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For other uses of "Antipas", see Antipas (disambiguation).
Herod Antipas
Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea

Coin of Herod Antipas
Reign 4 BC – AD 39
Born Before 20 BC
Died After AD 39
Place of death Gaul
Predecessor Herod the Great
Successor Agrippa I
Wives Daughter of Aretas IV of Nabatea
Herodias
Dynasty Herodian Dynasty
Father Herod the Great
Mother Malthace

Herod Antipas (short for Antipatros) (before 20 BC – after AD 39) was a first century AD ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter"). Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Perea ("the country beyond" a portion of the kingdom of Herod the Great occupying the eastern side of the Jordan River valley from about one third the Year 4 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 39 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 20 BC was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 39 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. For Gaul before the Roman conquest see Gaul. Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho For other with this name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Agrippa I also called the Great (10 BC - 44 AD) King of the Jews, Aretas IV Philopatris was the King of the Nabataeans from roughly 9 BC to AD 40 The Nabataeans ( Arabic: الأنباط, Al-Anbāṭ) were an ancient Semitic people Arabs of southern Jordan, Canaan Herodias (c 15 BC-after 39 AD was a Jewish princess of the Herodian Dynasty. The Herodian Dynasty was a Jewish Dynasty of Idumean descent who ruled Iudaea Province between 37 BC - AD 92 Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho Malthace was a Samaritan woman who lived in the latter half of the first century BCE Year 20 BC was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 39 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Perea ("the country beyond" a portion of the kingdom of Herod the Great occupying the eastern side of the Jordan River valley from about one third the Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals He is best known today for his role in the events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth, both from the accounts of these events in the New Testament and their portrayal in modern media such as film. Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE)

After inheriting his territories when the kingdom of his father Herod the Great was divided upon his death in 4 BC, Antipas ruled them as a client state of the Roman Empire. Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho Client state is one of several terms used to describe the subordination of one state to a more powerful state in international affairs The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial He was responsible for building projects at Sepphoris and Betharamphtha, and more importantly for the construction of his capital Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Tzippori (ציפורי also known by the Greek Sepphoris, in Latin Dioceserea, and the Arabic Saffuriya (صفورية or Suffurriye Tiberias ( British English: /taɪˈbɪəriæs -əs/ American English: /taɪˈbɪriəs/ טְבֶרְיָה Tverya; طبرية Ṭabariyyah The Sea of Galilee, also Sea of Genneseret, Lake Kinneret or Lake Tiberias (Hebrew ים כנרת) (Arabic بحيرة طبريا) Named in honor of his patron, the emperor Tiberius, the city later became a center of rabbinic learning. Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman Rabbinic Judaism or Rabbinism ( Hebrew: " Yehadut Rabanit " - יהדות רבנית is the mainstream religious system of post- diaspora

Antipas divorced his first wife, the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea, in favour of Herodias, who had formerly been married to his brother. Aretas IV Philopatris was the King of the Nabataeans from roughly 9 BC to AD 40 The Nabataeans ( Arabic: الأنباط, Al-Anbāṭ) were an ancient Semitic people Arabs of southern Jordan, Canaan Herodias (c 15 BC-after 39 AD was a Jewish princess of the Herodian Dynasty. According to the New Testament Gospels, it was John the Baptist's condemnation of this arrangement that led Antipas to have him arrested and put to death. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament The Gospel of Luke states that when Jesus was brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, Pilate handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been active. The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the However, Antipas sent him back to Pilate. The legal basis for these events, and the very historicity of Antipas' involvement in the trial, have been the subject of scholarly debate. Besides provoking his conflict with the Baptist, the tetrarch's divorce added a personal grievance to previous disputes with Aretas over territory on the border of Perea and Nabatea. The result was a war that proved disastrous for Antipas; a Roman counter-offensive was ordered by Tiberius, but abandoned upon that emperor's death in AD 37. In AD 39 Antipas was accused by his nephew Agrippa I of conspiracy against the new Roman emperor Caligula, who sent him into exile in Gaul. For other with this name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Agrippa I also called the Great (10 BC - 44 AD) King of the Jews, Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor For Gaul before the Roman conquest see Gaul. Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an unknown date.

Contents

Biography

Early life

Antipas was a son of Herod the Great, who had become king of Judea, and Malthace, who was from Samaria. Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Malthace was a Samaritan woman who lived in the latter half of the first century BCE Samaria, or the Shomron ( שֹׁמְרוֹן, Standard Šoməron Tiberian Šōmərôn [1] His date of birth is unknown but was before 20 BC. [2] Antipas, his full brother Archelaus and his half-brother Philip were educated in Rome. Herod Archelaus (23 BC – c 18 AD was the Ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Edom from 4 BC to 6 AD Not to be confused with Herod Philip I. Herod Philip II, or Philip the Tetrarch, was son of Herod the Great Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC [3]

Antipas was not Herod's first choice of heir. That honor fell to Aristobulus and Alexander, Herod's sons by the Hasmonaean princess Mariamme. Aristobulus IV (31 BCE-7 BCE was a prince of Judea from the Herodian dynasty, and was married to his cousin Berenice, daughter of Costobar and Salome It was only after they were executed (c. 7 BC), and Herod's oldest son Antipater was convicted of trying to poison his father (5 BC), that the now elderly Herod fell back on his youngest son Antipas, revising his will to make him heir. [4] During his fatal illness in 4 BC, Herod had yet another change of heart about the succession. According to the final version of his will, Antipas' elder brother Archelaus was now to become king of Judea, Idumea and Samaria, while Antipas would rule Galilee and Perea with the lesser title of tetrarch. "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Perea ("the country beyond" a portion of the kingdom of Herod the Great occupying the eastern side of the Jordan River valley from about one third the Philip was to receive Gaulanitis (the Golan Heights), Batanaea (southern Syria), Trachonitis and Auranitis (Hauran). This article was originally based on an entry from a Public domain edition of the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Borders of Israel The Golan Heights ( الجولان al-Jawlān, הגולן ha-Golan) is a strategic Plateau and mountainous Appears in Scripture only in the phrase "tes Itouraias kai Trachbnitidos choras" literally "of the Iturean and Trachonian region" ( Luke 31 Hauran, also Hawran or Houran, ( حوران, is the southwestern region of modern-day Syria, it extends to the far northwestern region of modern-day [5]

Because of Judea's status as a Roman client kingdom, Herod's plans for the succession had to be ratified by Augustus. Satellite state is a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent but under heavy influence or control by another country The three heirs therefore travelled to Rome to make their claims, Antipas arguing he ought to inherit the whole kingdom and the others maintaining that Herod's final will ought to be honored. Despite qualified support for Antipas from Herodian family members in Rome, who favoured direct Roman rule of Judea but considered Antipas preferable to his brother, Augustus largely confirmed the division of territory set out by Herod in his final will. Archelaus had, however, to be content with the title of ethnarch rather than king. [6]

Reign

To circa AD 29

The Division of Herod's Kingdom:      Territory under Herod Archelaus, from 6 Iudaea Province     Territory under Herod Antipas     Territory under Herod Philip II     Salome I (cities of Jabneh, Azotas, Phaesalis)     Roman province of Syria     Autonomous cities (Decapolis)
The Division of Herod's Kingdom:
     Territory under Herod Archelaus, from 6 Iudaea Province     Territory under Herod Antipas     Territory under Herod Philip II     Salome I (cities of Jabneh, Azotas, Phaesalis)     Roman province of Syria     Autonomous cities (Decapolis)

While Archelaus was deemed incompetent by Augustus and replaced with a prefect in AD 6, Antipas would govern Galilee and Perea for forty-two years. Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho Herod Archelaus (23 BC – c 18 AD was the Ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Edom from 4 BC to 6 AD Year 6 ( VI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Not to be confused with Herod Philip I. Herod Philip II, or Philip the Tetrarch, was son of Herod the Great See Salome (disambiguation for other holders of this name including Salome, John the Baptist's nemesis Yavne (יַבְנֶה ياڨني or يبنة Yibnah; Iamnia traditional English spelling Jabneh or Jamnia) is a city in the Center District Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic The Decapolis ( Greek: deka, ten polis, city was a group of ten cities on the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire in Jordan Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i Year 6 ( VI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. [7] These territories were separated by the region of the Decapolis, with Galilee to the north and Perea to the south (see map). The Decapolis ( Greek: deka, ten polis, city was a group of ten cities on the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire in Jordan Threats to stability in both areas would have been clear to Antipas when he took office. While he had been making his case to Augustus in Rome, dissidents led by one Judas son of Hezekiah had attacked the palace of Sepphoris in Galilee, seizing money and weapons with which they terrorised the area. Tzippori (ציפורי also known by the Greek Sepphoris, in Latin Dioceserea, and the Arabic Saffuriya (صفورية or Suffurriye [8] In a counterattack ordered by Quinctilius Varus, Roman governor of Syria, Sepphoris was destroyed by fire and its inhabitants sold as slaves. [9] Perea, meanwhile, bordered on the kingdom of Nabatea, which had long had uneasy relations with Romans and Jews. The Nabataeans ( Arabic: الأنباط, Al-Anbāṭ) were an ancient Semitic people Arabs of southern Jordan, Canaan [10]

Part of Antipas' solution was to follow in his father's footsteps as a builder. He rebuilt and fortified Sepphoris, while also adding a wall to Betharamphtha in Perea. [11] The latter city was renamed Livias after Augustus' wife Livia, and later Julias after his daughter. Livia Drusilla, after 14 AD called Julia Augusta ( Classical Latin: LIVIA•DRVSILLA IVLIA•AVGVSTA (58 BC-29 AD was the wife of Julia the Elder (October 39 BC - 14 known to her contemporaries as Julia Caesaris filia or Julia Augusti filia ( Classical Latin: IVLIA•CAESARIS•FILIA [12] However, the tetrarch's most noted construction was his capital on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee – Tiberias, so named to honor his patron Tiberius, who had succeeded Augustus as emperor in AD 14. The Sea of Galilee, also Sea of Genneseret, Lake Kinneret or Lake Tiberias (Hebrew ים כנרת) (Arabic بحيرة طبريا) Tiberias ( British English: /taɪˈbɪəriæs -əs/ American English: /taɪˈbɪriəs/ טְבֶרְיָה Tverya; طبرية Ṭabariyyah Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman [13] Residents could bathe nearby at the warm springs of Emmaus, and by the time of the First Jewish-Roman War the city's own buildings included a stadium, a royal palace and a sanctuary for prayer. Bathing is the immersion of the body in a Fluid, usually Water or an aqueous solution Emmaus ( Greek: Ἐμμαούς Emmaus חמת Hammat, meaning "warm spring" عِمواس‎ Imwas) was an ancient town located approximately [14] It gave its name to the sea and later became a center of rabbinic learning. Rabbinic Judaism or Rabbinism ( Hebrew: " Yehadut Rabanit " - יהדות רבנית is the mainstream religious system of post- diaspora [15] However, pious Jews at first refused to live in it because it was built atop a graveyard and therefore a source of ritual impurity; Antipas had to colonise it using a mixture of foreigners, forced migrants, poor people and freed slaves. Tumah is a state of ritual impurity in Halakha ( Jewish law A person or item which contracts tumah is said to be tamei, or "impure Forced migration (also called deracination) refers to the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their Home or home Region. [16]

At other times Antipas was more sensitive to Jewish tradition. His coins carried no images, which would have violated Jewish prescriptions against idolatry. Idolatry is usually defined as Worship of any Cult image, Idea, or object, as opposed to the worship of a monotheistic God. [17] When Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea from AD 26 to 36, caused offence by placing votive shields in the royal palace at Jerusalem, Antipas and his brothers successfully petitioned for their removal. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the [18]

John the Baptist and Jesus

Map of Israel/Palestine in the 1st century AD
Map of Israel/Palestine in the 1st century AD

Early in his reign, Antipas had married the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea. Aretas IV Philopatris was the King of the Nabataeans from roughly 9 BC to AD 40 The Nabataeans ( Arabic: الأنباط, Al-Anbāṭ) were an ancient Semitic people Arabs of southern Jordan, Canaan However, while staying in Rome with his half-brother Herod (son of Herod the Great and Mariamne II), he fell in love with his host's wife Herodias (granddaughter of Herod the Great and Mariamne I). Herod Philip I (ca 27 BC - 33 AD was the son of Herod the Great and Mariamne II, the daughter of Simon Boethus the High Priest (Mark 617 Mariamne II was the third wife of Herod the Great. She was the daughter of Simon Boethus the High Priest. Herodias (c 15 BC-after 39 AD was a Jewish princess of the Herodian Dynasty. Mariamne I (48 BCE to 29 BCE was the second wife of Herod the Great. Antipas and Herodias agreed to divorce their previous spouses in order to marry each other. [19] On learning of this, Aretas' daughter travelled to the fortress of Machaerus, from where Nabatean forces escorted her to her father. Machaerus (ِقلة المشناقى Qalatu l-Mishnāqá, Hebrew Mechwar) is a fortified hilltop palace located in Jordan fifteen miles (24 km Relations between Antipas and Aretas soured and in time preparations began for war. [20]

Antipas faced more immediate problems in his own tetrarchy when John the Baptist – in AD 28/29 according to the Gospel of Luke[21] – began a ministry of preaching and baptism by the Jordan River, which marked the western edge of Antipas' territory of Perea. Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia The New Testament Gospels state that John attacked the tetrarch's marriage as contrary to Jewish law, while Josephus says that John's public influence made him fearful of rebellion. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus [22] John was imprisoned in Machaerus and executed. [23] According to Matthew and Mark, Herod was reluctant to order John's death but was compelled by Herodias' daughter (unnamed in the text but traditionally Salome), to whom he had promised any reward she chose in exchange for her dancing. The Gospel of Matthew (Gk Κατά Ματθαίον Ευαγγέλιον is one of the four Canonical gospels in the New Testament and is a Synoptic gospel Content Authorship The gospel itself is anonymous but as early as Papias in the early 2nd century a text was attributed to Mark, a cousin SALOME (pronounced in English using the French sah-loh-may is the Open Source Integration Platform for Numerical Simulation [24]

Among those baptized by John was Jesus of Nazareth, who began his own ministry in Galilee – causing Antipas, according to Matthew and Mark, to fear that the Baptist had been raised from the dead. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) This article concerns itself with Jesus Christ Christian, Islamic and other religious interpretations of resurrection in general [25] Luke alone among the Gospels states that a group of Pharisees warned Jesus that Antipas was plotting his death, whereupon Jesus denounced the tetrarch as a "fox" and declared that he, Jesus, would not fall victim to such a plot because "it cannot be that a prophet should perish away from Jerusalem". The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small [26] Luke also credits the tetrarch with a role in Jesus' trial. According to Luke, Pilate, on learning that Jesus was a Galilean and therefore under Herod's jurisdiction, sent him to Antipas, who was also in Jerusalem at the time. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Jesus, hoping to see him perform a miracle, but when Jesus remained silent in the face of questioning Antipas mocked him and sent him back to Pilate. A miracle is an event believed to be caused by interposition of Divine intervention by a Supernatural being in the Universe by which the ordinary operation Luke says that these events improved relations between Pilate and Herod despite their earlier enmity. [27]

The reason for Antipas' involvement has been debated. Theodor Mommsen argued that the normal legal procedure of the early Roman empire was for defendants to be tried by the authorities of their home provinces. Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen ( 30 November 1817 &ndash 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, [28] A. N. Sherwin-White re-examined the relevant legal texts and concluded that trials were generally based on the location of the alleged crimes, but that there was a possibility of referral to a province of origin in special cases. Adrian Nicholas Sherwin-White ( 10 August 1911 &ndash 1 November 1993) was a British Historian of Ancient Rome [29] If Pilate was not required to send Jesus to Antipas, he may have been making a show of courtesy to the tetrarch[30] and trying to avoid the need to deal with the Jewish authorities himself. [31] When Jesus was sent back, Pilate could still have represented Antipas' failure to convict as support for his own view (according to Luke) that Jesus was not guilty of a capital offence,[32] thus allowing him to avoid responsibility for Jesus' execution. [33]

Some scholars believe that Jesus' trial by Herod Antipas is unhistorical. [34] Robin Lane Fox, for example, argues that the story was invented based on Psalm 2, in which "the kings of the earth" are described as opposing the Lord's "anointed", and also served to show that the authorities failed to find grounds for convicting Jesus. Robin Lane Fox (born 1946 is an English Historian, currently a Fellow of New College Oxford and University of Oxford Reader in Ancient History Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included To anoint is to pour or smear with perfumed oil milk water melted butter or other substances a process employed ritually by many religions and races [35] Helen Bond argues that the trial is probably a literary composition designed to parallel the trials of Paul. [36]

Later reign

It was in AD 36 that the conflict with Aretas of Nabatea, caused by Antipas' divorce and the rulers' disagreement over territory, developed into open war. Antipas' army suffered a devastating defeat after fugitives from the former tetrarchy of Philip sided with the Nabateans, and Antipas was forced to appeal to Tiberius for help. Not to be confused with Herod Philip I. Herod Philip II, or Philip the Tetrarch, was son of Herod the Great The emperor ordered Lucius Vitellius, governor of Syria, to march against Aretas and ensure that he was captured or killed. This page is on Lucius Vitellius, the father of the emperor Vitellius. [37] Vitellius obediently mobilized two legions, sending them on a detour around Judea while he joined Antipas in attending a festival at Jerusalem. For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," While staying there he learned of the death of Tiberius (16 March AD 37), concluded he lacked the authority to go to war, and recalled his troops. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 37 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. [38]

Josephus implies that Vitellius was unwilling to cooperate with the tetrarch because of a grudge he bore from an earlier incident. According to his account, Antipas provided hospitality at a conference on the Euphrates between Vitellius and King Artabanus II of Parthia, and after Vitellius' diplomatic success anticipated the governor in sending a report to Tiberius. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Artabanus II of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire from about AD 10 to 38 Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran [39] However, other sources place the meeting between Vitellius and Artabanus under Tiberius' successor Caligula,[40] leading some historians to think that Josephus misdated it to the reign of Tiberius or conflated it with an earlier diplomatic meeting involving Antipas and Vitellius. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor [41]

Exile and death

Antipas' fall from power was due to Caligula and to his own nephew Agrippa, brother of Herodias. For other with this name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Agrippa I also called the Great (10 BC - 44 AD) King of the Jews, Herodias (c 15 BC-after 39 AD was a Jewish princess of the Herodian Dynasty. When Agrippa fell into debt during the reign of Tiberius despite his connections with the imperial family, Herodias persuaded Antipas to provide for him, but the two men quarrelled and Agrippa departed. After Agrippa was heard expressing to his friend Caligula his eagerness for Tiberius to die and leave room for Caligula to succeed him, he was imprisoned. When Caligula finally became emperor in AD 37, he not only released his friend but granted him rule of Philip's former tetrarchy (slightly extended), with the title of king. [42]

Josephus relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, persuaded Antipas to ask Caligula for the title of king for himself. However, Agrippa simultaneously presented the emperor with a list of charges against the tetrarch: allegedly, he had conspired against Tiberius with Sejanus (executed AD 31) and was now plotting against Caligula with Artabanus. Lucius Aelius Seianus (20 BC &ndash October 18 31 AD commonly known as Sejanus, was an ambitious soldier friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius As evidence, Agrippa noted that Antipas had a stockpile of weaponry sufficient for 70,000 men. Hearing Antipas' admission to this last charge, Caligula decided to credit the allegations of conspiracy. In the summer of AD 39, Antipas' money and territory were turned over to Agrippa, while he himself was exiled. [43] The place of his exile is given by Josephus' Antiquities as "Lugdunum" in Gaul. Antiquities of the Jews ( Antiquitates Judaicae in Latin) was a work published by the important Jewish historian Flavius Josephus about the For Gaul before the Roman conquest see Gaul. Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day [44] (This may mean the city of Lugdunum now known as Lyon,[45] or the less important Lugdunum Convenarum, modern Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges. This article is about the city in Gaul for other uses of Lugdunum see Lugdunum (disambiguation Colonia Copia Claudia Augusta Lugdunum (modern ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. [46]) Caligula offered to allow Herodias, as Agrippa's sister, to retain her property. However, she chose instead to join her husband in exile. [47]

Antipas died in exile. [48] The third-century historian Cassius Dio seems to imply that Caligula had him killed, but this is usually treated with skepticism by modern historians. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was [49]

Legacy

Among the followers of Jesus and members of the early Christian movement mentioned in the New Testament are Joanna, the wife of one of Antipas' stewards, and Manaen, a "foster-brother" or "companion" of Antipas (both translations are possible for the Greek σύντροφος). Joanna was one of the women associated with the ministry of Jesus of Nazareth, often considered to be one of the disciples. Saint Manahen (also Manaen) was a teacher of the Church of Antioch and the foster brother ( Gk. It has been conjectured that these were sources for early Christian knowledge of Antipas and his court. [50] In any case, Antipas featured prominently in the New Testament in connection with the deaths of John the Baptist and Jesus (see above). The pseudepigraphical Gospel of Peter went further, stating that it was Antipas rather than Pilate who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus. Pseudepigrapha (from Ancient Greek ψευδής The Gospel of Peter was a prominent passion narrative in the early History of Christianity, but over time passed out of common usage In line with the works's anti-Semitic theme, it pointedly remarked that Herod and "the Jews", unlike Pilate, refused to "wash their hands" of responsibility for the death. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility [51]

Antipas has appeared in a large number of more recent representations of the passion of Jesus – often, as in the films Jesus Christ Superstar and The Passion of the Christ, being portrayed as effeminate. This article describes the Christian Passion For other meanings see Passion. Jesus Christ Superstar is a 1973, Oscar-nominated film adaptation of the Rock opera of the same name, based on the last weeks of the life The Passion of the Christ is a 2004 film co-written co-produced and directed by Mel Gibson. The origin of this tradition may have been Antipas' manipulation by his wife Herodias, as well as Christ's description of him as a "fox" in Luke 13:32, using a feminine word in the original Greek. [52]

Notes

  1. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.20, War 1.562. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus Antiquities of the Jews ( Antiquitates Judaicae in Latin) was a work published by the important Jewish historian Flavius Josephus about the The Wars of the Jews (or The History of the
  2. ^ Milwitzky 638.
  3. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.20–21.
  4. ^ Bruce 6–7; Schürer 320–325.
  5. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.188–189, War 1.664.
  6. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.224–249, 299–323.
  7. ^ Bruce 8.
  8. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.271–272, War 2.56. This Judas may be identical with the Judas of Galilee who led resistance to the Census of Quirinius (Schürer 381). Judas of Galilee or Judas of Gamala led a violent resistance to a census imposed for Roman tax purposes by Quirinius (sometimes spelled "Cyrenius" The Census of Quirinius refers to a historical enrollment of the Roman Provinces of Syria and Iudaea for the purpose of taxation taken during the reign of
  9. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.288–289, War 2.68.
  10. ^ For Nabatean history, see Schürer 574–586.
  11. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.27, War 2.168.
  12. ^ Bruce 9; Schürer 342.
  13. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.36.
  14. ^ Schürer 342–343.
  15. ^ Bruce 9, citing John 6:1 and 21:1 for the "Sea of Tiberias".
  16. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.37–38.
  17. ^ Schürer 343 and n. 16.
  18. ^ Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius 299–305. Philo (20 BC - 50 AD) known also as Philo of Alexandria (gr Φίλων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς Philo Judaeus, Philo Judaeus of Alexandria
  19. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.109–110. Mark 6:17 calls Herodias' former husband Philip; either the author is confusing him with Philip the tetrarch, or both Herods shared the name Philip (Bruce 10 n. Not to be confused with Herod Philip I. Herod Philip II, or Philip the Tetrarch, was son of Herod the Great 16; Schürer 344 and n. 19).
  20. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.111–113.
  21. ^ Luke 3:1.
  22. ^ Matthew 14:3-4; Mark 6:17-18; Luke 3:19; Josephus, Antiquities 18.118.
  23. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.119.
  24. ^ Matthew 14:6-11; Mark 6:19-28.
  25. ^ Matthew 14:1-2; Mark 6:14-16; cf. Luke 9:7-9.
  26. ^ Luke 13:31-33. The "fox" had been interpreted as a symbol of either cunning or destruction (Schürer 342 and n. 5). Robert H. Gundry, noting that the Greek word is feminine, suggests that "Jesus is calling Herod a vixen . Robert Horton Gundry is a Biblical scholar He received his Ph . . not an animal to be afraid of or to run away from" (Gundry 3).
  27. ^ Luke 23:5-12.
  28. ^ Cited by Sherwin-White 28.
  29. ^ Sherwin-White 28–31.
  30. ^ Bruce 16–17; Hoehner 88.
  31. ^ Hoehner 88.
  32. ^ Luke 23:13-16; Bruce 17; Hoehner 89–90.
  33. ^ Hoehner 90.
  34. ^ Jensen 121.
  35. ^ Psalm 2:2 (also quoted in Acts 4:26); Lane Fox 297.
  36. ^ Bond 149.
  37. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.113–115; Schürer 350.
  38. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.120–126; Schürer 350.
  39. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.101–105.
  40. ^ Suetonius, Caligula 14.3; Dio 59.27.2–3. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was
  41. ^ Bruce 18–19; Schürer 350–351.
  42. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.143–239, War 2.178–181; Bruce 19–20.
  43. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.240–252, War 2.181–183. For the date, see Schürer 352–353 n. 42.
  44. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.252.
  45. ^ Bruce 21.
  46. ^ Schürer 352 n. 41, observing that the transmitted text of Josephus' War states that Antipas was exiled to Spain, and that Lugdunum Convenarum lay on the Gallic-Spanish border. The Wars of the Jews (or The History of the Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
  47. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 18.253–255.
  48. ^ Josephus, War 2.183.
  49. ^ Dio 59.8.2; Milwitzky 639. Schürer calls Dio's statement "confused" (353), while Bruce simply remarks that "in exile Antipas and Herodias together disappear from history" (21).
  50. ^ Luke 8:3 and Acts 13:1, with Bruce 13–14; Lane Fox 297 is skeptical.
  51. ^ Gospel of Peter 1. The Gospel of Peter was a prominent passion narrative in the early History of Christianity, but over time passed out of common usage
  52. ^ Gundry 3, endorsed by Goodacre passim.

References

Ancient
Modern

External links

Herod Antipas
Died: after AD 39
Preceded by
Herod I		 Tetrarch of Galilee
4 BC – AD 39		 Succeeded by
Agrippa I
Persondata
NAME Herod Antipas
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea
DATE OF BIRTH Before 20 BC
PLACE OF BIRTH
DATE OF DEATH After AD 39
PLACE OF DEATH Gaul
The Herodian Dynasty was a Jewish Dynasty of Idumean descent who ruled Iudaea Province between 37 BC - AD 92 Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho The Hasmoneans (/hæzməˡniən/ חשמונאים Hashmonaiym, Audio were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom ( 140 &ndash 37 BCE For other with this name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Agrippa I also called the Great (10 BC - 44 AD) King of the Jews, "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Perea ("the country beyond" a portion of the kingdom of Herod the Great occupying the eastern side of the Jordan River valley from about one third the Year 20 BC was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 39 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. For Gaul before the Roman conquest see Gaul. Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day
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