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Herman Melville

Photograph of Herman Melville
Born August 1, 1819(1819-08-01)
New York City, New York, United States
Died September 28, 1891 (aged 72)
New York City, New York
Occupation novelist, short story writer, teacher, sailor, lecturer, poet
Nationality American
Genres travelogue, Captivity narrative, Sea story, Gothic Romanticism, Allegory, Tall tale
Literary movement Romanticism, Dark Romanticism, and Skepticism; precursor to Modernism, precursor to absurdism and existentialism
Influences
Influenced

Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction Travel literature is Travel writing considered to have value as Literature. Captivity narratives are stories of people captured by "uncivilized" enemies A sea story is a work of Fiction set largely at Sea. The enclosed setting of life aboard a Ship allows an author to portray a social world in miniature An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation Tall Tale, also known as Tall Tale The Unbelievable Adventures of Pecos Bill is a 1995 family Western movie starring Patrick This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the For the Primordial demo see Dark Romanticism (Primordial album. In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences Modernist literature is the literary form of Modernism and especially High modernism; it should not be confused with modern literature, which is the history Absurdism is a Philosophy stating that the efforts of humanity to find meaning in the Universe ultimately fail (and hence are absurd because no such Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence William Shakespeare ( baptised John Milton ( 9 December, 1608 – 8 November, 1674) was an English Poet, Prose Polemicist and Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Charles Brockden Brown ( January 17, 1771 - February 22, 1810) an American novelist, Historian, and editor Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (French miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ ( February 28 1533 &ndash September 13 1592) was one of the most influential writers Luís Vaz de Camões (luˈiʃ vaʃ dɨ kaˈmõĩʃ sometimes rendered in English from old Portuguese as Camoens) (c Richard Henry Dana Jr ( August 1, 1815 - January 6, 1882) was an American Lawyer and Politician, and author Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer Sir Thomas Browne ( October 19, 1605 &ndash October 19, 1682) was an English author of varied works which disclose his wide learning Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881 was a Scottish essayist satirist and historian whose work was highly influential during the Victorian era. Washington Irving (April 3 1783 – November 28 1859 was an American Author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th James Fenimore Cooper (September 15 1789 &ndash September 14 1851 was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Paul Thomas Mann ( June Edward Morgan Forster OM, CH (1 January 1879–7 June 1970 was an English novelist Short story writer Essayist, and Librettist David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930 was an English writer of the 20th century whose prolific and diverse output included Novels short Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize Jean-Pierre Melville (born Jean-Pierre Grumbach, October 20, 1917 – August 2, 1973) was a noted French Filmmaker Charles Olson ( 27 December 1910 &ndash 10 January 1970) was an important 2nd generation American modernist poet Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr (born May 8 1937 is an American writer based in New York City, noted for his dense and complex works of Fiction. Cormac McCarthy, born Charles McCarthy (born July 20, 1933 in Providence Rhode Island) is an American Novelist and Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms This article is an abbreviated list of Essayists - individuals notable for writing essays on various topics A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" His first two books gained much attention, though they were not bestsellers, and his popularity declined precipitously after only a few years. By the time of his death he had been almost completely forgotten, but his longest novel, Moby-Dick — largely considered a failure during his lifetime, and most responsible for Melville's fall from favor with the reading public — was recognized in the 20th century as one of the chief literary masterpieces of both American and world literature. Moby-Dick is an 1851 Novel by Herman Melville. The story tells the adventures of the wandering sailor Ishmael and his voyage on the whaleship

Contents

Life

Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819, as the third child of Allan and Maria Gansevoort Melvill. The City of New York Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year (After Allan died, Maria added an "e" to the surname. ) Part of a well-established - if colorful - Boston family, Melville's father spent a good deal of time abroad doing business deals as a commission merchant and an importer of French dry goods. His paternal grandfather, Major Thomas Melville, an honored survivor of the Boston Tea Party who refused to change the style of his clothing or manners to fit the times, was depicted in Oliver Wendell Holmes's poem "The Last Leaf". The Boston Tea Party was an act of Direct action protest by the American colonists against the British Government in which they destroyed many Oliver Wendell Holmes was the name of two prominent men father and son Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr Herman visited him in Boston, and his father turned to him in his frequent times of financial need. The maternal side of Melville's family was Hudson Valley Dutch. His maternal grandfather was General Peter Gansevoort, a hero of the battle of Saratoga; in his gold-laced uniform, the general sat for a portrait painted by Gilbert Stuart. Peter Gansevoort ( July 17, 1749 – July 2, 1812) was a Colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War Gilbert Charles Stuart (born Stewart) (December 3 1755 &ndash July 9 1828 was an American painter from Rhode Island. The portrait appeared in Melville's later novel, Pierre, for Melville wrote out of his familial as well as his nautical background. Pierre or The Ambiguities is a Novel written by Herman Melville, and published in 1852 by Harper & Brothers. Like the titular character in Pierre, Melville found satisfaction in his "double revolutionary descent. "

Allan Melvill sent his sons to the New York Male School (Columbia Preparatory School). Overextended financially and emotionally unstable, Allan tried to recover from his setbacks by moving his family to Albany in 1830 and going into the fur business. Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. The new venture ended in disastrous failure, and in 1832 Allan Melvill died of a sudden illness that included mental collapse, leaving his family in poverty. Although Maria had well-off kin, they were concerned with protecting their own inheritances and taking advantage of investment opportunities rather than settling their mother's estate so Maria's family would be more secure.

Herman Melville's roving disposition and a desire to support himself independently of family assistance led him to seek work as a surveyor on the Erie Canal. This effort failed, and his brother helped him get a job as a cabin boy on a New York ship bound for Liverpool. A Cabin boy or ship's boy is a Boy (in the sense of low-ranking male employee not always a minor who waits on the officers and passengers of a Ship, especially Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary He made the voyage, and returned on the same ship. Redburn: His First Voyage (1849) is partly based on his experiences of this journey. Redburn His First Voyage is a novel by Herman Melville published on September 29, 1849, by Richard Bentley in London and

Herman Melville
Herman Melville

The succeeding three years (1837 to 1840) (voyage to Liverpool was 1839) were mostly occupied with school-teaching. Near the end of 1840 he once again decided to sign ship's articles. An articled clerk is an Apprentice in a professional firm in Commonwealth countries On January 3, 1841, he sailed from New Bedford, Massachusetts on the whaler Acushnet,[1] which was bound for the Pacific Ocean. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link The vessel sailed around Cape Horn and traveled to the South Pacific. Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. Melville left very little direct information about the events of this 18 months' cruise, although his whaling romance, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, probably gives many pictures of life on board the Acushnet. Melville deserted the Acushnet in the Marquesas Islands in July 1842. [1] For three weeks he lived among the Typee natives, who were called cannibals by the two other tribal groups on the island though they treated Melville very well. Cannibalism (from Spanish es ''caníbal'' in connection with cannibalism among the Antillean Caribs, also called anthropophagy (from Greek ἄνθρωπος His book Typee describes a brief love affair with a beautiful native girl, Fayaway, who generally "wore the garb of Eden" and came to epitomize the guileless noble savage in the popular imagination, but we have no evidence of Melville's actual activities among the islanders. Typee ( 1846; in full: Typee A Peep at Polynesian Life) is American writer Herman Melville's first book In the eighteenth-century cult of " Primitivism " the noble savage, uncorrupted by the influences of civilization was considered more worthy more authentically noble

Melville did not seem to be concerned about repercussions from his desertion of the Acushnet. He boarded another whaler bound for Hawaii and left that ship in Honolulu. After working as a clerk for four months he joined the crew of the frigate USS United States, which reached Boston in October of 1844. For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship Launch United States was the first American warship to be launched under the Naval Act of 1794, four months before the launching of her sister ship USS These experiences were described in Typee, Omoo, and White Jacket, which were published as novels mainly because few believed their veracity. Omoo A Narrative of the South Seas is Herman Melville 's sequel to Typee, and as such was also autobiographical White-Jacket or The World in a Man-of-War, usually referred to as White-Jacket, is an 1850 Novel by Herman Melville first published in England

Typee was published in 1846 in London after being rejected by a Boston publisher; it became an overnight bestseller in London. The Boston publisher subsequently accepted Omoo sight unseen. Typee and Omoo gave Melville overnight notoriety as a writer and adventurer, although the novels did not generate enough royalties for him to live on. Omoo was not as colorful as Typee, and readers began to realize Melville was not just producing adventure stories. Redburn and White-Jacket had no problem finding publishers. Redburn His First Voyage is a novel by Herman Melville published on September 29, 1849, by Richard Bentley in London and White-Jacket or The World in a Man-of-War, usually referred to as White-Jacket, is an 1850 Novel by Herman Melville first published in England Mardi was a disappointment for readers who wanted another rollicking and exotic sea yarn. Mardi and a Voyage Thither is the third book by American author Herman Melville, first published in 1849

Melville married Elizabeth Shaw (daughter of noted Massachusetts jurist Lemuel Shaw) on August 4, 1847. Lemuel Shaw ( January 9, 1781 - March 30, 1861) American jurist was born in Barnstable Massachusetts, the second son They had four children, two sons and two daughters. In 1850 they purchased Arrowhead, a farm house in Pittsfield, Massachusetts that is today a museum. Here Melville remained for thirteen years, occupied with his writing and managing his farm. There he befriended the author Nathaniel Hawthorne, who lived in nearby Lenox. Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer Lenox is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. Melville, something of an intellectual loner for most of his life, was tremendously inspired and encouraged by his new relationship with Hawthorne [2] during the very period that he was writing one of the greatest works in the English language, Moby-Dick (dedicating it to Hawthorne[3]), though their friendship was on the wane only a short time later, when he wrote Pierre there. However, these works did not achieve the popular and critical success of his earlier books. Following scathing reviews of Pierre by critics, publishers became wary of Melville's work. His publisher, Harper & Brothers, rejected his next manuscript, Isle of the Cross which has been lost. Isle of the Cross (c 1853 was an unpublished and subsequently lost novel by Herman Melville.

For financial reasons, Melville was persuaded while in Pittsfield to enter what was for others the lucrative field of lecturing. From 1857 to 1860, he spoke at lyceums, chiefly on the South Seas. Turning to poetry, he gathered a collection of verse that failed to interest a publisher. In 1863, he and his wife resettled, with their four children, in New York City. After the end of the American Civil War, he published Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War (1866), a collection of over seventy poems that was generally panned by critics. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South His professional writing career was at an end and his marriage was unhappy when in 1867 his oldest son, Malcolm, shot himself, perhaps accidentally. Pulling his life together, Melville used his influence to obtain a position as customs inspector for the City of New York (a humble but adequately-paying appointment), and held the post for 19 years. (The customs house was ironically on Gansevoort St. , which was named after his mother's prosperous family. ) In 1876 his uncle Peter Gansevoort, by a bequest, paid for the publication of the massive epic poem, Clarel. Clarel A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land is an American epic poem by Herman Melville, published in two volumes in 1876. Two volumes of poetry followed: John Marr (1888) and Timoleon (1891).

After an illness that lasted several months, Melville died at his home in New York City early on the morning of September 28, 1891, age 72. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His New York Times obituary called him "Henry Melville. " He was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York. This article refers to the Woodlawn Cemetery in the New York City borough of The Bronx New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

From about age thirty-three, Melville ceased to be popular with a broad audience because of his increasingly philosophical, political and experimental tendencies. His novella Billy Budd, Sailor, unpublished at the time of his death, was published in 1924. Billy Budd is a Novella begun around 1886 by American author Herman Melville, left unfinished at his death in 1891 and not published until 1924 Later it was turned into an opera by Benjamin Britten, a play, and a film by Peter Ustinov. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Edward Benjamin Britten Baron Britten, OM CH (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976 was an English Composer, conductor, Sir Peter Alexander Ustinov (ˈjuːstɪnɒf or /ˈuːstɪnɒf/ 16 April 1921 – 28 March 2004) born Peter Alexander Baron von Ustinow

In Herman Melville's Religious Journey, Walter Donald Kring detailed his discovery of letters indicating that Melville had been a member of the Unitarian Church of All Souls in New York City. Until this revelation, little had been known of his religious affiliation. Parker in the second volume of his biography makes it clear that Melville became a nominal member only to placate his wife. He despised Unitarianism and its associated "ism", Utilitarianism. (The great English Unitarians were Utilitarians. ) See the 2006 Norton Critical Edition of The Confidence-Man for more detail on Melville and religion than in Parker's 2002 volume.

Publications and contemporary reactions

Title page of the first U.S. edition of Moby-Dick, 1851.
Title page of the first U. S. edition of Moby-Dick, 1851.

Most of Melville's novels were published first in the United Kingdom and then in the U. S. Sometimes the editions contain substantial differences; at other times different printings were either bowdlerized or restored to their pre-bowdlerized state. Thomas Bowdler ( IPA /ˈbaʊdlə/ ( July 11, 1754 &ndash February 24, 1825) was an English Physician who published (For specifics on different publication dates, editions, printings, etc. , please see entries for individual novels. )

Moby-Dick has become Melville's most famous work and is often considered one of the greatest literary works of all time. It was dedicated to Melville's friend Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer [3] It did not, however, make Melville rich. The book never sold its initial printing of 3,000 copies in his lifetime, and total earnings from the American edition amounted to just $556. 37 from his publisher, Harper & Brothers. Melville also wrote Billy Budd, White-Jacket, Typee, Omoo, Pierre, The Confidence-Man and many short stories and works of various genres. Billy Budd is a Novella begun around 1886 by American author Herman Melville, left unfinished at his death in 1891 and not published until 1924 White-Jacket or The World in a Man-of-War, usually referred to as White-Jacket, is an 1850 Novel by Herman Melville first published in England Typee ( 1846; in full: Typee A Peep at Polynesian Life) is American writer Herman Melville's first book Omoo A Narrative of the South Seas is Herman Melville 's sequel to Typee, and as such was also autobiographical Pierre or The Ambiguities is a Novel written by Herman Melville, and published in 1852 by Harper & Brothers. The Confidence-Man His Masquerade was the last major novel by Herman Melville, the American Writer and Author of Moby-Dick A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set

Melville is less well known as a poet and did not publish poetry until late in life. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" After the Civil War, he published Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War, which did not sell well; of the Harper & Bros. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South printing of 1200 copies, only 525 had been sold ten years later. [4] But again tending to outrun the tastes of his readers, Melville's epic length verse-narrative Clarel, about a student's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, was also quite obscure, even in his own time. Clarel A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land is an American epic poem by Herman Melville, published in two volumes in 1876. The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש This may be the longest single poem in American literature. The poem, published in 1876, had an initial printing of only 350 copies. The critic Lewis Mumford found a copy of the poem in the New York Public Library in 1925 "with its pages uncut". Lewis Mumford ( October 19, 1895 &ndash January 26, 1990) was an American Historian of Technology and Science The New York Public Library ( NYPL) is one of the leading public libraries of the world and is one of America's most significant Research libraries. In other words, it had sat there unread for 50 years.

His poetry is not as highly critically esteemed as his fiction, although some critics place him as the first modernist poet in the United States; others would assert that his work more strongly suggest what today would be a postmodern view. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Clarel has won the admiration of no less a critic than Helen Vendler, who read it in preparation for the 1976 Pittsfield Centennial Celebration. Clarel A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land is an American epic poem by Herman Melville, published in two volumes in 1876. Helen Hennessy Vendler (born 1933) is a leading American critic of poetry

The Melville Revival

After the success of travelogues based on voyages to the South Seas and stories based on misadventures in the merchant marine and navy, Melville's popularity declined dramatically. Travel literature is Travel writing considered to have value as Literature. In the later years of his life and during the years after his death he was recognized, if at all, as only a minor figure in American literature.

However, a confluence of publishing events in the 1920s brought about a reassessment now commonly called the Melville Revival. The two books generally considered most important to the Revival were both brought forth by Raymond Weaver: his 1921 biography Herman Melville: Man, Mariner and Mystic and his 1924 version of Melville's last great but never quite finished or properly organized work, Billy Budd, which Melville's granddaughter gave to Weaver when he visited her for research on the biography. Billy Budd is a Novella begun around 1886 by American author Herman Melville, left unfinished at his death in 1891 and not published until 1924 The other works that helped fan the Revival flames were Carl Van Doren's The American Novel (1921), D. H. Lawrence's Studies in Classic American Literature (1923), and Lewis Mumford's biography, Herman Melville: A Study of His Life and Work (1929). Carl Clinton Van Doren ( September 10, 1885 – July 18, 1950) was a U David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930 was an English writer of the 20th century whose prolific and diverse output included Novels short Studies in Classic American Literature is a seminal work of Literary criticism by the English writer D Lewis Mumford ( October 19, 1895 &ndash January 26, 1990) was an American Historian of Technology and Science

Additionally, over the past 50 years there has been an emerging interest concerning a perceived homo-erotic sub-text of Melville's writings. [5] Homoerotic overtones have been found in the early seafaring novels, from extended descriptions of the male beauty of the South Sea islanders to romanticised depictions of sailor friends, and comrades on board ship. [6] In Moby Dick, male bonding has been found in the "marriage bed" episode involving Ishmael and Queequeg, as well as in the metaphoric "Squeeze of the Hand" chapter describing the camaraderie of sailors extracting spermaceti from a dead whale. Moby-Dick is an 1851 Novel by Herman Melville. The story tells the adventures of the wandering sailor Ishmael and his voyage on the whaleship Male bonding is a term that is used in Ethology, Social science, and in general usage to describe patterns of Friendship and/or cooperation in men [7] Billy Budd, written at the very end of Melville's life, is considered both the most explicit and somber of his writings in terms of gay content. Billy Budd is a Novella begun around 1886 by American author Herman Melville, left unfinished at his death in 1891 and not published until 1924 Billy, innocent and handsome, is destroyed by the evil and sexually repressed master-at-arms Claggert in a harsh and unforgiving world far removed from the simpler, idyllic paradise, described in the earlier South Sea novels. [8]

Bibliography

Novels

Short stories

Poetry

Books

Uncollected or unpublished poems

Essays (all uncollected during Melville's lifetime)

Other

References

  1. ^ a b Miller, Perry. The Raven and the Whale: The War of Words and Wits in the Era of Poe and Melville. New York: Harvest Book, 1956: 5.
  2. ^ In the Essay Melville published on Hawthorne's 'Mosses' in the Literary Review of August 1850 he wrote: "To what infinite height of loving wonder and admiration I may yet be borne, when by repeatedly banquetting on these Mosses, I shall have thoroughly incorporated their whole stuff into my being,--that, I can not tell. But already I feel that this Hawthorne has dropped germinous seeds into my soul. He expands and deepens down, the more I contemplate him; and further, and further, shoots his strong New-England roots into the hot soil of my Southern soul.
  3. ^ a b Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 196. ISBN 078629521X.
  4. ^ Collected Poems of Herman Melville, Ed. Howard P. Vincent. Chicago: Packard & Company and Hendricks House (1947), 446.
  5. ^ N. Arvie, Herman Melville, a Critical Biography, New York, 1950.
  6. ^ R. Chase, Herman Melville: A Critical Study, New York, 1949.
  7. ^ E. Haviland Miller, Melville, New York 1975.
  8. ^ E. Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet, Berkeley, 1990.
  9. ^ Robert S. Levine, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Herman Melville. Cambridge, England and New York City: Cambridge University Press (1998), xviii. ISBN 0-521-55571-X.

Further reading

External links

Persondata
NAME Melville, Herman
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION American novelist, essayist and poet
DATE OF BIRTH August 1, 1819(1819-08-01)
PLACE OF BIRTH New York City
DATE OF DEATH September 28, 1891
PLACE OF DEATH New York City
Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story This article is an abbreviated list of Essayists - individuals notable for writing essays on various topics A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The City of New York Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The City of New York
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