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Herpesviridae

Virus classification
Group: Group I (dsDNA)
Family: Herpesviridae
Genera

Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae
   Simplexvirus
   Varicellovirus
   Mardivirus
   Iltovirus
Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae
   Cytomegalovirus
   Muromegalovirus
   Roseolovirus
Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae
   Lymphocryptovirus
   Rhadinovirus
Unassigned
   Ictalurivirus

The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans. Virus classification involves naming and placing Viruses into a taxonomic system A DNA virus is a Virus that has DNA as its Genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Alphaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae primarily distinguished by reproducing more quickly than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae Herpes simplex is a Viral disease caused by Herpes simplex viruses both herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1 and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2 cause herpes simplex Varicellovirus (var′i-sel′ō-vi′rŭs is a genus of Alphaherpesvirinae. Mardivirus is a recently established genus within the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1 (also known as Avian herpesvirus 1) is a Virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes avian infectious Betaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae distinguished by reproducing less quickly than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae Cytomegalovirus (CMV (from the Greek cyto-, "cell" and -megalo-, "large" is a viral Roseolovirus refers to both Human Herpesvirus Six and Seven, both members of the Betaherpesviridae subfamily of Herpesvirus. Gammaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae distinguished by reproducing at a more variable rate than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae Lymphocryptoviruses (LCV gamma-1 herpesviruses are a Genus of herpesviruses that include the human Epstein-Barr virus as well as viruses that infect Rhadinoviruses are a genus of Herpesviruses that include the Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8 also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV which causes In Biological classification, family ( Latin A DNA virus is a Virus that has DNA as its Genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. [1] [2] [3] The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein ("to creep"), referring to the latent, re-occurring infections typical of this group of viruses. An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Herpesviridae can cause latent or lytic infections. Chronic since 1992 ( talk) 2200 12 December 2007 (UTC --> Virus latency lytic cycle is one of the two cycles of viral Reproduction, the other being the Lysogenic cycle.

Contents

Viral structure

Herpes viruses all share a common structure—all herpesviruses are composed of relatively large double-stranded, linear DNA genomes encoding 100-200 genes encased within an icosahedral protein cage called the capsid which is itself wrapped in a lipid bilayer membrane called the envelope. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance In Geometry, an icosahedron ( Greek: eikosaedron, from eikosi twenty + hedron seat /ˌaɪ For the leaf bug see Miridae. A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. A lipid bilayer or bilayer lipid membrane ( BLM) is a membrane composed of Lipid molecules (usually Phospholipids. Many Viruses (eg influenza and many animal viruses have viral envelopes covering their protein Capsids The envelopes are typically derived from portions of This particle is known as the virion. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable

Herpes virus life-cycle

All Herpes viruses are nuclear-replicating—the viral DNA is transcribed to RNA within the infected cell's nucleus. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units In Cell biology, the nucleus (pl nuclei; from Latin la ''nucleus'' or la ''nuculeus'' "little nut" or kernel is a membrane-enclosed

Infection is initiated when a viral particle contacts a cell with specific types of receptor molecules on the cell surface. Transmembrane receptors are Integral membrane proteins which reside and operate typically within a cell's Plasma membrane, but also in the membranes of Following binding of viral envelope glycoproteins to cell membrane receptors, the virion is internalized and dismantled, allowing viral DNA to migrate to the cell nucleus. Not to be confused with Peptidoglycan. Glycoproteins are proteins that contain Oligosaccharide chains ( Glycans) covalently attached Within the nucleus, replication of viral DNA and transcription of viral genes occurs. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

During symptomatic infection, infected cells transcribe lytic viral genes. lytic cycle is one of the two cycles of viral Reproduction, the other being the Lysogenic cycle. In some host cells, a small number of viral genes termed latency associated transcript (LAT) accumulate instead. HHV Latency Associated Transcript ( HHV LAT) is a length of RNA which accumulates in cells hosting long-term or latent, Human Herpes Virus (HHV In this fashion the virus can persist in the cell (and thus the host) indefinitely. While primary infection is often accompanied by a self-limited period of clinical illness, long-term latency is symptom-free.

Reactivation of latent viruses has been implicated in a number of diseases (e. g. Shingles). Herpes zoster (or simply zoster) commonly known as shingles, is a Viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with Blisters in a limited Following activation, transcription of viral genes transitions from latency-associated LAT to multiple lytic genes; these lead to enhanced replication and virus production. Often, lytic activation leads to cell death. Programmed cell-death ( PCD) is death of a cell in any form mediated by an intracellular program Clinically, lytic activation is often accompanied by emergence of non-specific symptoms such as low grade fever, headache, sore throat, malaise, and rash as well as clinical signs such as swollen or tender lymph nodes and immunological findings such as reduced levels of natural killer cells. Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness an "out of sorts" feeling often the first indication of an infection or other disease A Lymph node ( lɪmf noʊd is an organ consisting of many types of cells and is a part of the Lymphatic system. Natural killer cells (or NK cells) are a type of Cytotoxic Lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the Innate immune system.

Human herpesviridae infections

There are eight distinct viruses in this family known to cause disease in humans. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly [4]

Human Herpesvirus (HHV) classification[4][1]
Type Synonym Subfamily Pathophysiology
HHV-1 Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) α (Alpha) Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly orofacial)
HHV-2 Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) α Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly genital)
HHV-3 Varicella zoster virus (VZV) α Chickenpox and shingles
HHV-4 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), lymphocryptovirus γ (Gamma) Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients,
post-transplant lymphoproliferative syndrome (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HIV-associated hairy leukoplakia
HHV-5 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) β (Beta) Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome,[5] retinitis, etc. Pathophysiology is the study of the disturbance of normal Mechanical, Physical, and Biochemical functions either caused by a Disease, or resulting Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 ( HSV-1 and HSV-2) are two species of the herpes virus family Herpesviridae, which cause infections Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 ( HSV-1 and HSV-2) are two species of the herpes virus family Herpesviridae, which cause infections Varicella zoster virus ( VZV) is one of eight herpes viruses known to infect humans (and other vertebrates Chickenpox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with Varicella zoster virus (VZV Herpes zoster (or simply zoster) commonly known as shingles, is a Viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with Blisters in a limited The Epstein-Barr Virus ( EBV) also called Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4 is a Virus of the herpes family (which includes Herpes Infectious mononucleosis, also known as Pfeiffer's disease, mono (in The United States of America) and more commonly known as glandular Burkitt lymphoma (or "Burkitt's tumor" or "Malignant lymphoma Burkitt's type" is a cancer of the lymphatic system (in particular B lymphocytes A carcinoma is any Malignant Cancer that arises from epithelial cells. Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance Cytomegalovirus (CMV (from the Greek cyto-, "cell" and -megalo-, "large" is a viral Infectious mononucleosis, also known as Pfeiffer's disease, mono (in The United States of America) and more commonly known as glandular Retinitis is Inflammation of the Retina in the Eye. See also Retinitis pigmentosa Cytomegalovirus
HHV-6, -7 Roseolovirus β Sixth disease (roseola infantum or exanthem subitum)
HHV-8 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
(KSHV), a type of rhadinovirus		 γ Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, some types of multicentric Castleman's disease

Zoonotic infections

In addition to the Herpes viruses considered endemic in humans, some viruses associated primarily with animals may infect humans. Roseolovirus refers to both Human Herpesvirus Six and Seven, both members of the Betaherpesviridae subfamily of Herpesvirus. Exanthem subitum (meaning sudden rash) also referred to as roseola infantum (or rose rash of infants) sixth disease (as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV) is the eighth human Herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is Rhadinoviruses are a genus of Herpesviruses that include the Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8 also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV which causes Kaposi's sarcoma (KS is a tumor caused by Human herpesvirus 8 ( HHV8) also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL is a B-cell lymphoma. Causes It is caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV also known as human herpesvirus Castleman's disease is a rare disorder characterized by non-cancerous growths (tumors that may develop in the lymph node tissue at a single site or throughout the body In Epidemiology, an Infection is said to be endemic (from Greek en- in or within + demos people in a Population when These are zoonotic infections:

Zoonotic Herpesviruses
Species Type Synonym Subfamily Human Pathophysiology
Macaque monkey CeHV-1 Cercopithecine herpesvirus-1, (Monkey B virus) α Very unusual, with only approximately 25 human cases reported. A zoonosis (ˌzoʊəˈnoʊsɨs or zoonose is any Infectious disease that is able to be transmitted (by a vector) from other Animals both wild and domestic The macaques (məˈkæk constitute a genus ( Macaca, /məˈkækə/ of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. Herpes B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 herpesvirus simiae, B virus is the endemic Simplexvirus of Macaque monkeys [6] Untreated infection is often deadly; sixteen of the 25 cases resulted in fatal encephalomyelitis. Encephalomyelitis is a general term for Inflammation of the Brain and Spinal cord, describing a number of disorders Acute disseminated At least four cases resulted in survival with severe neurologic impairment. [6][7] Symptom awareness and early treatment are important for laboratory workers facing exposure. [8]
Mouse MHV-68 Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 γ Zoonotic infection found in 4. A mouse (plural mice) is a small Animal that belongs to one A zoonosis (ˌzoʊəˈnoʊsɨs or zoonose is any Infectious disease that is able to be transmitted (by a vector) from other Animals both wild and domestic 5% of general population and more common in laboratory workers handling infected mice. [9] ELISA tests show factor-of-four (x4) false positive results, due to antibody cross-reaction with other Herpes viruses. In Statistics, the terms Type I error (also α error, or false positive) and type II error ( β error, or a false negative [9]

Animal herpesviridae

In animal virology the most important herpesviruses belong to the Alphaherpesvirinae. The study of animal viruses is important from a veterinary viewpoint and many of these viruses cause diseases that are economically devastating Alphaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae primarily distinguished by reproducing more quickly than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae Research on pseudorabies virus (PrV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs, has pioneered animal disease control with genetically modified vaccines. Pseudorabies is a viral disease in swine that is endemic in most parts of the world Pseudorabies is a viral disease in swine that is endemic in most parts of the world PrV is now extensively studied as a model for basic processes during lytic herpesvirus infection, and for unravelling molecular mechanisms of herpesvirus neurotropism, whereas bovine herpesvirus 1, the causative agent of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and pustular vulvovaginitis, is analyzed to elucidate molecular mechanisms of latency. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes several diseases worldwide in Cattle, including Rhinotracheitis The avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus is phylogenetically distant from these two viruses and serves to underline similarity and diversity within the Alphaherpesvirinae. [2] [3]

Taxonomy

The following genera are included here:

See also

Viruses templates

References

  1. ^ a b Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Alphaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae primarily distinguished by reproducing more quickly than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae Herpes simplex is a Viral disease caused by Herpes simplex viruses both herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1 and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2 cause herpes simplex Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 ( HSV-1 and HSV-2) are two species of the herpes virus family Herpesviridae, which cause infections Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 ( HSV-1 and HSV-2) are two species of the herpes virus family Herpesviridae, which cause infections Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 ( HSV-1 and HSV-2) are two species of the herpes virus family Herpesviridae, which cause infections Varicellovirus (var′i-sel′ō-vi′rŭs is a genus of Alphaherpesvirinae. Varicella zoster virus ( VZV) is one of eight herpes viruses known to infect humans (and other vertebrates Chickenpox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with Varicella zoster virus (VZV Herpes zoster (or simply zoster) commonly known as shingles, is a Viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with Blisters in a limited Mardivirus is a recently established genus within the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily Marek's disease is a highly contagious viral neoplastic disease in Chickens Occasionally misdiagnosed as an Abtissue pathology it is caused Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1 (also known as Avian herpesvirus 1) is a Virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes avian infectious Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1 (also known as Avian herpesvirus 1) is a Virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes avian infectious Betaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae distinguished by reproducing less quickly than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae Cytomegalovirus (CMV (from the Greek cyto-, "cell" and -megalo-, "large" is a viral Cytomegalovirus (CMV (from the Greek cyto-, "cell" and -megalo-, "large" is a viral Roseolovirus refers to both Human Herpesvirus Six and Seven, both members of the Betaherpesviridae subfamily of Herpesvirus. Gammaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae distinguished by reproducing at a more variable rate than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae Lymphocryptoviruses (LCV gamma-1 herpesviruses are a Genus of herpesviruses that include the human Epstein-Barr virus as well as viruses that infect The Epstein-Barr Virus ( EBV) also called Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4 is a Virus of the herpes family (which includes Herpes Infectious mononucleosis, also known as Pfeiffer's disease, mono (in The United States of America) and more commonly known as glandular Burkitt lymphoma (or "Burkitt's tumor" or "Malignant lymphoma Burkitt's type" is a cancer of the lymphatic system (in particular B lymphocytes Rhadinoviruses are a genus of Herpesviruses that include the Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8 also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV which causes Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV) is the eighth human Herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is The Cercopithecinae are a Subfamily of the Old World monkeys that includes in its roughly 71 species the Baboons the Macaques and the Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th ed. , McGraw Hill. ISBN 0838585299.  
  2. ^ a b Mettenleiter et al (2008). "Molecular Biology of Animal Herpesviruses", Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.  
  3. ^ a b Sandri-Goldin RM (editor). (2006). Alpha Herpesviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-09-7 .  
  4. ^ a b Whitley RJ (1996). Herpesviruses. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed. , Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.  
  5. ^ Bottieau E, Clerinx J, Van den Enden E, Van Esbroeck M, Colebunders R, Van Gompel A, Van den Ende J (2006). "Infectious mononucleosis-like syndromes in febrile travelers returning from the tropics. ". J Travel Med 13 (4): 191–7. PMID 16884400.  
  6. ^ a b Weigler BJ (1992 Feb). "Biology of B virus in macaque and human hosts: a review". Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 14 (2): 555–67. PMID 1313312.  
  7. ^ Huff J, Barry P (2003). "B-virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) infection in humans and macaques: potential for zoonotic disease". Emerg Infect Dis 9 (2): 246–50. PMID 12603998.  
  8. ^ Herpes-B Fact Sheet
  9. ^ a b Hricova M, Mistrikova J (2007). "Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 serum antibodies in general human population". Acta virologica 51 (4): 283–7. PMID 18197737.  
  10. ^ Fenner, Frank J. ; Gibbs, E. Paul J. ; Murphy, Frederick A. ; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J. ; White, David O. (1993). Veterinary Virology (2nd ed. ). Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-253056-X.  

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