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A high-level programming language is a programming language that, in comparison to low-level programming languages, may be English-like, more abstract, easier to use, or more portable across platforms. A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. In Computer science, a low-level programming language is a language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's microprocessor. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States See also Software portability In Computer science, porting is the process of adapting software so that an executable program can be created Such languages often abstract away CPU operations such as memory access models and management of scope. In Computer programming, scope is an enclosing context where values and expressions are associated

Contents

Historical Note

The first high-level programming language was the "Plankalkül", invented by Konrad Zuse. Konrad Zuse (ˈkɔnʁat ˈtsuːzə June 22, 1910 Berlin - December 18, 1995 Hünfeld) was a German

Features

The term "high-level language" does not imply that the language is always superior to low-level programming languages - in fact, in terms of the depth of knowledge of how computers work required to productively program in a given language, the inverse may be true. In Computer science, a low-level programming language is a language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's microprocessor. Rather, "high-level language" refers to the higher level of abstraction from machine language. Rather than dealing with registers, memory addresses and call stacks, high-level languages deal with usability, variables, arrays and complex arithmetic or boolean expressions. In addition, they have no opcodes that can directly compile the language into machine code, unlike low-level assembly language. In computer technology an opcode ( op eration code) is the portion of a Machine language instruction that specifies the operation to be performed See the terminology section below for information regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler Other features such as string handling routines, object-oriented language features and file input/output may also be present.

Abstraction penalty

Stereotypically, high-level languages make complex programming simpler, while low-level languages tend to produce more efficient code. Abstraction penalty is the barrier preventing applying high level programming techniques in situations where computational resources are limited. High level programming features like more generic data structures, run-time interpretation and intermediate code files often result in slower execution speed, higher memory consumption and larger binary size [1][2][3]. For this reason, code which needs to run particularly quickly and efficiently may be written in a lower-level language, even if a higher-level language would make the coding easier.

However, with the growing complexity of modern microprocessor architectures, well-designed compilers for high-level languages frequently produce more efficient code than most low-level programmers can produce by hand. A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated

Relative meaning

The terms "high-level" and "low-level" are inherently relative. Originally, assembly language was considered low-level and COBOL, C, etc. See the terminology section below for information regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler COBOL (ˈkoʊbɒl is one of the oldest programming languages still in active use tags please moot on the talk page first! --> In Computing, C is a general-purpose cross-platform block structured were considered high-level, as they allowed the abstractions of functions, variables and expression evaluation. Many programmers today might refer to C as low-level, as it still allows memory to be accessed by address, and provides direct access to the assembly level. For more on this distinction, see C2's page about high-level languages.

Execution models

There are three models of execution for modern high-level languages:

Interpreted 
Interpreted languages are read and then executed directly, with no compilation stage. In Computer programming an interpreted language is a Programming language whose implementation often takes the form of an interpreter.
Compiled 
Compiled languages are transformed into an executable form before running. A compiled language is a Programming language whose implementations are typically Compilers (translators which generate Machine code from There are two types of compilation:
Intermediate representations 
When a language is compiled to an intermediate representation, that representation can be optimized or saved for later execution without the need to re-read the source file. When the intermediate representation is saved it is often represented as bytecode. Bytecode is a term which has been used to denote various forms of Instruction sets designed for efficient execution by a software interpreter as well as being suitable
Machine code generation 
Some compilers compile source code directly into machine code. Machine code or machine language is a system of instructions and data executed directly by a Computer 's Central processing unit. Virtual machines that execute bytecode directly or transform it further into machine code have blurred the once clear distinction between intermediate representations and truly compiled languages. In Computer science, a virtual machine (VM is a Software implementation of a machine (computer that executes programs like a real machine
Translated 
A language may be translated into a low-level programming language for which native code compilers are already widely available. The C programming language is a common target for such translators. tags please moot on the talk page first! --> In Computing, C is a general-purpose cross-platform block structured

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Surana P (2006). In Computer science, abstraction is a mechanism and practice to reduce and factor out details so that one can focus on a few concepts at a time In Computer science, a low-level programming language is a language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's microprocessor. A very high-level programming language (VHLL is a Programming language with a very high level of abstraction, used primarily as a professional programmer productivity This is a list of Programming languages grouped by category Array languages CategoryArray programming languages|l1=CategoryArray programming WikiWikiWeb (also known as WardsWiki) was the first Wiki application ever written "Meta-Compilation of Language Abstractions." (PDF). Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger
  2. ^ Kuketayev. The Data Abstraction Penalty (DAP) Benchmark for Small Objects in Java.. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger
  3. ^ Chatzigeorgiou & Stephanides (2002), “Evaluating Performance and Power Of Object-Oriented Vs. Procedural Programming Languages”, in Blieberger & Strohmeier, Proceedings - 7th International Conference on Reliable Software Technologies - Ada-Europe'2002, Springer, pp. 367, <http://books.google.com/books?id=QMalP1P2kAMC&dq=%22abstraction+penalty%22&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0> 
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