- In this Japanese name, the family name is Tōjō. in modern times usually consist of a Family name ( Surname) followed by a Given name. A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs
| Hideki Tōjō | |
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| In office October 18, 1941 – July 22, 1944 |
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| Monarch | Emperor Showa |
| Deputy | Unknown |
| Preceded by | Fumimaro Konoe |
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| Born | December 30, 1884 Tokyo, Empire of Japan |
| Died | December 23, 1948 (aged 63) Tokyo, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Signature |  |
Hideki Tōjō (Kyūjitai: 東條 英機; Shinjitai: 東条 英機; Tōjō Hideki ) (December 30, 1884 – December 23, 1948) was a General in the Imperial Japanese Army and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from October 18, 1941 to July 22, 1944. The is the usual English-language term used for the Head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death Fumimaro Konoe 3rd Prince Konoe ( Kyūjitai: 近衞 文麿 Shinjitai: 近衛 文麿 Konoe Fumimaro) ( sometimes Konoye, October 12 Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan Kyūjitai (in Shinjitai: ja 旧字体 in Kyūjitai 舊字體 meaning "old character form" is the traditional form of the Japanese Kanji used before Shinjitai (in Shinjitai ja [[wikt新字体 新字体]] in Kyūjitai: ja [[wikt新字體 新字體]] meaning "new character form" are the forms of Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku The is the usual English-language term used for the Head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After the end of the war, Tōjō was sentenced to death for war crimes by the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism.
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Biography
Hideki Tōjō was born in the Kōjimachi district of Japan in 1884. is a neighborhood in Chiyoda Tokyo. Prior to the arrival of Tokugawa Ieyasu, it was known as. He was the third son of Hidenori Tōjō, a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army. Tōjō's two older brothers died before his birth. In 1909 he married Katsuko Ito, with whom he had three sons and four daughters.
Early military career
Tōjō graduated from the 17th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1905 ranked 42nd out of 50 cadets, and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the infantry. The was the principal officer's training school for the Imperial Japanese Army. Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists
He graduated with top grades from the 27th class of the Army Staff College in 1915, after which he was promoted to the rank of captain and assigned as commander of the 3rd Imperial Guards Regiment. This article deals with the Empire of Japan's Army War College The Japanese is an organization which is dedicated to protection of the Emperor of Japan and his family palaces and other imperial properties In 1919, he was dispatched to Switzerland as a military attaché. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation A military attaché is a Military Expert who is part of a Diplomatic mission; this post is normally filled by a high-ranking officer On his return to Japan in 1920, he was promoted to major. Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country In 1921, he again traveled overseas, this time as a resident officer in Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
In 1922, Tōjō returned to Japan to assume the post of instructor at the Army Staff College. In 1929, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies During the 1920s, Tōjō became involved in Army politics. He was a leading member of the Tosei-Ha along with Kazushige Ugaki, Gen Sugiyama, Koiso Kuniaki, Yoshijiro Umezu, and Tetsuzan Nagata. was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, and twice Governor-General of Korea. ( 1 January 1880 - 12 September 1945) was a field marshal who served as successively as chief of the Army General Staff, and was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea and 41st Prime Minister of Japan from 22 July 1944 to 7 April ( 4 January 1882 - 8 January 1949) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, famous as the victim of the Aizawa Incident of 1935 They attempted to represent the more conservative moderates in opposition to the extremist Kodaha group led by Sadao Araki. Moderates for Piedmont ( Moderati per il Piemonte) is a regional centrist Italian political party active in Piedmont. Extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society or otherwise claimed to violate The was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s largely supported by junior officers aiming to establish a military government and Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army before World War II.
As general
In 1933, Tōjō was promoted to major general and served as Chief of the Personnel Department within the Army Ministry. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries The, more popularly known as the Ministry of War of Japan was the Cabinet -level ministry from 1872-1945 in charge with administration of the Imperial Japanese Army
He was appointed commander of the IJA 24th Infantry Brigade in August 1934. In September 1935, Tōjō was transferred to become commander of the Kempeitai of the Kwangtung Army in Manchuria. The Kempeitai (Japanese 憲兵隊 "Corps of Law Soldiers" was the Military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1881 to 1945 The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Tōjō's nickname was "Razor" (Kamisori), earned for his reputation for a sharp, legalistic mind capable of making quick decisions. [1]
During the February 26 Incident of 1936, Tōjō and Shigeru Honjo, a noted supporter of Sadao Araki, came out against the coup attempt. The, or "2-2-6 incident", was an attempted Coup d'état in Japan, on 26 – 29 February 1936, launched by the radical General Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the early period of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army before World War II. Emperor Hirohito himself was outraged at the attacks on his close advisors, and after a brief political crisis and stalling on the part of a sympathetic military, the rebels were forced to surrender. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death In the aftermath, the Toseiha was able to purge the Army of radical officers, and the coup leaders were tried and executed. Following the purge, Toseiha and Kodoha elements were unified in their conservative but highly anti-political stance under the banner of the Kodoha military clique, with Tōjō in a leadership position.
Tōjō was promoted to Chief of Staff of the Kwangtung Army. The chief of staff is the chief aide to the Commander of larger military Formations and Units It is sometimes the case that the chief of staff is more directly As Chief of Staff, Tōjō was responsible for various military operations to increase Japanese penetration into the Mongolia and Inner Mongolia border regions with Manchukuo. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern In July 1937, he personally led the units of the 1st Independent Mixed Brigade in Operation Chahar. Operation Chahar, known by the Japanese as チャハル作戦 Operation Quhar and by the Chinese as the 长城抗战 (Battle of the Great Wall this campaign occurred in August 1937
After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident marking the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Tōjō ordered his forces to move against Hopei and other targets in northern China. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ( 盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a Battle between The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China.
Tōjō was recalled to Japan in May 1938 to serve as Vice-Minister of War under War Minister Seishiro Itagaki. The, more popularly known as the Ministry of War of Japan was the Cabinet -level ministry from 1872-1945 in charge with administration of the Imperial Japanese Army was general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II and a War Minister. From December of 1938 to 1940, Tōjō was Inspector-General of Army Aviation.
Rise to Prime Minister
In July 1940, Tōjō was appointed War Minister in the second Fumimaro Konoe Cabinet, and remained in that post in the third Konoe Cabinet. Fumimaro Konoe 3rd Prince Konoe ( Kyūjitai: 近衞 文麿 Shinjitai: 近衛 文麿 Konoe Fumimaro) ( sometimes Konoye, October 12 He was a strong supporter of the Tripartite Alliance between Japan, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom As War Minister he continued to expand the war with China.
In order to further isolate China from external aid, Japan had invaded French Indochina in July 1941. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit In retaliation, the United States imposed economic sanctions on Japan in August, and imposing a total embargo on oil and gasoline exports. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Economic sanctions are domestic penalties applied by one country (or group of countries on another for a variety of reasons
On September 6, a deadline of early October was fixed in Imperial conference for continuing negotiations. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started On October 14, the deadline had passed with no progress. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Prime minister Konoe then held his last cabinet meeting, where Tōjō did most of the talking:
For the past six months, ever since April, the foreign minister has made painstaking efforts to adjust relations. Fumimaro Konoe 3rd Prince Konoe ( Kyūjitai: 近衞 文麿 Shinjitai: 近衛 文麿 Konoe Fumimaro) ( sometimes Konoye, October 12 Although I respect him for that, we remain deadlocked. . . The heart of the matter is the imposition on us of withdrawal from Indochina and China. . . If we yield to America's demands, it will destroy the fruits of the China incident. Manchukuo will be endangered and our control of Korea undermined. [2]
The prevailing opinion within the Japanese Army at that time was that continued negotiations could be dangerous but Hirohito thought that he might be able to control extreme opinions in the army by using the charismatic and well-connected Tōjō, who had expressed reservations regarding war with the West, although the emperor himself was skeptical that Tōjō would be able to avoid conflict. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death On October 13, he declared to Koichi Kido: '"There seems little hope in the present situation for the Japan-U. Marquis ( July 18 1889 – April 6 1977) served as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal from 1940 to 1945 and was the closest S. negotiations. This time, if hostilities erupt, I might have to issue a declaration of war. "[3]
On October 16, Konoe, politically isolated and convinced that the emperor no longer trusted him, resigned. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Fumimaro Konoe 3rd Prince Konoe ( Kyūjitai: 近衞 文麿 Shinjitai: 近衛 文麿 Konoe Fumimaro) ( sometimes Konoye, October 12 Later, he justified himself to his chief cabinet secretary, Kenji Tomita:
Of course his majesty is a pacifist, and there is no doubt he wished to avoid war. When I told him that to initiate war is a mistake, he agreed. But the next day, he would tell me: "You were worried about it yesterday, but you do not have to worry so much. " Thus, gradually, he began to lead toward war. And the next time I met him, he leaned even more toward war. In short, I felt the Emperor was telling me: "My prime minister does not understand military matters, I know much more. " In short, the Emperor had absorbed the views of the army and navy high commands. [4]
At the time, Prince Higashikuni was said to be the only person who could control the Army and the Navy and was recommended by Konoe and Tōjō. was the 30th Prime Minister of Japan from 17 August 1945 to 9 October 1945 for a period of 54 days Hirohito rejected this option, arguing that a member of the imperial family should not have to eventually carry the responsibility for a war against the Occident. Following the advice of Koichi Kido, he chose instead Tōjō, who was known for his devotion to the imperial institution. Marquis ( July 18 1889 – April 6 1977) served as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal from 1940 to 1945 and was the closest [5] The Emperor summoned Tōjō to the Imperial Palace one day before Tōjō took office.
Tōjō wrote in his diary, "I thought I was summoned because the Emperor was angry at my opinion. " He was given one order from the Emperor: To make a policy review of what had been sanctioned by the Imperial conferences. Tōjō, who was on the side of the war, nevertheless accepted this order, and pledged to obey. According to colonel Akiho Ishii, a member of the Army General Staff, the prime minister showed a true sense of loyalty to the emperor performing this duty. For example, when Ishii received from Hirohito a communication saying the Army should drop the idea of stationing troops in China to counter military operations of occidental powers, he wrote a reply for the prime minister for his audience with the emperor. Tōjō then replied to Ishii : «If the emperor said it should be so, then that's it for me. One cannot recite arguments to the emperor. You may keep your finely phrased memorandum. » [6]
On November 2, Tōjō and Chiefs of Staff Hajime Sugiyama and Osami Nagano reported to Hirohito that the review had been in vain. ( 1 January 1880 - 12 September 1945) was a field marshal who served as successively as chief of the Army General Staff, and Fleet Admiral was a career naval officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1934 The Emperor then gave his consent to war. [7]
On November 3, Nagano explained in detail the Pearl Harbor attack to Hirohito. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Fleet Admiral was a career naval officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1934 Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by [8]. The eventual plan drawn up by Army and Navy Chiefs of Staff envisaged such a mauling of the Western powers that defense perimeter lines--operating on interior lines of communications and inflicting heavy Western casualties--could not be breached. In addition, the Japanese fleet which attacked Pearl Harbor was under orders from Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto to be prepared to return to Japan on a moment's notice, should negotiations succeed. Fleet Admiral ( 4 April 1884 – 18 April 1943) was the Commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during World War II a
On November 5, Hirohito approved in Imperial conference the operations plan for a war against the West and had many meetings with the military and Tōjō until the end of the month. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) On December 1, another imperial conference finally sanctioned the "War against the United States, England and Holland". Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican [9]
Tōjō did his best to keep negotiating. However, the results were not encouraging. For Japan, the Hull Note was the last straw. The Hull note, delivered on November 26, 1941, was the final proposal delivered to Japan by the United States before the start of war between On the night of December 7, Tōjō was said to have sat on a futon with his back straight and his knees together, sobbing. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways A is a flat about thick Mattress with a fabric exterior stuffed with Cotton or synthetic batting that makes up a Japanese bed. He might have regretted his move to go to war, or his failure to obey the Emperor.
As Prime Minister
Tōjō continued to hold the position of War Minister during his term as Prime Minister, from October 18, 1941 to July 22, 1944. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He also served concurrently as Home Minister from 1941-1942, Foreign Minister in September 1942, Education Minister in 1943, and Commerce Minister in 1943. The was a former Cabinet -level ministry established under the Meiji Constitution that managed the internal affairs of Empire of Japan from 1873-1947 The of Japan is the Cabinet member responsible for Japanese foreign policy and the chief executive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
As Education Minister, he continued militaristic and nationalist indoctrination in the national education system, and reaffirmed illiberal policies in government. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation As Home Minister, he approved of various eugenics measures. Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention
His popularity was high in the early years of the war, as Japanese forces went from victory to victory. However, after the Battle of Midway, with the tide of war turning against Japan, Tōjō faced increasing opposition from within the government and military. The Battle of Midway was a major Naval battle, widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. To strengthen his position, in February 1944 Tōjō assumed the post of Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff. also called the Army General Staff was one of the four principal agencies charged with overseeing the Imperial Japanese Army. However, after the fall of Saipan, he was forced to resign on July 18, 1944. The Battle of Saipan was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands from Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He retired to the first reserve list and went into seclusion.
Capture, trial and execution
After Japan's unconditional surrender in 1945, U. The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close S. General Douglas MacArthur issued orders for the arrest of the first forty alleged war criminals, including Tōjō. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Soon, Tōjō's home in Setagaya was besieged with newsmen and photographers. is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan. It is also the name of a neighborhood within the ward Inside, a doctor named Suzuki had marked Tōjō's chest with charcoal to indicate the location of his heart. When American military police surrounded the house on September 8, 1945, they heard a muffled shot from inside. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Major Paul Kraus and a group of military police burst in, followed by George Jones, a reporter for The New York Times. Tōjō had shot himself in the chest, but despite shooting directly through the mark, the bullet missed his heart. At 4:29, now disarmed and with blood gushing out of his chest, Tōjō began to talk, and two Japanese reporters recorded his words. "I am very sorry it is taking me so long to die," he murmured. "The Greater East Asia War was justified and righteous. The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between I am very sorry for the nation and all the races of the Greater Asiatic powers. I wait for the righteous judgment of history. I wished to commit suicide but sometimes that fails. "[10]
He survived and was arrested. After recovering from his injuries, Tōjō was moved to the Sugamo Prison. Sugamo Prison ( Sugamo Kōchi-sho, Kyūjitai:巢鴨拘置所 Shinjitai:巣鴨拘置所 was located in the district of Ikebukuro, which is now He was tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East for war crimes and found guilty of the following crimes:
- count 1 (waging wars of aggression, and war or wars in violation of international law)
- count 27 (waging unprovoked war against the Republic of China)
- count 29 (waging aggressive war against the United States)
- count 31 (waging aggressive war against the British Commonwealth of Nations)
- count 32 (waging aggressive war against the Netherlands)
- count 33 (waging aggressive war against France)
- count 54 (ordering, authorizing, and permitting inhumane treatment of Prisoners of War (POWs) and others)
Hideki Tōjō accepted full responsibility in the end for his actions during the war. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Here is a passage from his statement, which he made during his war crimes trial. :
| “ | It is natural that I should bear entire responsibility for the war in general, and, needless to say, I am prepared to do so. Moral responsibility can refer to two different but related things Consequently, now that the war has been lost, it is presumably necessary that I be judged so that the circumstances of the time can be clarified and the future peace of the world be assured. Therefore, with respect to my trial, it is my intention to speak frankly, according to my recollection, even though when the vanquished stands before the victor, who has over him the power of life and death, he may be apt to toady and flatter. I mean to pay considerable attention to this in my actions, and say to the end that what is true is true and what is false is false. To shade one's words in flattery to the point of untruthfulness would falsify the trial and do incalculable harm to the nation, and great care must be taken to avoid this. | ” |
He was sentenced to death on November 12, 1948 and executed by hanging on December 23, 1948. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In his final statements he apologized for the atrocities committed by the Japanese military and urged the American military to show compassion toward the Japanese people, who had suffered devastating air attacks and the two atomic bombs. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. [11]
Tōjō is often considered responsible for authorizing the murder of more than 8 million civilians in China, Korea, the Philippines, Indochina, and other Pacific island nations, as well as tens of thousands of Allied POWs. Tōjō is also implicated in government-sanctioned experiments on POWs and Chinese civilians (see Unit 731). Human subject research (HSR or human subject use (HSU involves the use of human beings as research subjects was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during Like his German counterparts, Tōjō often claimed to be carrying out orders; in his case those of the Emperor, who was granted immunity from war crimes prosecution.
Many historians criticize the work made by MacArthur and his staff to exonerate Emperor Showa and all members of the imperial family from criminal prosecutions. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death According to them, MacArthur and Brigadier-general Bonner Fellers worked to protect the Emperor from the role he had played during and at the end of the war and attribute ultimate responsibility to Tōjō. Bonner Frank Fellers (1896 - 1973 was a US Army officer who served during World War II as Military attaché and Psychological warfare director [12]
According to the written report of Shuichi Mizota (Mizota Shūichi), the interpreter of admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, Fellers met the two men at his office on 6 March 1946 and told Yonai that : "it would be most convenient if the Japanese side could prove to us that the Emperor is completely blameless. ( 2 March 1880 - 20 April 1948) was an Admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, and Politician. I think the forthcoming trials offer the best opportunity to do that. Tōjō, in particular, should be made to bear all responsibility at this trial. "[13]
The sustained intensity of this campaign to protect the Emperor was revealed when, in testifying before the tribunal on 31 December 1947, Tōjō momentarily strayed from the agreed-on line concerning imperial innocence and referred to the Emperor's ultimate authority. The American-led prosecution immediately arranged that he be secretly coached to recant this testimony. Ryukichi Tanaka, a former general who testified at the trial and had close connections with chief prosecutor Joseph Keenan, was used as an intermediary to persuade Tōjō to revise his testimony. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II Biography Tanaka was born in what is now part of Yasugi city, Shimane prefecture Joseph Berry Keenan (1888-1954 was a United States Political figure. [14]
Legacy
Tōjō's commemorating tomb is located in a shrine in Hazu, Aichi, and he is one of those enshrined at the controversial Yasukuni Shrine. is a town located in Hazu District, Aichi, Japan. As of 2003, the town has an estimated Population of 12869 and a density is a Shinto shrine located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is dedicated to the Kami (spirits of Soldiers He was survived by a number of his descendants, including his granddaughter, Yuko Tojo, a right-wing activist and political hopeful who claims Japan's was a war of self-defense and that it was unfair that her grandfather was judged a Class-A war criminal. is a Granddaughter of General Hideki Tojo, the Wartime Prime minister who was hanged as a war criminal after World War II. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities Tōjō's second son, Teruo Tōjō, who designed fighter and passenger aircraft during and after the war, eventually served as an executive at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.
In the United States, Tōjō is probably most remembered as a propaganda poster from World War II, in which he urges Americans to "take day off". The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Notes
- ^ Toland, The Rising Sun
- ^ (Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 417, citing the Sugiyama memo)
- ^ Kido Koichi nikki, Bungei Shunjûsha, 1990, p. 914
- ^ Akira Fujiwara, Shôwa tennô no ju-go nen sensô (The Shôwa Emperor's Fifteen Years War), Aoki Shoten, 1991, p. 126
- ^ Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, Harper Collins, 2001, p. 418, Terasaki Hidenari,Shôwa tennô dokuhakuroku, Bungei Shunjûsha, 1991, p. 118
- ^ Peter Wetzler, Hirohito and War, 1998, p. 51,52
- ^ (Peter Wetzler, Hirohito and war, University of Hawai'i press, 1998, p. 47-50, Bix, ibid. p. 421)
- ^ (Wetzler, ibid. p. 29, 35)
- ^ (Wetzler, ibid. p. 28-30, 39)
- ^ Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945. New York: Random House, 871–872. LCCN 77-117669. The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United
- ^ (Toland, ibid, p. 873))
- ^ Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the making of modern Japan, 2001, p. 583-585, John Dower, Embracing defeat, 1999, p. 324-326
- ^ Kumao Toyoda, Sensō saiban yoroku, Taiseisha Kabushiki Kaisha, 1986, p. 170-172, Bix, ibid. p. 584
- ^ Dower, ibid. p. 325, 604-605
External links
- Template:Prime Ministers of Japan-NDL
- Hideki Tojo Biography.
- WW2DB: Hideki Tojo
- Hideki Tojo Quotes
- Trial Watch
- Address by Tojo Hideki, Premier of Japan
| Preceded by Hajime Sugiyama |
Chief of General Staff 1944 |
Succeeded by Yoshijiro Umezu |
| Preceded by Shunroku Hata |
War Minister 1940-1944 |
Succeeded by Hajime Sugiyama |
| Preceded by Harumichi Tanabe |
Home Minister 1941-1942 |
Succeeded by Michio Yuzawa |
| Preceded by Shigenori Togo |
Minister for Foreign Affairs 1942 |
Succeeded by Masayuki Tani |
| Preceded by Kunihiko Hashida |
Minister for Education 1942 |
Succeeded by Nagakage Okabe |
| Preceded by Nobusuke Kishi |
Minister of Commerce 1943 |
Succeeded by abolished |
| Preceded by none |
Minister of Munitions 1943-1944 |
Succeeded by Ginjiro Fujiwara |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tojo, Hideki |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | 東條 英機 (Kyūjitai); 東条 英機 (Shinjitai); Tōjō Hideki (transliteration) |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Prime Minister of Japan |
| DATE OF BIRTH | December 30, 1884 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Tokyo, Japan |
| DATE OF DEATH | December 23, 1948 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Tokyo, Japan |