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Calendars
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Wide use Astronomical · Gregorian · Islamic · ISO
Calendar Types
Lunisolar · Solar · Lunar
Selected use Assyrian · Armenian · Attic · Aztec (Tonalpohualli – Xiuhpohualli) · Babylonian · Bahá'í · Bengali · Berber · Bikram Samwat · Buddhist · Celtic · Chinese · Coptic · Egyptian · Ethiopian · Calendrier Républicain · Germanic · Hebrew · Hellenic · Hindu · Indian · Iranian · Irish · Japanese · Javanese · Juche · Julian · Korean · Lithuanian · Malayalam · Maya (Tzolk'in – Haab') · Minguo · Nanakshahi · Nepal Sambat · Pawukon · Pentecontad calendar · Rapa Nui · Roman · Soviet · Tamil · Thai (Lunar – Solar) · Tibetan · Burmese . The word Calendar consist of two words 1 Cal ( in Pashto means Year in Hindi and Persian is Sal- also means Year In current use Assyrian calendar Astronomical year numbering Bahá'í calendar Bengali calendar Astronomical year numbering is based on AD ( Anno Domini)/CE ( Common Era) year numbering but follows normal Decimal Integer numbering more strictly The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری ‎ The ISO week date system is a Leap week calendar system that is part of the ISO 8601 date and time standard A lunisolar calendar is a Calendar in many Cultures whose date indicates both the Moon phase and the time of the solar Year. A solar calendar is a Calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the Sun (or equivalently the apparent position of the sun moving A lunar calendar is a Calendar that is based on cycles of the Moon phase. This article is about the calendar introduced in the 1950s See Old Assyrian calendar for the ancient calendar The Armenian calendar is the traditional calendar of Armenia. The Attic calendar is the Calendar that was in use in ancient Attica, the ancestral territory of the Athenian Polis. The Aztec calendar is the Calendar system that was used by the Aztecs as well as other Pre-Columbian peoples of central Mexico. The tonalpohualli, a Nahuatl word meaning "count of days" is a 260-day sacred period (often termed a " Year " in use in Pre-Columbian The Xiuhpohualli was a 365-day Calendar used by the Aztecs and other Pre-Columbian Nahua peoples in central Mexico The Babylonian calendar was a Lunisolar calendar with years consisting of 12 Lunar months each beginning when a new crescent moon was first sighted low The Bahá'í calendar, also called the Badí‘ calendar, used by the Bahá'í Faith, is a Solar calendar with regular years of 365 days and Leap The Bengali calendar ( বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdo or বাংলা সন Bangla Shôn) or Bangla calendar is a traditional solar Calendar The Berber calendar is the annual Calendar used by Berber people in North Africa. Bikram Samwat ( Bikram Sambat, or Vikram Samvat, Devnagari:बिक्रम संवत abbreviated "B The Buddhist calendar is used on mainland Southeast Asia in the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar (formerly Burma The term Celtic calendar is used to refer to a variety of calendars used by Celtic-speaking peoples at different times in history The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, incorporating elements of a Lunar calendar with those of a Solar calendar. The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and still used in Egypt The ancient civil Egyptian calendar had a year that was 365 days long and was divided into 12 months of 30 days each plus 5 extra days (epagomenes Greek ἐπαγόμεναι The Ethiopian calendar ( Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር ye'Ītyōṗṗyā zemen āḳoṭaṭer) also called the Ge'ez calendar, The French Republican Calendar or French Revolutionary Calendar was a Calendar proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French government The Germanic calendars were the regional agricultural Almanacs used amongst the Germanic peoples prior to the adoption of the Julian and later the Gregorian The Hebrew calendar (הלוח העברי ha'luach ha'ivri) or Jewish calendar is a Lunisolar calendar used by Jews for predominantly religious The Hellenic calendar &mdashor more properly the Hellenic calendars, for there was no uniform calendar imposed upon all of Classical Greece &mdashbegan in most Greek The Indian national calendar (sometimes called Saka calendar) is the official civil calendar in use in India. The Iranian calendar or Solar Hejri (تقویم هجری شمسی؛ سالنمای هجری خورشیدی Taqwim Hejri Shamsi Salanmay Hejri Khurshidi) is an astronomical The Irish calendar does not observe the typical astronomical seasons (beginning in the Northern Hemisphere on the Equinoxes and Solstices, or the meteorological seasons Since January 1, 1873, Japan has used the Gregorian calendar, with local names for the months and mostly fixed holidays The Javanese calendar is a Calendar still in use by the Javanese people of Indonesia concurrently with two other important calendars the Gregorian The Juche Idea (주체사상 Juche Sasang) is the official state Ideology of North Korea and the Political system based on it The Revised Julian calendar or less formally New Calendar, is a Calendar scheme originated in 1923 which effectively discontinued the 340 years of divergence between The traditional Korean calendar is a Lunisolar calendar which like the traditional calendars of other East Asian countries was based on the Chinese calendar The Lithuanian calendar is unusual among Western countries in that neither the names of the months nor the names of the weekdays are derived from Greek or Norse mythology Malayalam calendar (also known as Malayalam Era or Kollavarsham) is a solar Sidereal calendar used in the state of Kerala in South India The Maya calendar is a system of distinct Calendars and Almanacs used by the Maya civilization of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and by Tzolk'in (in the revised Guatemala Mayan languages Academy Orthography which is now preferred formerly and commonly tzolkin) is the name bestowed by The Haab' is part of the Maya calendric system used by peoples of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization. The Republic of China calendar (民國紀元 is the method of numbering years currently used in the Republic of China ( Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen The Nanakshahi (ਨਾਨਕਸ਼ਾਹੀ nānakashāhī) calendar is a Solar calendar that was adopted by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee The Lunar calendar Nepal Sambat ( Nepal Bhasa: नेपाल सम्बत is commonly used in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal. The Pentecontad Calendar is a unique agricultural Calendar system thought to be of Amorite origin in which the year is broken down into seven periods of fifty days The Rapa Nui calendar was the indigenous Lunisolar calendar of Easter Island. The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. }The Tamil Calendar is used in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry in India, and by the Tamil population in Malaysia, The Thai lunar calendar ( Thai: ปฏิทินจันทรคติ Patitin Chantarakati) (literally Against-the-Sun Moon-Ways) is Thailand The Thai solar calendar, Suriyakati (สุริยคติ has been the official and prevalent Calendar in Thailand since it was adopted by King The Tibetan calendar is a Lunisolar calendar, that is the Tibetan year is composed of either 12 or 13 Lunar months each beginning and ending with a New moon The traditional Burmese calendar is a Lunisolar calendar based on both the phases of the moon and the motion of the sun Vietnamese· Xhosa · Zoroastrian
Calendar Types
Runic · Mesoamerican (Long Count – Calendar Round)
Christian variants
Julian calendar · Calendar of saints · Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar · Liturgical year
Rarely used Darian calendar · Discordian calendar
Display types and applications Perpetual calendar · Wall calendar · Economic calendar
A page from the Hindu calendar 1871-72.
A page from the Hindu calendar 1871-72. This article is about the Vietnamese holiday For the 1968 military operation that began on that holiday see Tết Offensive. By the traditional Xhosa calendar, the year began in June and ended in May when Canopus, a large star visible in the Southern Hemisphere, signalled the The Zoroastrian calendar is a religious Calendar used by members of the Zoroastrian faith and it is an approximation of the (tropical Solar calendar. The Runic calendar is a Perpetual calendar based on the 19 year long Metonic cycle of the Moon Mesoamerican calendars are the calendrical systems devised and used by the Pre-Columbian cultures of Mesoamerica. In the Mesoamerican calendars, Calendar Round dates are composed by interlacing the dates of a 260-day period ( Tzolk'in in the Maya Calendar, Tonalpohualli The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The liturgical year, also known as the Christian year, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in Christian churches which determines when The Darian Calendar is a proposed system of time-keeping designed to serve the needs of any possible future human settlers on the planet Mars. The Discordian or Erisian calendar is an alternative Calendar used by some adherents of Discordianism. A perpetual calendar is a Calendar which is good for a span of many years such as the Runic calendar. A wall calendar is a Calendar intended for placement on a wall Economic calendar is a type of Calendar that is intended to inform financiers and traders about the scheduled major economic numbers (like CPI,

The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization, and today there are several regional Indian calendars, as well as an Indian national calendar. The word Calendar consist of two words 1 Cal ( in Pashto means Year in Hindi and Persian is Sal- also means Year The Indian national calendar (sometimes called Saka calendar) is the official civil calendar in use in India.

Most of these calendars are inherited from a system first enunciated in Vedanga Jyotisha of Lagadha, a late BCE adjunct to the Vedas, standardized in the Surya Siddhanta (3rd century CE) and subsequently reformed by astronomers such as Aryabhata (499 CE), Varahamihira (6th c. The Vedanga Jyotisha, is an Indian text on Jyotisha ( Indian astronomy) redacted by Lagadha (लगध "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Surya Siddhanta is a treatise of Indian astronomy. Later Indian mathematicians and astronomers such as Aryabhata and Varahamihira Āryabhaṭa ( Devanāgarī: आर्यभट (AD 476 &ndash 550 is the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics Daivajna Varāhamihira ( Devanagari: वराहमिहिर 505 &ndash 587 also called Varaha or Mihira was an Indian Astronomer, Mathematician CE), and Bhaskara (12th c. CE). There are differences and regional variations abound in these computations, but the following is a general overview of Hindu lunisolar calendar.

Contents

Day

The Hindu calendrical day starts with local sunrise. It is allotted five "properties", called anga-s. They are:

  1. the tithi active at sunrise
  2. the vaasara or weekday
  3. the nakshatra in which the moon resides at sunrise
  4. the yoga active at sunrise
  5. the karana active at sunrise. In Vedic timekeeping, a tithi (also spelled thithi) is a Lunar day, or the time it takes for the longitudinal Angle between the A nakshatra ( Devanagari: नक्षत्र or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky identified by the prominent star(s in them that the

Together these are called the panchānga-s where pancha means "five" in Sanskrit. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical An explanation of the terms follows.

Tithi

The (anticlockwise) angular distance between the sun and moon as measured from the earth along the ecliptic (circle on the sky in which the sun, moon and planets seem to move) can vary between 0° and 360°. The ecliptic is the apparent path that the Sun traces out in the sky during the year This is divided into 30 parts. Each part ends at 12°, 24° etc. The time spent by the moon in each of these parts (i. e. the time taken for the angular distance to increase in steps of 12° starting from 0°) is called one tithi.

The month has two paksha-s or fortnights. The first 15 tithi-s constitute the bright fortnight or shukla paksha and the next 15 tithi-s constitute the dark fortnight or krishna paksha. tithi-s are indicated by their paksha and ordinal number within the paksha. The 15th tithi of the bright fortnight (full moon) is called pūrnimā and the 15th tithi of the dark fortnight (new moon) is called amāvāsyā.

The tithi in which the moon is at the time of sunrise of a day is taken to be the tithi for the day.

Vaasara

Vaasara, often abbreviated as vaara in Sanskrit-derived languages, refers to the days of the week, which are possibly of Sumerian/Babylonian origin[1], and bear striking similarities with the names in many cultures:

Following are the Hindi and English analogues in parentheses
  1. Ravi vāsara (ravi-vaara or Sunday; ravi = sun)
  2. Soma vāsara (som-vaara or Monday; soma = moon)
  3. Mangala vāsara (mangal-vaara or Tuesday; mangala = Mars)
  4. Budha vāsara (budh-vaara or Wednesday; budh = Mercury)
  5. Guru vāsara (guru-vaara or vrihaspati-vaara or Thursday; vrihaspati/guru = Jupiter)
  6. Shukra vāsara (shukra-vaara or Friday; shukra = Venus)
  7. Shani vāsara (shani-vaara or Saturday; shani = Saturn)

There are many variations of these names in the regional languages, mostly using alternate names of the celestial bodies involved. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical A week (also called sennight or sevennight) is a unit of Time longer than a Day and shorter than a Month. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University

Nakshatra

Nakshatras
Ashvinī
Bharanī
Kṛttikā
Rohinī
Mrigashīrsha
Ārdrā
Punarvasu
Pushya
Āshleshā
Maghā
Pūrva Phalgunī
Uttara Phalgunī
Hasta
Chitrā
Svātī
Vishākhā
Anurādhā
Jyeshtha
Mūla
Pūrva Ashādhā
Uttara Ashādhā
Shravana
Shravishthā
Shatabhishā
Pūrva Bhādrapadā
Uttara Bhādrapadā
Revatī
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The ecliptic is divided into 27 nakshatras, which are variously called lunar houses or asterisms. A nakshatra ( Devanagari: नक्षत्र or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky identified by the prominent star(s in them that the Ashvini ( aśvinī) is the name of a Hindu constellation (the head of Aries, or the first of the 27 Nakshatras. Bharani ( Devanagari: भरणी is the second Nakshatra in Hindu astronomy corresponding to 35 39 and 41 Arietis. The star cluster Kṛttikā, ( Devanagari: कृत्तिका kɹ̩t̪t̪ikɑː popularly transliterated "Krittika" sometimes known as Kārtikā Rohini is a Nakshatra in Indian astronomy corresponding to Aldebaran. Margashīrsha / Mrigashira (Devanagari मृगशिरा the 5th Nakshatra or lunar mansion as used in Hindu astronomy and Astrology Ardra is the name of a Nakshatra in Indian astronomy that corresponds to the Star Betelgeuse. Punarvasu is a Nakshatra in Hindu astrology, which refers to the two brightest Stars in the constellation of Gemini: Castor and Pushya is a Nakshatra in Indian astronomy It corresponds to γ δ and θ Cancri in the Cancer (constellation. Ashlesha is the name of a daughter of Prajapati Daksha; she is one of the wives of Chandra. Magha is a Nakshatra in Indian astrology corresponding to the star Regulus. Svati (pronounced Svātī with a lengthened 'a' and 'i' is a Nakshatra in Hindu Astronomy, that corresponds to the Star Arcturus In Hinduism Anuradha is a goddess of good luck Anuradha is the 17th nakshatra Jyeshtha (The Eldest ( Devanagari ज्येष्ठा is the 18th Nakshatra or lunar mansion in Vedic astrology associated with the heart of the constellation Mula (The Root ( Devanagari मूल is the 19th Nakshatra or lunar mansion in Vedic astrology and corresponds to the tail and sting of the constellation Shravana (Devanagari श्रवणा is the 22th nakshatra (Devanagari नक्षत्र or lunar mansion as used in Hindu astronomy and Uttara Bhadrapada or Uttarabhadra (Devanagari उत्तराभाद्रा is the 26th Nakshatra (Devanagari नक्षत्र or lunar mansion Revati रेवती (The Wealthy is the 27th Nakshatra or lunar mansion in Vedic astrology and is associated with the star ζ Piscium. A nakshatra ( Devanagari: नक्षत्र or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky identified by the prominent star(s in them that the In Astronomy, an asterism is a pattern of Stars seen in Earth's sky which is not an official Constellation. These reflect the moon's cycle against the fixed stars, 27 days and 7¾ hours, the fractional part being compensated by an intercalary 28th nakshatra. Nakshatra computation appears to have been well known at the time of the Rig Veda (2nd–1st millennium BCE). The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge"

The ecliptic is divided into the nakshatras eastwards starting from a reference point which is traditionally a point on the ecliptic directly opposite the star Spica called Chitrā in Sanskrit. Spica (ˈspaɪkə (also known as α Vir / α Virginis / Alpha Virginis is the brightest star in the Constellation Virgo, and the 15th brightest star (Other slightly-different definitions exist. ) It is called Meshādi or the "start of Aries"; this is when the equinox — where the ecliptic meets the equator — was in Aries (today it is in Pisces, 28 degrees before Aries starts). Aries, the ram, is the first Astrological sign in the Zodiac. An equinox is the event of the Sun passing over the Earth's equator in its annual cycle The difference between Meshādi and the present equinox is known as ayanāngsha or fraction of ecliptic. Given the 25,800 year cycle for the precession of the equinoxes, the equinox was directly opposite Spica in 285 CE, around the date of the Surya Siddhanta[2][3]. In Astronomy, Precession refers to the movement of the rotational axis of a body such as a planet with respect to Inertial space.

The nakshatra-s with their corresponding regions of sky are given below, following Basham[4]. As always, there are many versions with minor differences. The names on the right-hand column give roughly the correspondence of the nakshatra-s to modern names of stars. Note that nakshatra-s are (in this context) not just single stars but are segments on the ecliptic characterised by one or more stars. Hence there are more than one star mentioned for each nakshatra.

Ashvinī β and γ Arietis
Bharanī 35, 39, and 41 Arietis
Krittikā Pleiades
Rohinī Aldebaran
Mrigashīrsha λ, φ Orionis
Ārdrā Betelgeuse
Punarvasu Castor and Pollux
Pushya γ, δ and θ Cancri
Āshleshā δ, γ, ε, η, ρ, and σ Hydrae
Maghā Regulus
Pūrva Phalgunī δ and θ Leonis
Uttara Phalgunī Denebola
Hasta α to ε Corvi
Chitrā Spica
Svātī Arcturus
Vishākhā α, β, γ and ι Librae
Anurādhā β, δ and π Scorpionis
Jyeshtha α, σ, and τ Scorpionis
Mūla ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μ and ν Scorpionis
Pūrva Ashādhā δ and ε Sagittarii
Uttara Ashādhā ζ and σ Sagittarii
Shravana α, β and γ Aquilae
Dhanishthā α to δ Delphinis
Shatabhishaj γ Aquarii
Pūrva Bhādrapada α and β Pegasi
Uttara Bhādrapada γ Pegasi and α Andromedae
Revatī ζ Piscium

An additional 28th intercalary nakshatra, Abhijit (alpha, epsilon and zeta Lyrae - Vega - between Uttarasharha and Sravana), is in between Uttarashada and Sravana. Last two (third and fourth) Padas of Uttrashada and first two (first and second) Padas of Sravana are considered to be Abhijit.

The nakshatra in which the moon lies at the time of sunrise of a day is the nakshatra for the day.

Yoga

First one computes the angular distance along the ecliptic of each object, taking the ecliptic to start at Mesha or Aries (Meshādi, as defined above): this is called the longitude of that object. The longitude of the sun and the longitude of the moon are added, and normalized to a value ranging between 0° to 360° (if greater than 360, one subtracts 360. ) This sum is divided into 27 parts. Each part will now equal 800' (where ' is the symbol of the arcminute which means 1/60 of a degree. A minute of arc, arcminute, or MOA is a unit of angular measurement, equal to one sixtieth (1/60 of one degree. ) These parts are called the yoga-s. They are labeled:

  1. Vishkambha
  2. Prīti
  3. Āyushmān
  4. Saubhāgya
  5. Shobhana
  6. Atiganda
  7. Sukarman
  8. Dhriti
  9. Shūla
  10. Ganda
  11. Vriddhi
  12. Dhruva
  13. Vyāghāta
  14. Harshana
  15. Vajra
  16. Siddhi
  17. Vyatīpāta
  18. Varigha
  19. Parigha
  20. Shiva
  21. Siddha
  22. Sādhya
  23. Shubha
  24. Shukla
  25. Brāhma
  26. Māhendra
  27. Vaidhriti

Again, minor variations may exist. The yoga that is active during sunrise of a day is the yoga for the day.

Karana

A karana is half of a tithi. To be precise, a karana is the time required for the angular distance between the sun and the moon to increase in steps of 6° starting from 0°. (Compare with the definition of a tithi above. )

Since the tithi-s are thirty in number, one would expect there to be sixty karana-s. But there are only eleven. There are four "fixed" karana-s and seven "repeating" karana-s. The four "fixed" karana-s are:

  1. Kimstughna
  2. Shakuni
  3. Chatushpād
  4. Nāgava

The seven "repeating" karana-s are:

  1. Bava
  2. Bālava
  3. Kaulava
  4. Taitula
  5. Garajā
  6. Vanijā
  7. Vishti (Bhadrā)

The karana active during sunrise of a day is the karana for the day.

(Rashi)
Saur Maas
(solar months)		 Ritu
(season)		 Gregorian
months		 Zodiac
Mesh Vasant
(spring)		 March/April Aries
Vrushabh April/May Taurus
Mithun Grishma
(summer)		 May/June Gemini
Kark June/July Cancer
Simha Varsha
(monsoon)		 July/Aug Leo
Kanya Aug/Sept Virgo
Tula Sharad
(autumn)		 Sept/Oct Libra
Vrushchik Oct/Nov Scorpius
Dhanu Hemant
(autumn-winter)		 Nov/Dec. There are six ritus (also transliterated rutu) or Indian seasons in the Hindu calendar. Zodiac denotes an annual cycle of twelve stations along the Ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun across the heavens through the Constellations that divide the ecliptic Aries ( ram, symbol, Unicode ♈ is one of the Constellations of the Zodiac. Taurus (it looks like a bull (ˈtɔrəs bull, symbol, Unicode ♉ is one of the Constellations of the Zodiac. Gemini (ˈgɛmɪnaɪ Twins, symbol, Unicode ♊ is one of the Constellations of the Zodiac known as "the twins" Cancer ( Crab, symbol, Unicode ♋ is one of the twelve Constellations of the Zodiac. Leo (ˈliːoʊ Lion, symbol, Unicode ♌ is a Constellation of the Zodiac. Virgo ( Virgin, symbol, Unicode ♍ is a Constellation of the Zodiac. Libra (ˈliːbrə balance, symbol, Unicode ♎ is a Constellation of the Zodiac. Scorpius ( Latin for Scorpion, symbol, Unicode ♏ is one of the Constellations of the Zodiac. Sagittarius
Makar Dec/Jan Capricornus
Kumbha Shishir
(Winter-Spring)		 Jan/Feb Aquarius
Meen Feb/Mar Pisces

Months of the lunisolar calendar

When a new moon occurs before sunrise on a day, that day is said to be the first day of the lunar month. Capricornus ( Latin for "horned (male Goat " or "goat horn " is one of the Constellations of the Zodiac. Aquarius ( Water -bearer or cup-bearer is the eleventh sign of the Zodiac, situated between Capricornus and Pisces. Pisces (ˈpaɪsiːz Fish (plural symbol, Unicode ♓ is a Zodiac Constellation which lies between Aquarius to the west and Aries So it is evident that the end of the lunar month will coincide with a new moon. A lunar month has 29 or 30 days (according to the movement of the moon).

The tithi at sunrise of a day is the only label of the day. There is no running day number from the first day to the last day of the month. This has some unique results, as explained below:

Sometimes two successive days have the same tithi. In such a case, the latter is called an adhika tithi where adhika means "extra". Sometimes, one tithi may never touch a sunrise, and hence no day will be labeled by that tithi. It is then said to be a tithi kshaya where kshaya means "loss".

Naming lunar months

There are twelve lunar month names:

  1. Chaitra
  2. Vaishākh
  3. Jyaishtha
  4. Āshādha
  5. Shrāvana
  6. Bhādrapad
  7. Āshwin
  8. Kārtik
  9. Mārgashīrsha
  10. Paush
  11. Māgh
  12. Phālgun

Determining which name a lunar month takes is somewhat indirect. Chaitra ( Hindi: चैत cait or चैत्र caitr) is a Month of the Hindu calendar. Vaisakha' (Indian month -(march बैसाख baisectyz (or uशाखgv viashykh) is a Month of the Sri Lankan (Indian calendar Jyeshta ( Hindi: जेठ jeṭ or ज्येष्ठ jyeṣṭ) is a Month of the Hindu calendar, also known Aashaadha ( Hindi: आसाढ़ aasaarh or आषाढ aaṣaaḍh) is a Month of the Hindu calendar. Shraavana ( Hindi: सावन saavan or श्रावण shraavan) is a Month of the Hindu calendar, also Bhaadra or Bhadrapada ( Hindi: भादों bhaado or भाद्रपद bhaadrapad) is a Month of the Hindu Ashwin ( Sanskrit: अश्विन् Bengali: Ashshin) is the sixth month of the Bengali calendar as well as the Hindu Calendar Kartika ( Hindi: कातिक Kātik or कार्तिक Kārtik, Bangla: কার্ত্তিক Kārtik Agrahayana ( Hindi: अगहन agahan) is a Month of the Hindu calendar. Pausha ( Hindi: पूस puus or पौष pauṣ) is a Month of the Hindu calendar, also know as Poush Maagha (माघ might be confused with the Nakshatra Magha (मघा Maagha ( Hindi: माघ maagh) is a Phalguna ( Hindi: फागुन phaagun or फाल्गुन phaalgun, Tamil: பங்குனி It is based on the rāshi into which the sun transits within a lunar month, i. e. before the new moon ending the month.

There are twelve rāshi names, there are twelve lunar month names. When the sun transits into the Mesha rāshi in a lunar month, then the name of the lunar month is Chaitra. When the sun transits into Vrishabha, then the lunar month is Vaishākh. So on.


The Sanskrit grammatical derivation of the lunar month names Chaitra etc is: the (lunar) month which has its central full moon occurring at or near the nakshatra Chitrā is called Chaitra. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Similarly, for the nakshatra-s Vishākhā, Jyeshthā, (Pūrva) Ashādhā, Shravan, Bhādrapad, Ashvinī (old name Ashvayuj), Krittikā, Mrigashīrsha, Pushya, Meghā and (Pūrva/Uttara) Phalgunī the names Vaishākh etc are derived.

The lunar months are split into two pakshas of 15 days. The waxing paksha is called shuklapaksha, light half, and the waning paksha the krishnapaksha, dark half. There are two different systems for making the lunar calendar:

Extra months

When the sun does not at all transit into any rāshi but simply keeps moving within a rāshi in a lunar month (i. e. before a new moon), then that lunar month will be named according to the first upcoming transit. It will also take the epithet of adhik or "extra". For example, if a lunar month elapsed without a solar transit and the next transit is into Mesha, then this month without transit is labeled adhik Chaitra. The next month will be labeled according to its transit as usual and will get the epithet nija ("original") or shuddha ("clean"). [Note that an adhik māsa (month) is the first of two whereas an adhika tithi is the second of two. ]

An adhik māsa occurs once every two or three years (meaning, with a gap of one or two years without adhik māsa-s). Extra Month, or adhik mas māsa (mas = lunar month) or purushottam mas (It is known so to give it a religious name, purushottam = krishna) falls every 32. 5 months. Thus 12 Hindu mas (māsa) is equal to approximate 356 days, while solar year have 365 or 366 (in leap year) which create differece of 9 to 10 days, which is subset every 3rd year. But no adhik mas falls during Kartik to Maha.

Lost months

If the sun transits into two rāshi-s within a lunar month, then the month will have to be labeled by both transits and will take the epithet kshay or "loss". There is considered to be a "loss" because in this case, there is only one month labeled by both transits. If the sun had transited into only one raashi in a lunar month as is usual, there would have been two separate months labeled by the two transits in question.

For example, if the sun transits into Mesh and Vrishabh in a lunar month, then it will be called Chaitra-Vaishaakh kshaya. There will be no separate months labeled Chaitra and Vaishākh.

A kshay māsa occurs very rarely. Known gaps between occurrence of kshaya māsas are 19 and 141 years. The last was in 1983. January 15 through February 12 were Pausha-Māgha kshay. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the February 13 onwards was (adhik) Phālguna. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed

Special Case:

If there is no solar transit in one lunar month but there are two transits in the next lunar month,

This is a very very rare occurrence. The last was in 1315. October 8 to November 5 were adhik Kārtik. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) November 6 to December 5 were Kārtik-Mārgashīrsh kshaya. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. December 6 onwards was Paush. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev

Religious observances in case of extra and lost months

Among normal months, adhika months, and kshaya months, the earlier are considered "better" for religious purposes. That means, if a festival should fall on the 10th tithi of the Āshvayuja month (this is called Vijayadashamī) and there are two Āshvayuja months caused by the existence of an adhika Āshvayuja, the first adhika month will not see the festival, and the festival will be observed only in the second nija month. Vijayadashami ( Nepali:विजया दशमी Kannada: ವಿಜಯದಶಮಿ Telugu: విజయదశమి Hindi: विजयदशमी However, if the second month is āshvayuja kshaya then the festival will be observed in the first adhika month itself.

When two months are rolled into one in the case of a kshaya māsa, the festivals of both months will also be rolled into this kshaya māsa. For example, the festival of Mahāshivarātri which is to be observed on the fourteenth tithi of the Māgha krishna paksha was, in 1983, observed on the corresponding tithi of Pausha-Māgha kshaya krishna paksha, since in that year, Pausha and Māgha were rolled into one, as mentioned above. Maha Shivratri or Maha Sivaratri or Shivaratri or Sivaratri ( Night of Shiva or "Great Night of Shiva" is a Hindu festival celebrated every year on

Year of the lunisolar calendar

The new year day is the first day of the shukla paksha of Chaitra. In the case of adhika or kshaya months relating to Chaitra, the aforementioned religious rules apply giving rise to the following results:

Another kind of lunisolar calendar

There is another kind of lunisolar calendar which differs from the former in the way the months are named. This section describes the differences involved, and may be skipped if the article is already too complicated for the reader. It is only included for completeness.

When a full moon (instead of new moon) occurs before sunrise on a day, that day is said to be the first day of the lunar month. In this case, the end of the lunar month will coincide with a full moon. This is called the pūrnimānta māna or "full-moon-ending reckoning", as against the amānta māna or "new-moon-ending reckoning" used before.

This definition leads to a lot of complications:

It must be noted, however, that none of these above complications cause a change in the day of religious observances. Since only the name of the krishna paksha-s of the months will change in the two systems, festivals which fall on the krishna paksha will be defined by the appropriate changed name. That is, the Mahāshivarātri, defined in the amānta māna to be observed on the fourteenth of the Māgha krishna paksha will now (in the pūrnimānta māna) be defined by the Phālguna krishna paksha. Maha Shivratri or Maha Sivaratri or Shivaratri or Sivaratri ( Night of Shiva or "Great Night of Shiva" is a Hindu festival celebrated every year on

Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar

A lunisolar calendar is always a calendar based on the moon's celestial motion, which in a way keeps itself close to a solar calendar based on the sun's (apparent) celestial motion. A lunisolar calendar is a Calendar in many Cultures whose date indicates both the Moon phase and the time of the solar Year. A solar calendar is a Calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the Sun (or equivalently the apparent position of the sun moving That is, the lunisolar calendar's new year is to kept always close (within certain limits) to a solar calendar's new year.

Since the Hindu lunar month names are based on solar transits, and the month of Chaitra will, as defined above, always be close to the solar month of Mesha, the Hindu lunisolar calendar will always keep in track with the Hindu solar calendar.

The Hindu solar calendar by contrast starts on April 14-15 each year. This signifies the sun's "entry" into Mesha rasi and is celebrated as the New Year in Assam, Bengal, Orissa, Manipur, Nepal, Kerala, Punjab, TamilNadu and Tripura. Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. Manipur (mnipur in Meitei Mayek) is a state in northeastern India, making its capital in the city of Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. ( Bengali script: ত্রিপুরা is a state in North-East India. The first month of the year is called "Chitterai" in Tamil, "Medam" in Malayalam and Baisakh in Bengali/Punjabi. This solar new year is now celebrated on the same day in Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand due to Hindu influence on those countries. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj

Year numbering

The epoch (starting point or first day of the zeroth year) of the current era of Hindu calendar (both solar and lunisolar) is February 18 3102 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar or January 23 3102 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy The proleptic Julian calendar is produced by extending the Julian calendar to dates preceding AD 4 when its quadrennial leap year stabilized Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian calendar backward to dates preceding its official introduction in 1582. Both the solar and lunisolar calendars started on this date. After that, each year is labeled by the number of years elapsed since the epoch.

This is a unique feature of the Hindu calendar. All other systems use the current ordinal number of the year as the year label. But just as a person's true age is measured by the number of years that have elapsed starting from the date of the person's birth, the Hindu calendar measures the number of years elapsed. As of May 18, 2005, 5106 years had elapsed in the Hindu calendar, so this is the 5109th Hindu calendar year. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Note that the lunisolar calendar year will usually start earlier than the solar calendar year.

Other systems of numbering the Hindu years can be read about at the Samvat article.

Year names

Apart from the numbering system outlined above, there is also a cycle of 60 calendar year names, called Samvatsaras, which started at the first year (at elapsed years zero) and runs continuously:

  1. Samvatsara is a Sanskrit term for " Year " In Hindu tradition there are 60 Samvatsaras each of which has a name Prabhava
  2. Vibhava
  3. Shukla
  4. Pramoda
  5. Prajāpati
  6. Āngirasa
  7. Shrīmukha
  8. Bhāva
  9. Yuva
10. Dhātri
11. Īshvara
12. Bahudhānya
13. Pramādhi
14. Vikrama
15. Vrisha
16. Chitrabhānu
17. Svabhānu
18. Tārana
19. Pārthiva
20. Vyaya (2006-2007 AD/CE)
21. Sarvajeeth (2007-2008 AD/CE)
22. Sarvadhāri
23. Virodhi
24. Vikrita
25. Khara
26. Nandana
27. Vijaya
28. Jaya
29. Manmadha
30. Durmukhi
31. Hevilambi
32. Vilambi
33. Vikāri
34. Shārvari
35. Plava
36. Shubhakruti
37. Sobhakruthi
38. Krodhi
39. Vishvāvasu
40. Parābhava
41. Plavanga
42. Kīlaka
43. Saumya
44. Sādhārana
45. Virodhikruthi
46. Paridhāvi
47. Pramādicha
48. Ānanda
49. Rākshasa
50. Anala
51. Pingala
52. Kālayukthi
53. Siddhārthi
54. Raudra
55. Durmathi
56. Dundubhi
57. Rudhirodgāri
58. Raktākshi
59. Krodhana
60. Akshaya

Eras

Hinduism has of four eras or ages, of which we are currently in the last. The four are:

  1. Krita Yuga or Satya Yuga
  2. Tretā Yuga
  3. Dvāpara Yuga
  4. Kali Yuga

They are often translated into English as the golden, silver, bronze and Iron Ages. The Satya Yuga ( Devanagari: सत्य युग also called Sat Yuga, Krta Yuga and Krita Yuga in Hinduism, is the " The Satya Yuga ( Devanagari: सत्य युग also called Sat Yuga, Krta Yuga and Krita Yuga in Hinduism, is the " The Treta Yuga ( Devanagari: त्रेता युगis the second out of four Yugas or ages of man in the religion of Hinduism, following the Dvapara Yuga ( Devanagari: द्वापर युग is the third out of four Yugas or ages described in the scriptures of Hinduism. Kali Yuga ( Devanāgarī: sa कलियुग lit "Age of Kali " "age of vice" is one of the four stages of development that the world goes (Yuga means era or age. A Yuga ( Devanāgari: युग in Hindu philosophy is the name of an 'epoch' or 'era' within a cycle of four ages ) The ages see a gradual decline of dharma, wisdom, knowledge, intellectual capability, life span and emotional and physical strength. The Sanskrit term ( Devanāgarī: धर्म Pali transliteration dhamma) is an Indian spiritual and religious The epoch provided above is the start of the Kali Yuga. The Kali Yuga is 432,000 years long. The Dvāpara, Tretā and Krita (Satya) Yuga-s are two, three and four times the length of the Kali Yuga respectively. Thus they together constitute 4,320,000 years. This is called a Chaturyuga.

A thousand and a thousand (i. e. two thousand) chaturyuga-s are said to be one day and night of the creator Brahmā. Brahma is the Hindu god ( deva) of creation and one of the Trimurti, the others being Vishnu and Shiva. He (the creator) lives for 100 years of 360 such days and at the end, he is said to dissolve, along with his entire Creation, into the Eternal Soul or Paramātman. Hindu philosophy is divided into six Sanskrit ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') schools of thought or darshanas (literally "views" Sankhya

A different view of the timespan of a yuga is given by Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri, the guru of Paramahansa Yogananda. Sri Yukteswar Giri (also spelled Sriyukteswar Giri and Sriyukteshvar Giri ( May 10, 1855 - March 9, 1936) is the monastic name of Priyanath A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others Paramahansa Yogananda ( Bengali: পরমহংস যোগানন্দ Pôromohôngsho Joganondo, Sanskrit: परमहंस योगानं‍द This is detailed in his book, The Holy Science. The Holy Science is a book written by Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri in 1894 under the title Kaivalya Darsanam. According to this view, one complete yuga cycle is equal to one complete "precession of the equinox", a period of aprroximately 24,000 years. The ascending phase consists of a 1200 year Kali, 2400 year Dwapara, 3600 year Treta and 4800 year Krita (Satya) yuga. The descending phase reverses this order, thus both ascending and descending phases equal 24,000 years. According to calculations given in the book, the most recent yuga change was in 1699, when the Earth passed from Kali Yuga (the lowest material age) to Dvāpara Yuga (the second age associated with electrical, atomic and finer forces). We are in an ascending spiral right now, and will pass into the Tretā Yuga in 4100 AD. According to the book, the motion of the stars moving across the sky (a. k. a. precession) is the observable of the Sun's motion around another star. The quality of human intellect depends on the distance of the Sun and Earth from a certain point in space known as the Grand Center, Magnetic Center or Vishnunabi Vishnu. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific The closer the Sun is to it, the more subtle energy the Solar System receives, and the greater is the level of human spiritual and overall development. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. As the Sun moves around its companion star, it brings us closer to or drives us farther away from Vishnunabi, resulting in the rising and falling ages here on Earth.

Yukteswar tells us that the calendars of the higher ages were based on the Yugas, with each era named after its Yuga. Hence, the year 3000 BC/BCE was known as descending Dwapara 102 (because the last descending Dwapara yuga began 102 years earlier in 3102 BC/BCE). He stated that this method was used up until the recent Dark Ages, when knowledge of the connection with the yugas and the precession cycle was lost; "The mistake crept into the almanacs for the first time during the reign of Raja Parikshit, just after the completion of the last descending Dwapara Yuga. At that time Maharaja Yudhisthira, noticing the appearance of the dark Kali Yuga, made over his throne to his grandson, the said Raja Parikshit. Maharaja Yudhisthira, together with all the wise men of his court, retired to the Himalaya Mountains. . . thus there was no one who could understand the principle of correctly calculating the ages of the several Yugas". Consequently, when the Dwapara was over and the Kali era began no one knew enough to restart the calendar count. They knew they were in a Kali Yuga (which is why the old Hindu calendar now begins with K. Y. ) but the beginning of this calendar (which in 2006 stands at 5108) can still be traced to 3102 BC/BCE, (3102+2006=5108) the start of the last descending Dwapara Yuga. To this day there is still much confusion why the Kali starts at this date or what the correct length of the Yugas should be. Yukteswar suggests that a return to basing the Yuga calendar on the motion of the equinox would be a positive step.

History

The Hindu Calendar descends from the Vedic times. There are many references to calendrics in the Vedas. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Vedānga (adjunct to Veda) called Jyautisha (literally, "celestial body study") prescribed all the aspects of the Hindu calendars. After the Vedic period, there were many scholars such as Āryabhata (5th century CE), Varāhamihira (6th century) and Bhāskara (12th century) who were experts in Jyautisha and contributed to the development of the Hindu Calendar. Āryabhaṭa ( Devanāgarī: आर्यभट (AD 476 &ndash 550 is the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics Daivajna Varāhamihira ( Devanagari: वराहमिहिर 505 &ndash 587 also called Varaha or Mihira was an Indian Astronomer, Mathematician

The most widely used authoritative text for the Hindu Calendars in the Sūrya Siddhānta, a text of uncertain age, though some place it at 10th century.

The traditional Vedic calendar used to start with the month of agrahayan (agra=first + ayan = travel of the sun, equinox) or Mārgashirsha. This is the month where the Sun crosses the equator, i. e. the vernal equinox. An equinox is the event of the Sun passing over the Earth's equator in its annual cycle This month was called mārgashirsha after the fifth nakshatra (around lambda orionis). Due to the precession of the earth's axis, the vernal equinox is now in Pisces, and corresponds to the month of chaitra. Precession refers to a change in the direction of the axis of a rotating object This shift over the years is what has led to various calendar reforms in different regions to assert different months as the start month for the year. Thus, some calendars (e. g. Vikram) start with Chaitra, which is the present-day month of the vernal equinox, as the first month. Others may start with Vaisakha (e. g. Bangabda). The Bengali calendar ( বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdo or বাংলা সন Bangla Shôn) or Bangla calendar is a traditional solar Calendar The shift in the vernal equinox by nearly four months from agrahaayana to chaitra in sidereal terms seems to indicate that the original naming conventions may date to the fourth or fifth millennium BCE, since the period of precession in the earth's axis is about 25,800 years.

Regional variants

The Indian Calendar Reform Committee, appointed in 1952 (shortly after Indian independence), identified more than thirty well-developed calendars, all variants of the Surya Siddhanta calendar outlined here, in systematic use across different parts of India. These include the widespread Vikrama and Shalivahana calendars and regional variations thereof. The Tamil calendar, a solar calendar, is used in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. }The Tamil Calendar is used in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry in India, and by the Tamil population in Malaysia, Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}};

Vikrama and Shalivahana calendars

The two calendars most widely used in India today are the Vikrama calendar followed in Western and Northern India and Nepal, and the Shalivahana or Saka calendar which is followed in South India and Maharashtra. Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. The Shalivahana era, also known as the Saka era, is used with Hindu calendars the Indian national calendar, and the Cambodian Buddhist calendar South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India.

Both the Vikrama and the Shalivahana eras are lunisolar calendars, and feature annual cycles of twelve lunar months, each month divided into two phases: the 'bright half' (shukla) and the 'dark half' (bahula); these correspond respectively to the periods of the 'waxing' and the 'waning' of the moon. Thus, the period beginning from the first day after the new moon and ending on the full moon day constitutes the shukla paksha or 'bright half' of the month; the period beginning from the day after the full moon until and including the next new moon day constitutes the bahula paksha or 'dark half' of the month. This article is about the lunar phase for other uses see New Moon (disambiguation. Full moon is a Lunar phase that occurs when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun.

The names of the 12 months, as also their sequence, are the same in both calendars; however, the new year is celebrated at separate points during the year and the "year zero" for the two calendars is different. In the Vikrama calendar, the zero year corresponds to 58 BCE, while in the Shalivahana calendar, it corresponds to 78 CE. The Vikrama calendar begins with the month of Baishakh (April). The Shalivahana calendar begins with the month of Chaitra (March) and the Ugadi/Gudi Padwa festivals mark the new year. Ugadi ( Telugu: ఉగాది Kannada: ಯುಗಾದಿ - from ಯುಗ yuga, era + ಆದಿ ādi, beginning the start of an era is the Gudhi Padwa (Devnagari गुढीपाडवा is celebrated on the first day of the Chaitra month and is celebrated as New Year's Day by Maharashtrians

Another little-known difference between the two calendars exists: while each month in the Shalivahana calendar begins with the 'bright half' and is followed by the 'dark half', the opposite obtains in the Vikrama calendar. Thus, each month of the Shalivahana calendar ends with the no-moon day and the new month begins on the day after that, while the full-moon day brings each month of the Vikrama calendar to a close.

National calendars in South and South East Asia

A variant of the Shalivahana Calendar was reformed and standardized as the Indian National calendar in 1957. This official calendar follows the Shalivahana calendar in beginning from the month of Chaitra and counting years with 78 CE being year zero. Chaitra ( Hindi: चैत cait or चैत्र caitr) is a Month of the Hindu calendar. It features a constant number of days in every month (with leap years).

The Bengali Calendar, or Bangla calendar (introduced 1584), is widely used in eastern India in the state of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam. The Bengali calendar ( বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdo or বাংলা সন Bangla Shôn) or Bangla calendar is a traditional solar Calendar West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. ( Bengali script: ত্রিপুরা is a state in North-East India. Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city A reformation of this calendar was introduced in present-day Bangladesh in 1966, with constant days in each month and a leap year system; this serves as the national calendar for Bangladesh. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Nepal follows the Bikram Sambat. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. The Lunar calendar Nepal Sambat ( Nepal Bhasa: नेपाल सम्बत is commonly used in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal. Parallel months and roughly the same periods apply to a number of Hindu-influenced calendars in Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The Thai lunar calendar ( Thai: ปฏิทินจันทรคติ Patitin Chantarakati) (literally Against-the-Sun Moon-Ways) is Thailand

Correspondence between calendars

As an indicator of this variation, Whitaker's Almanac reports that the Gregorian year 2000 AD/CE corresponds, respectively with:

  1. Year 5101 in the Kaliyuga calendar;
  2. Year 2544 in the Buddha Nirvana calendar;
  3. Year 2543 in the Buddhist Era (BE) of the Thai solar calendar
  4. Year 2057 in the Bikram Samvat calendar;
  5. Year 1922 in the Saka calendar;
  6. Year 1921 (shown in terms of 5-yearly cycles) of the Vedanga Jyotisa calendar;
  7. Year 1407 in the Bengali calendar;
  8. Year 514 in the Gaurabda Gaudiya calendar;
  9. Year 1176 in the Kolla Varsham calendar. Whitaker's Almanack is a reference book published annually in the United Kingdom. The Thai solar calendar, Suriyakati (สุริยคติ has been the official and prevalent Calendar in Thailand since it was adopted by King The Thai solar calendar, Suriyakati (สุริยคติ has been the official and prevalent Calendar in Thailand since it was adopted by King The Lunar calendar Nepal Sambat ( Nepal Bhasa: नेपाल सम्बत is commonly used in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal. The Bengali calendar ( বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdo or বাংলা সন Bangla Shôn) or Bangla calendar is a traditional solar Calendar Gaurabda is the name of moon calendar used by Gaudiya as part of the liturgy Gaudiya Vaishnavism (also known as Chaitanya Vaishnavism) is a Vaishnava religious movement founded by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1534 in India

References

  1. ^ Boorstein, Daniel. Discoverers.  
  2. ^ Chatterjee, S. K. (1998). Indian Calendric System. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.  
  3. ^ Chia Daphne and Helmer Aslaksen (April 2001). Indian Calendars: Comparing the Surya Siddhanta and the Astronomical Ephemeris. Retrieved on 2004-04-04. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
  4. ^ Basham, A. L. (1954). The Wonder that was India. Macmillan (Rupa and Co, Calcutta, reprint),.  , Appendix II: Astronomy

Further reading

See also

External links

The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica A panchangam ( Sanskrit pañcāṅgam) is a Hindu Astrological almanac (or Calendar) which follows traditional Indian cosmology Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English The panjika (পঞ্জিকা ponjika) is the Hindu Astrological Almanac, published in Assamese, Bengali and The Buddhist calendar is used on mainland Southeast Asia in the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar (formerly Burma following is a list of Hindu festivals. The religion of Hinduism has many festivals including Diwali, Holi, and Durga Puja.
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