True colour image of Ireland, captured by a NASA satellite on 4 January 2003. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Scotland, the Isle of Man, Wales and a part of south west England are visible to the east. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Hibernia is the Classical Latin name for the island of Ireland. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world

Etymology

Hibernia, the Roman name for Ireland, was taken from Greek geographical accounts, particularly Claudius Ptolemy's Geographia, where it appears as Ἰουερνία Iouernia. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Geographia or Geography is Ptolemy 's main work besides the Almagest. The spelling Hibernia was likely influenced by the unrelated Latin word hibernus meaning "wintry. " Several variant forms of the name existed in Latin.

Iouernia was a Greek alteration of the Q-Celtic name *īweriū, stem *īwerion-, from which eventually arose the Modern Irish name Éire. The Goidelic languages, (also sometimes called particularly in colloquial situations the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) historically formed a Dialect Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Éire (ˈeːrʲə) is the Irish name for the island of Ireland and of the state of the same name. The original meaning of the name is thought to be "land of eternal winter". Other Greek forms of the same name existed, e. g. Iernē (Ἰέρνη), the name given to Ireland by Pytheas of Massilia, a 4th c. Dates Pliny says that Timaeus (born about 350 BC believed Pytheas' story of the discovery of Amber. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ BC Greek merchant and explorer. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca

Hibernia in the historical record

The island of Ireland was never incorporated into the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The fact that the Romans never occupied Ireland meant that Roman influence on Ireland was limited to contacts with Britain and other conquered provinces of the Empire. ^[1] The Ulster historian Richard Warner has theorised that the Midlands leader Tuathal Techtmhar, usually thought mythical, was in fact historical and went to Britain to get Roman support for his military campaigns (along with other later exiles). If there is any truth in this hypothesis, the Romans may have had a greater influence on the southeast of Ireland than normally thought by scholars. ^[2] Overall, the relative lack of Roman influence on Ireland meant that it preserved its ancient Celtic culture to a much greater degree than continental countries such as Gaul. ^[3]

Irish tribal expeditions harried the Roman provinces of Britannia (Britain) and Gaul (France) as evidenced from surviving Roman texts. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

In the early first century, Roman and Greek knowledge of Ireland was thin. The geographers Strabo and Pomponius Mela describe a cold land inhabited by savages who feast on the flesh of their dead fathers, where, despite the cold, the grazing was so tasty and lush that cattle exploded if allowed to eat unchecked. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. Pomponius Mela, who wrote around AD 43, was the earliest Roman Geographer.

By the second century, the geographer Ptolemy gave coordinates for a surprisingly detailed map of Ireland, naming tribes, towns, rivers and headlands. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca This information could have come from a variety of sources but does demonstrate the increasing knowledge and interest in Ireland.

Irish written history does not mention Rome at all. If Rome is referred to by some other name, no one has yet put a convincing case forward.

However, the lack of written history does not mean that Rome or the Roman province of Britannia did not significantly interact with Ireland. Britannia was the term originally used by the Romans to refer first to the British Isles, and later to the island of Great Britain.

Ireland and its neighbours

From early in the archaeological record, the peoples of North West Europe, including Britain, Gaul, Spain and Ireland had mutually warred, traded and settled. The archaeological record is a term used in Archaeology to denote all archaeological evidence, including the physical remains of past human activities which Archaeologists

Significant British settlement in the Southwest of Ireland occurred around year 1. Year 1 ( I) was a Common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Ptolemy, in 100s, records Irish tribal names identical to those of tribes in Gaul and Britain, suggesting significant settlement, particularly of the Brigantes and Belgae. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Brigantes were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled the largest section of Northern England and a significant part of the Midlands The Belgae were a group of tribes living in northern Gaul in the 1st century BC and later also attested in Britain.

At this time Ireland, western and central Europe was home to several Celtic peoples, with their associated Celtic religion, supervised by the Druids. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Celtic mythology is the Mythology of Celtic polytheism, apparently the Religion of the Iron Age Celts Like other Iron Age A druid was a member of the priestly and learned class in the ancient Celtic societies In Ireland and Britain, its peoples shared a broadly similar Celtic heritage. The Isle of Anglesey, Welsh Ynys Môn, was the centre of the Druidic religion, just across the Irish Sea from Ireland. History There are numerous Megalithic monuments and Menhirs present on Anglesey testifying to the presence of mankind in prehistory Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic The Irish Sea ( Irish: Muir Éireann or Muir Meann; Scottish Gaelic: Muir Eireann Welsh: Môr Iwerddon,

Transport and communication was often along rivers and coasts, with the Irish Sea being a part of this network. When Julius Caesar briefly invaded southern England in 54 BC, he received the submission of many tribes, including that of the Orcadians in the Orkney Islands, north of Scotland. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Year 54 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Appius Claudius Pulcher and Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Communications could be long distance, but whether any Irish knew of the Romans at this time is uncertain.

Rome often projected its power beyond its boundaries. Beyond the West coast of Britannia was the Irish Sea, with many easy crossings, and many distinctive mountain landmarks to ease navigation. The spread of Roman power to Ireland's neighbours would have had significant effects on Ireland.

By 51 BC French Gaul had been conquered by the Romans, with the permanent garrisoning of Britain starting after the second invasion in 43. Year 51 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Marcus Claudius Marcellus Year 43 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. England and Wales would remain within the Roman Empire for another 350 years.

Revolts by the newly subjugated British tribes may have increased settlement from Britain to Ireland and reduced settlement in the other direction. Events such as the destruction of the druidic shrine and sacred groves at Anglesey in 60 by the Roman general Suetonius Paulinus surely would have been noticed in Ireland. Year 60 was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, also spelled Paullinus, (flourished 1st century) was a Roman general

Evidence of Roman influence

Generally in Ireland, Roman material is rare and found in different contexts from the native La Tene material. The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site No roads have been identified as being Roman, and no large Roman settlements have been found. However in the southeast of Ireland, where native material is rare, Roman-style cemeteries and large quantities of Roman artifacts have been found.

A group of burials on Lambay Island, off the coast of County Dublin, contained Roman brooches and decorative metalware of a style also found in northern England from the late first century. Lambay Island ( lies off the coast of north County Dublin, Ireland, north of Ireland's Eye. County Dublin (Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath or more correctly today the Dublin Region ( Réigiúin Átha Cliath) is the area that contains the city of Dublin However this could represent, for example, Brigantes fleeing reprisal from the crushed revolt of 74. Year 74 was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.

Three places in Ireland have all produced early and late Roman archaeological material: the midland ritual complex of Tara, the northern hillfort of Clogher, and Cashel, in the south. The Hill of Tara ( Irish Teamhair na Rí, "Hill of the Kings" located near the River Boyne, is an archaeological complex that runs Clogher ( Clochar in Irish) is a Village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, situated on the River Blackwater, 18 Cashel (Caiseal Mumhan meaning Stone Fortress of Munster) is a Town in County Tipperary, in the southern midlands of Ireland, which is also Tara and Clogher have no native finds of similar age, and the name "Cashel" is thought to derive from the Latin castellum. Each of the three became capital of a new kingdom, and each kingdom's traditions place their origins in Britain. British settlers whose arrival would explain those traditions could have been either supported by, or fleeing from, Roman influence.

At Drumanagh, 25 km north of Dublin, a large (200,000 m²) site been was identified, by 1995, as possibly Roman. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Consisting of a peninsula defended by three rows of parallel ditches on the landward side, the site appears to have been a port or bridgehead.

Roman coins have been found at Newgrange. Newgrange (Dún Fhearghusa is one of the Passage tombs of the Brú na Bóinne complex in County Meath, one of the most famous ^[4]

Roman cultural influences can be seen in the "penannular brooch" (incorporating a ring that is interrupted by a gap) used to fasten Irish cloaks in the 4th through 11th centuries, which is traced to a style of Romano-British brooch, the early medieval Irish sword, which is traced to the Roman spatha, and, some argue, the rapid adoption of Christianity. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century Romano-British culture is that of the Romanized Britons under the Roman Empire and later the Western Roman Empire, and of those exposed to Roman culture in the years The spatha was a type of straight Sword with a long point measuring between 0 Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings

Tuathal

Tuathal was, in the Irish myths, a High King of Ireland. A High King of Ireland ( Ard Rí na hÉireann) is a historical or legendary figure who claimed lordship over the whole of Ireland. He was the son of a High King Fiacha Finnfolaidh. Fiacha Finnolach, son of Feradach Finnfechtnach, was according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition a High King of Ireland. His father was overthrown and killed in a revolt by the King of Ulster. Ulster ( Ulaidh ˈkwɪɟɪ ˈʌlˠu / ˈʌlˠi is one of the four provinces of Ireland, in addition to Connacht, Munster and Leinster Tuathal's mother, who was the daughter of the King of Alba (Britain at the time, because Alba became the name for Scotland later on), fled to Britain with her son. Alba is the Scottish Gaelic name (ˈalˠ̪əpə for Scotland. 20 years later he returned to Ireland, defeated his father's enemies in a series of battles and subdued the entire country. He became High King at Tara, on the Irish East Coast. The Hill of Tara ( Irish Teamhair na Rí, "Hill of the Kings" located near the River Boyne, is an archaeological complex that runs There he convened a conference where he established laws. He annexed territory from each of the other four provinces to create the central province of Míde (Meath). Four fortresses were built, one for each of the four areas of land.

Some consider him to be the first real High King. The dating of Irish history/mythology is prone to error; however, the most popular belief is that Tuathal was exiled in 56 CE and reigned from around 80 to 100. Year 56 was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 80 was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.

Tacitus, the Roman author, tells us that around this time Agricola had with him an Irish chieftain who later returned to conquer Ireland with an army. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. Juvenal later wrote that Roman arms were "taken beyond the shores of Ireland. The " Excavations at sites linked to the tale of Tuathal have produced Roman material of the late 1st or early 2nd centuries. It would be consistent for Tuathal to have been that Irish chieftain.

Modern usage

Hibernia is a word that is rarely used today with regard to Ireland. It is occasionally used for names of organisations and various other things; for instance: Hibernia National Bank, Ancient Order of Hibernians, The Hibernian magazine, Hibernia College, Hibernian Football Club, HMS Hibernia, the Hibernia oil field, and modern derivatives, from Latin like Respublica Hibernica (Irish Republic) and Universitas Hiberniae Nationalis (National University of Ireland). Hibernia National Bank, founded in 1870, was a personal banking and commercial lending institution headquartered in New Orleans Louisiana. The Ancient Order of Hibernians ( AOH) is an Irish-Catholic Fraternal organization. The Hibernian was a monthly Irish magazine with the subtitle “Faith Family and Country” Hibernian Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Leith, in the north of Edinburgh. Four Ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Hibernia after the Latin name of Ireland. Hibernia is the name of a petroleum field located in the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately 315 kilometres east-southeast of St Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Irish Republic ( Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann or Saorstát Éireann) was a unilaterally declared independent state of Ireland proclaimed The National University of Ireland ( NUI) (Ollscoil na hÉireann is a federal University system of constituent universities, previously called The compound form Hiberno- remains more common, as in Hiberno-Norse, Hiberno-English, Hiberno-Scottish, Hibernophile etc. The Norse-Gaels were a people who dominated much of the Irish Sea region and western Scotland for a large part of the Middle Ages, who were of Scandinavian Hiberno-English also known as Anglo-Irish and Irish English is English as spoken in Ireland, partly the result of the interaction of the English A Hibernophile is a person who is fond of Irish culture, Irish language and Ireland in general

Notes

See also

• Ireland
• Hibernophile