the former Champa civilization in southern parts of Central Vietnam, Funan in Cambodia, the Khmer Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. In the Majapahit Empire the last Hindu kings in about 1500 retreated to Bali in order to keep their culture. Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to Influences from the subcontinent may be traced earlier before the arrivals of the Arabs and the Europeans during the 1400s and 1500s respectively. The rulers of many of the islands were called Rajas, or Rajahs. The central region, Visayas, is said to be named after the last Southeast Hindu Prince Srivijaya who converted to Islam after which the local Filipinos were in the process of converting to Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Islamization was also halted by the colonizing Catholic Spaniards.
Spanish colonial period
Hinduism was deterred by the spread of Christianity by the Spaniards and the spread of Islam by Indonesians and Malay missionaries before the Spaniards. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast It is highly possible however, before the arrival of the new religions, that the Philippines was part of Hindu empires based in Java and in other islands. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Local Rajahs gave tribute to such empires that included Sri Vijaya and Majapahit. Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500.
American colonial period
Ancient statues of the Hindu gods were hidden to prevent their destruction by a religion which destroyed all idols. One statue, a 4-pound gold statue of an Indo-Malayan goddess was found in Mindanao in 1917, which now sits in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, and is dated from the period 1200s to early 1300s. Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Field Museum of Natural History is located in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Another gold artifact of Garuda, the phoenix who is the mount of Vishnu was found on Palawan. GARUDA is India's Grid Computing initiative connecting 17 cities across the country The phoenix ( Ancient Greek: Φοῖνιξ phoínix is a mythical sacred firebird in ancient mythologies starting with the Greek and later the For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific Palawan is an Island province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region.
Hinduism today
There is some growth in the religion as of late, although most temples cater to the same communities. Actual adherents of Hinduism are mostly limited to communities that include indigenous and native peoples, expatriate communities, as well as new converts. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. There are various Hare Krishna groups and popular Hindu personalities and groups such as Sai Baba, and Paramahansa Yogananda (SRF) that can be found. The Hare Krishna Mantra, also referred to reverentially as the Maha Mantra ("Great Mantra" is a sixteen-word Vaishnava mantra made well Sai Baba may refer to Sai Baba of Shirdi (d 1918 Indian saint Sathya Sai Baba (b Paramahansa Yogananda ( Bengali: পরমহংস যোগানন্দ Pôromohôngsho Joganondo, Sanskrit: परमहंस योगानंद Self-Realization Fellowship / Yogoda Satsanga Society of India is a worldwide spiritual organization founded by Paramahansa Yogananda in 1920 and based in Los Angeles California Hindu based practises like Yoga and meditation are also popular. Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the conditioned "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness
National Psyche
Although Hinduism is now a minority in the country, Hindu beliefs still pervade the national psyche; it is socially and culturally ingrained in the majority of Filipinos, who are mostly Roman Catholic with a significant Muslim minority. This article is concerned with the religion of Islam in the Philippines An example is that karma is readily understood and is a part of the native ethics. Karma ( Sanskrit: कर्म, kárman - "act action performance" Pali: kamma) is the concept of "action"
Language
With the advent of Spanish colonialism in the 16th century, the Philippines became a closed colony and cultural contacts with other Southeast Asian countries were limited, if not closed. In 1481, the Spanish Inquisition commenced with the permission of Pope Sixtus IV and all non-Catholics within the Spanish empire were to be expelled or to be “put to the question” (tortured until they renounced their previous faith). Pope Sixtus IV ( July 21, 1414 &ndash August 12, 1484) born Francesco Della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484 With the re-founding of Manila in 1571, the Philippines became subject to the King of Spain and the Archbishop of New Galicia (Mexico) became the Grand Inquisitor of the Faithful in Mexico and the Philippines. The City of Manila The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. In 1595, the newly appointed Archbishop of Manila became the Inquisitor-General of the Spanish East Indies (i. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila or Archdiocese of Manila is a Particular church or Diocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines Spanish East Indies ( Indias Orientales Españolas) was a term used to describe Spanish possessions in Asia-Pacific which lasted over three centuries e. ,the Philippines, Guam, and Micronesia) and until 1898, the Spanish Inquisition was active against Protestants, Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims. Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated Micronesia, from the Greek mikros (μικρός (meaning small) and nesos (νῆσος (meaning island) is a Subregion Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain As was the case in Latin America and Africa, forced conversions were not uncommon and any attempt not to submit to the authority of the Roman Catholic Church was seen as both rebellion against the Pope and sedition against the Spanish Crown, which was punishable by death.
However, the linguistic influence left its most lasting marks on every Philippine language throughout the archipelago with the following Buddhist and Hindu concepts directly from the original Sanskrit. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical About 25% of the words in many Philippine languages are Sanskrit terms:
From Tagalog:
- budhi "conscience" from the Sanskrit bodhi
- dukha "one who suffers" from the Sanskrit dukkha
- guro "teacher" from the Sanskrit guru
- sampalataya "faith" from the Sanskrit sampratyaya
- mukha "face" from the Sanskrit mukha
- laho "eclipse" from the Sanskrit rahu
From Kapampangan:
- kalma "fate" from the Sanskrit karma
- damla "divine law" from the Sanskrit dharma
- mantala -"magic formulas" from the Sanskrit mantra
- upaya "power" from the Sanskrit upaya
- lupa "face" from the Sanskrit rupa
- sabla "every" from the Sanskrit sarva
- lawu "eclipse" from the Sanskrit rahu
- Galura "giant eagle (a surname)" from the Sanskrit garuda
- Laksina -"south (a surname)" from the Sanskrit dakshin
- Laksamana/Lacsamana "admiral (a surname)" from the Sanskrit lakshmana
From Tausug:
- suarga "heaven"; compare "sorga" in modern Indonesian [1]
- neraka "hell"
- agama "religion"
Sanskrit and Sanskrit-derived words common to most Philippine languages:
- sutla "silk" from the Sanskrit sutra
- kapas "cotton" from the Sanskrit kerpas
- naga "dragon or serpent" from the Sanskrit naga
Folklore, Arts and Literature
The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are the two great epics of India. Tagalog is one of the major languages used in the Philippines. Bodhi (बोधि is both the Pāli and Sanskrit word traditionally translated into English as "enlightenment Dukkha ( Pāli दुक्ख Sanskrit दुःख duḥkha; according to grammatical tradition derived from dus-kha "uneasy" A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others In Hindu mythology, Rahu is a Snake that swallows the Sun or the Moon causing Eclipses He is depicted in art as a dragon with no body Kapampangan is one of the major Languages of the Philippines. Karma ( Sanskrit: कर्म, kárman - "act action performance" Pali: kamma) is the concept of "action" The Sanskrit term ( Devanāgarī: धर्म Pali transliteration dhamma) is an Indian spiritual and religious A mantra ( Devanāgarī मन्त्र (or mantram is a religious or mystical syllable or poem typically from the Sanskrit language Upaya ( Sanskrit: उपाय "Expedient Means" is a term in Mahayana Buddhism which comes from the word upa√i and refers to something Sarva is a Sanskrit word meaning all or everything and whole, complete. In Hindu mythology, Rahu is a Snake that swallows the Sun or the Moon causing Eclipses He is depicted in art as a dragon with no body A surname is a name added to a Given name and is part of a Personal name. GARUDA is India's Grid Computing initiative connecting 17 cities across the country A surname is a name added to a Given name and is part of a Personal name. The Laksamana is a position within the armed forces similar to the position of Admiral in Malay people sultanates and in present-day countries like Malaysia A surname is a name added to a Given name and is part of a Personal name. Lakshmana ( Sanskrit: लक्ष्मण IAST Lakṣmaṇa Malay: Laksmana Thai / Lao: Phra Lak was the brother and close companion This article is about the people name Tausūg For their language see Tausug language. In Hinduism, ( Sanskrit: स्वर्ग Svarga (or Swarga) is set of heavenly worlds located on and above Mt Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of Naraka is the Sanskrit word for the Underworld; literally of man. Nāga ( नाग, IAST: nāgá, Indonesian: naga, Javanese: nogo, Khmer: neak) is The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki Ramayana portrays the battle between good and evil. Rama, with his wife Sita and his brother Lakshmana, represent the eventual victory of good over evil, represented by Ravana, the ten-headed demon king. Rama ( IAST: rāma Devanāgarī: राम Khmer: Phreah Ream Thai: Phra Ram Lao: Phra Lam Tagalog: SITA is a multinational Information technology company specialising in providing IT and telecommunication services to the Aviation industry Lakshmana ( Sanskrit: लक्ष्मण IAST Lakṣmaṇa Malay: Laksmana Thai / Lao: Phra Lak was the brother and close companion For the South Indian film see Ravana (film. Ravanaa, also transliterated as Raavana, Ravan or Rama is helped by his devotee, Hanuman and the army of monkies under the command of the monkey king Sugriv. Hanuman (हनुमत् sa-Latn '''Hanumat''' nominative singular sa हनुमान् sa-Latn ''Hanumān'' known also as ' Anjaneya' (son of Anjana is one of the In Hindu mythology Sugriva ( Sanskrit: सुग्रीव Sugrīva, Malay: Sugriwa, Thai: Sugreep)
Versions from the different ethnic groups of the Philippines exist. The Maranao version is the Maharadia Lawana, better known as Darangan. Lam-Ang is the partly version among the Ilocanos. Biag ni Lam-ang ( Ilokano:" The Life of Lam-ang " is a pre-Hispanic Epic poem of the Ilokano people from the Ilocos region Many verses from the Hud-Hud of the Ifugao is also derived from the Ramayana, and also from the Mahabharata. Igorot ( pronounced) name for the people of the Cordillera region in the Philippines island of Luzon.
See also
- Hinduism in Southeast Asia
- Philippine mythology
- Indosphere
- Majapahit Empire
- Buddhism in the Philippines
- Islam in the Philippines
- Protestants in the Philippines
- Religion in the Philippines
External links
- The Laguna Copperplate InscriptionBy Paul Morrow
- A Philippine Document from 900 A.D. by Hector Santos
- linguistics.byu.edu
- atributetohinduism.com
References
- El Sanscrito en la lengua Tagalog - T H Pardo de Tavera, Paris 1887;
- The Philippines and India - Dhirendra Nath Roy, Manila 1929 and India and The World - By Buddha Prakash p. Hinduism in Southeast Asia influenced the former Champa civilization in southern parts of Central Vietnam, Funan in Cambodia, the Khmer Philippine mythology and folklore include a collection of tales and superstitions about magical creatures and entities Indosphere is a subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman languages as defined by linguist James Matisoff, which includes languages that are typologically and morphologically Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. See also Srivijaya is the historical center of Vajrayana Buddhism in Southeast Asia and not of Theravada Buddhism Buddhism, specifically Vajrayana This article is concerned with the religion of Islam in the Philippines Protestant Christianity arrived in the during the late 19th century and the early 20th century There are a number of Religions that exist in the Philippines. 119-120.
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