Citizendia

Herbert W. Armstrong

BornJuly 31, 1892 (1892-07-31)
Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.
DiedJanuary 16, 1986 (aged 93)
Pasadena, California, U.S.
Cause of deathHeart conditions, Aenemia
Burial placeAltadena, California
ResidencePasadena, Tucson
EducationAttended North High School in Des Moines[1]
OccupationEvangelist
author
TitlePastor General of the Worldwide Church of God (1946-1986)
Known forRadio evangelism
founding the Worldwide Church of God
SuccessorJoseph W. Tkach
SpouseLoma Dillon (1917-1967)
Ramona Martin (1977-1984)
Children4 with Loma (Beverly, Dorothy, Richard David, Garner Ted)
ParentsHorace Elon Armstrong
Eva Wright Armstrong
RelativesDwight L. Armstrong (1904-1984), brother

Herbert W. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Pasadena ( is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Altadena is an unincorporated Census-designated place in Los Angeles County, California approx California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Joseph W Tkach ( (March 16 1927–September 23 1995 Garner Ted Armstrong ( February 9, 1930 - September 15, 2003) was an American evangelist and the son of Herbert W Dwight Leslie Armstrong ( September 15, 1904 – November 17, 1984) was a composer of Christian Hymns based primarily upon texts Armstrong (July 31, 1892 (1892-07-31) – January 16, 1986 (aged 93) was the founder of the Worldwide Church of God and an early pioneer of radio evangelism, taking to the airwaves in the 1930s from Eugene, Oregon. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The Worldwide Church of God (WCG formerly the Radio Church of God, is a Christian church currently based in Glendora California, United States. The city of Eugene ( "yoo-JEEN") is the County seat of Lane County, Oregon, Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. As head of the California-based church which he founded in 1946, Armstrong was a controversial figure. His unique doctrines and theological teachings, sometimes referred to by critics as Armstrongism, included the interpretation of biblical prophecy through the belief that the British and American peoples were descended from the lost ten tribes of ancient Israel[2] and the requirement of observing Mosaic Law including the laws concerning the Sabbath, dietary prohibitions, and the Levitical "Holy Days". Armstrongism refers to the teachings and doctrines of Herbert W

He later founded Ambassador College and the Ambassador International Cultural Foundation, which promoted the arts, humanities, and humanitarian projects. Ambassador College was a four-year Liberal arts College established in 1947 in Pasadena, California by radio evangelist Herbert W [3] Through his role with the foundation, Armstrong and his advisers met with heads of governments in various nations, for which he described himself as an "ambassador without portfolio for world peace. "[4]

Armstrong believed that world events during his lifespan mirrored Bible prophecy, indicating a soon-coming return of Jesus Christ. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE)

Contents

Early life

Herbert Armstrong was born in Des Moines, Iowa, on July 31, 1892, into a Quaker family. The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year He regularly attended the services and the Sunday school of First Friends Church in Des Moines. [1] At age 18, on the advice of an uncle, he decided to take a job in the want-ad department of a Des Moines newspaper, the Daily Capital. [5] His early career in the print advertising industry which followed had a strong impact on his future ministry and would shape his communication style. [6]

On a trip back home in 1917, he met Loma Dillon, a schoolteacher and distant cousin from nearby Motor, Iowa. [7] They married on his 25th birthday, July 31, 1917, and returned to live in Chicago. [8] On May 9, 1918, they had their first child, Beverly Lucile, and on July 7, 1920, a second daughter, Dorothy Jane. In 1924, after several unforeseen business setbacks, Armstrong and family moved to Eugene, Oregon where his parents now lived. There they would have two sons, Richard David and Garner Ted. Armstrong continued in the advertising business despite the setbacks. [9]

Beginnings of ministry

During their stay in Oregon, his wife, Loma, became acquainted with a member of the Church of God (Seventh Day), Emma Runcorn. The General Conference of the Church of God (Seventh-Day (or simply Church of God (Seventh-Day) is a seventh-day Sabbath -keeping body that has long emphasized the Emma and her husband O. J. were lay leaders in the Oregon conference of the Church of God, Seventh Day, a 7th-day-keeping adventist group that rejected the authority of Mrs. Ellen White and her teachings. Loma became persuaded that the Bible taught Sabbath observance on Saturday, the seventh day, one of the beliefs of that church. [9] Her assertion of this to her husband was met with dismay and appeared to him to be "religious fanaticism. "[10] She challenged him to find biblical support for Sunday observance. As his business was struggling against larger competitors, Armstrong had the time to take up this challenge. He began what would become a life-long habit of intensive, lengthy Bible study sessions. He soon felt God was inspiring this, opening his mind to "truths" that historical Christian churches had not found or accepted. Shortly after, as related in his autobiography, Armstrong would take up a similar study on the topic of evolution of the species after a conflict with his sister-in-law. [11] His studies on the Sabbath and evolution convinced him that his wife was right, and that the theory of evolution was false. He was eventually baptized by the pastor of Hinson Memorial Baptist Church in Portland, Oregon[12], though it is not known that he ever joined the denomination [13]

In 1931 Armstrong become an ordained minister of the Oregon Conference of the Church of God (Seventh Day). Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. [14][12] The existence and history of this church became a significant factor in Armstrong's later beliefs. [15][16] However, he ultimately severed ties with them as the result of a doctrinal dispute when he began to teach what would later make up his book The United States and Britain in Prophecy. United States in Prophecy was the original title of a publication that became known by its longer name of United States and British Commonwealth in Prophecy and published in [17] His ministerial credentials with the church were revoked in 1938. [12] This, Armstrong believed, indicated God was now directing him in leading a revived work into the next "church era". [16]

Radio and publishing

In October 1933, a small 100-watt radio station in Eugene, Oregon, KORE, offered free time to Armstrong for a morning devotional, a 15-minute time slot shared by other local ministers. [18] After positive responses from listeners, the station owner let Armstrong start a new program of his own. On the first Sunday in 1934, the Radio Church of God first aired. [19] These broadcasts eventually became known as The World Tomorrow of the future Worldwide Church of God. The World Tomorrow is a now-defunct Radio and Television half-hour program which had been sponsored by the Radio Church of God (later renamed [20] Shortly thereafter, in February, 1934, Armstrong began the publication of The Plain Truth, which started out as a church bulletin. The Plain Truth is a US -based Magazine founded by Herbert W Armstrong who also founded the Radio Church of God (later renamed the [19] The broadcast expanded to other cities, and in 1942 began to be broadcast nationwide from WHO of Des Moines Iowa, a 50,000-watt superstation. [20]

It was during this period that Armstrong began to reveal a tendency toward sensationalism that would be the source of controversy for supporters and critics alike from that point until his death. Critics point to numerous statements in his early writings that proved to be inaccurate. For example, a statement from a lead article in the February 1939 edition of The Plain Truth, about a coming world war, said this:

By way of brief review of previous articles, and radio messages, notice, first, that this war will involve ALL nations. It will be the first real world war. Secondly, it will center around Jerusalem. . . . And thirdly, this war will END with the Second Coming of Christ![21]

Such a mix of doctrinal teaching and speculation about world and prophetic events would attract both followers and detractors for decades to come.

From his new contacts in Los Angeles, Armstrong began to realize the potential for reaching a much larger audience. He searched for a suitable location and chose Pasadena, California, as being ideal as it was a conservative residential community. During this time, Armstrong also reflected on starting a college to teach members of the growing church. Hence, in 1946 Armstrong moved his headquarters from Eugene to Pasadena and on March 3, 1946, the Radio Church of God was officially incorporated within the state of California. [20] It quickly acquired its own printing plant and was broadcasting internationally in prime-time radio time slots. On October 8, 1947, his new college, Ambassador College opened its doors with four students. [20]

International Expansion

During the 1950s and 1960s, the church continued to expand and the radio program was broadcast in England, Australia, the Philippines, Latin America, and Africa. In 1952, The World Tomorrow began to air on Radio Luxembourg, making it possible to hear the program throughout much of Europe. Radio Luxembourg is a commercial broadcaster in many languages from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. [20] The beginning of the European broadcast provides the context of a booklet published in 1956 called 1975 in Prophecy! This controversial book provided Armstrong's vision of what the world would look like by 1975 - featuring illustrations of mass burials and tidal waves destroying cities. 1975 in Prophecy! is a digest-size booklet warning of an upcoming nuclear war and subsequent enslavement of mankind leading to the return of Jesus Christ as a benign dictator [22] Overall he thought that World War III and Christ's return was at the doorstep, probably to occur within his lifetime--to him a joyous truth, as the Bible describes a utopia to follow. World War III (also WWIII, or Third World War) denotes a successor to World War II (1939&ndash1945 that would be on a global scale with Armstrong believed that God had exciting plans for mankind that would see the end of such wars--though the message went far beyond an earthly utopia. [23]

Several books and booklets focused on the key events that would signal the imminence of Christ's return, and taught of a specific end-time prophecy to be fulfilled, manifested in the form of European peacekeeping forces surrounding Jerusalem, at which time his church would be taken to a place of protection, or "place of safety" -- possibly Petra in Jordan. Petra (from "petra" rock in Greek; Arabic: البتراء Al-Batrāʾ) is an archaeological site in the Arabah Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern [12] World War III was predicted to be triggered by a "United States of Europe" led by Germany which would destroy both the United States of America and the United Kingdom. A federal Europe is a proposal that much of Europe be unified in the manner of a Federation. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [24] From the place of safety they would continue the work and prepare to help Christ establish Utopia upon His return. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the

In 1952 Armstrong published Does God Heal Today? which provided the details on his doctrine on healing. Among his tenets were that only God heals and that medical science is of pagan origin and is ineffective. He believed that most illnesses were caused by faulty diet and that doctors should prescribe proper diet rather than medicine. [25]

The book The United States and Britain in Prophecy was published in 1954. It became the most well known and requested church publication with over six million copies distributed. [26] In this book, Armstrong makes the claim that the peoples of the United States, the British Commonwealth nations, and the nations of Northwestern Europe are descendants of the lost ten tribes of Israel. [27]. This belief, which is related to British Israelism, formed the central basis of the theology of the Worldwide Church of God[28]. British Israelism (sometimes called Anglo-Israelism) is the belief that many early Britons, Europeans and/or their royal families were direct lineal descendants Armstrong’s book used and copied from a book by J. H. Allen, Judah’s Sceptre and Joseph’s Birthright, first published in 1917. J H Allen is an author best known for his 1902 book called Judah's Sceptre and Joseph's Birthright which many have claimed formed the basis of a later foundation for the teachings [29][30]

The volume of literature requests for material written by Armstrong continued to grow during the 1960's and 70s, and the literature was translated into several languages and distributed to a worldwide audience. They were distributed for free "as a public service. " The Plain Truth magazine continued to be published and circulated, eventually reaching a monthly press run of eight million.

On April 15, 1967, Armstrong's wife, Loma, died.

Worldwide Church of God

Main article: Worldwide Church of God

On January 5, 1968, the Radio Church of God was renamed the Worldwide Church of God. The Worldwide Church of God (WCG formerly the Radio Church of God, is a Christian church currently based in Glendora California, United States. [31] Shortly before, the church began to broadcast a television version of The World Tomorrow. [20] The program would eventually expand to 382 U. S. television stations, and 36 television outlets internationally, dwarfing televangelists Jerry Falwell, Jimmy Swaggart, Oral Roberts, and Jim Baker. [32] By this time, Garner Ted Armstrong, the son of Herbert W. Garner Ted Armstrong ( February 9, 1930 - September 15, 2003) was an American evangelist and the son of Herbert W Armstrong, was the voice and face of the program. It was speculated that with his charisma and personality, he was the logical successor to Armstrong, but doctrinal disagreements and widespread reports of extramarital sex led to his suspension in 1972. Armstrong declared that Garner Ted was "in the bonds of Satan". [33][12] After initially changing his behavior he returned, but these issues resurfaced, coupled with his challenging his father's authority as Pastor General, resulting in his permanent excommunication in 1978. [34]

Ambassador International Cultural Foundation

With the assistance of church accountant and adviser, Stanley Rader, Armstrong created the Ambassador International Cultural Foundation in 1975. Stanley R Rader ( August 13, 1930 &ndash July 2, 2002) was an attorney accountant author and later in life an ordained minister in The foundation was funded by the church. [12] The foundation's efforts reached into several continents, providing staffing and funds to fight illiteracy, create schools for the disabled, set up mobile schools, and provide funding and staffing for several archaeological digs of biblically significant sites. [35] These humanitarian projects led to Armstrong receiving a series of invitations to meet with prominent world heads of state. The list included (among others) Margaret Thatcher, Emperor Hirohito of Japan, King Hussein of Jordan, and Indira Gandhi. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Hussein bin Talal King of Jordan (حسين بن طلال Ḥusayn bin Ṭalāl) ( November 14, 1935 – February 7, 1999) was Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the [36][35]

Honors

Armstrong was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure by the Japanese government. The is a Japanese Order, established on January 4, 1888 by Emperor Meiji of Japan. [37]

Final years

In 1977 Armstrong married Ramona Martin, then 38, a long-time member and church secretary who had a 15-year old son from a brief, annulled previous marriage. [38] The controversial marriage would last for only a few years. The Armstrongs separated in 1982 with Herbert Armstrong returning to live in Pasadena full-time, and the marriage finally ended in divorce in 1984.

Armstrong had predicted that Jesus Christ would return in his lifetime, basing this on the sequence of events that he believed the Bible indicated must precede the return of Jesus Christ. He had long written of his belief that the primary sign to look for would be some sort of dissolving of the Eastern Bloc alliance under Soviet control, followed by those nations' subsequent incorporation into an eastern leg of a United States of Europe. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. [22] In August 1985, Armstrong's final work, Mystery of the Ages, was published. He called it a "synopsis of the Bible in the most plain and understandable language". It was more or less a compendium of theological concepts as articulated by Armstrong. Including the notion that the bible was ‘a coded book’ to which he alone had been given the key.

In the last years of his life, he took a number of heart medications and had his personal nurse travel with him. This apparent contradiction of his own practice and his teachings led to discussions with one of his closest advisors, Joseph W. Tkach, on changing the church's stance on divine healing. Joseph W Tkach ( (March 16 1927–September 23 1995 [39]

In September 1985, with his failing health widely known, Armstrong delivered his final sermon on the Feast of Trumpets in the Ambassador Auditorium. He spent his final days confined to his campus home on South Orange Grove Boulevard.

Almost until his final days, there was uncertainty about who would succeed Armstrong in the event of his death. The church's Advisory Council of Elders, acting on a clause in church by-laws added in 1981, was to select a successor after his death [40], yet Armstrong reportedly worried about the ramifications if certain individuals, such as his son Garner Ted or evangelist Roderick Meredith were selected. [41][42] Finally, Armstrong opted to select the next Pastor General personally. [41] Armstrong told the Church's Advisory Council of Elders of his decision to appoint evangelist-rank minister Joseph W. Tkach on January 7, 1986. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) [43] Tkach had worked closely with former church executive Stanley R. Rader prior to Rader's retirement from active service with the Church, and had been ordained to the ministerial rank of evangelist along with Rader and Ellis LaRavia in 1979.

Only nine days after naming Tkach as his successor, Armstrong died shortly before 6:00am on January 16, 1986, at the age of 93. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) [44] Initially, a small private service was planned, seeking to avoid sensationalism and deification. But when rumors circulated that protesters might attempt to demonstrate during the funeral, the church leadership quickly decided to invite the public, including the thousands of local church members. Approximately 4,000 people attended, including a number of local political figures. He was buried in Mountain View Cemetery in nearby Altadena between Loma and his mother, Eva Wright Armstrong. Altadena is an unincorporated Census-designated place in Los Angeles County, California approx Hoeh officiated at the graveside service and Tkach gave the closing prayer.

Theology and teachings

Notes

  1. ^ a b Armstrong (1967), Ch 1
  2. ^ Armstrong, Herbert W. . The United States and Britain in Prophecy.  
  3. ^ Rader (1980), p. 21
  4. ^ Armstrong, Herbert W. (August 29, 1974). Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Letter. Retrieved on 2008-08-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar.
  5. ^ Armstrong (1967), Ch 2, Heading "Learning Important Lessons"
  6. ^ Armstrong (1967), Ch 3, Heading "Learning Effective Ad-Writing"
  7. ^ Armstrong (1967), Ch 9, Heading "I Meet Two Pretty Girls"
  8. ^ Armstrong (1967), Ch 10, Heading "The Wedding Day"
  9. ^ a b Armstrong (1967), Ch 15
  10. ^ Armstrong (1967), Ch 15, heading "Religious Controversy Enters"
  11. ^ Armstrong (1967), Ch 16
  12. ^ a b c d e f Tkach (1997), chapter 12
  13. ^ Bruce Renehan, Daughter of Babylon,ch. 15 (Interview with John Kiesz)
  14. ^ Armstrong (1967), Ch 24, Heading "ORDAINED Christ’s Minister"
  15. ^ Hoeh, Herman L. (1959). A True History of the True Church, section titled "The Gospel Goes to All the World".  
  16. ^ a b Armstrong, Mystery of the Ages, Ch 6: Mystery of the Church
  17. ^ Nickels (1996) Appendix A -- Technical Notes
  18. ^ Nickels (1996)
  19. ^ a b Boston (2002), Appendix, pg 237
  20. ^ a b c d e f Boston (2002) pg 238
  21. ^ Armstrong, Herbert W (February 1939). "Where and How the World War Will Start". The Plain Truth IV (2): 1-9.  
  22. ^ a b Armstrong, Herbert, W (1956). 1975 in Prophecy, pp. 10-28.  
  23. ^ Armstrong, Herbert W. . The Incredible Human Potential, pg 29, 24-29, Headings "Incredible Human Potential Revealed", "Outer Space-Planets Now Dead".  
  24. ^ Armstrong, Herbert, W (1956). 1975 in Prophecy. Pasadena, CA: Radio Church of God, pp. 4-10.  
  25. ^ Armstrong, Herbert, W (1952). Does God Heal Today?. Pasadena, CA: Radio Church of God.  
  26. ^ Flurry (2006), pg. 3
  27. ^ Armstrong, Herbert W. (1976). Which Day Is the Christian Sabbath?. Pasadena, CA: The Worldwide Church of God, p. 44.  
  28. ^ Tkach (1997), chapter 9
  29. ^ Orr, Ralph G. , How Anglo-Israelism Entered Seventh-day Churches of God a history of the doctrine from John Wilson to Joseph W. Tkach, study paper from the Worldwide Church of God, revised ed. , 1999
  30. ^ Tkach(1997), Chapter 7
  31. ^ 1968 Certificate Of Amendment Of Articles Of Incorporation Of Radio Church Of God
  32. ^ Flurry (2006), pg 2
  33. ^ Chandler, Russell. "Armstrong, 93, Founder of the Worldwide Church, Dies", Home edition, Los Angeles Times, Jan 17, 1986, pp.  Section 1, Page 3. Retrieved on 2008-08-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar.  
  34. ^ Nickels (1996), Heading "About the Author" Heading "About the Author"
  35. ^ a b Flurry (2006), pg. 25
  36. ^ Rader (1980), inset photographs after pg 128
  37. ^ L'Harmattan web site( in French)
  38. ^ "Bride in Work 15 years" (25 April 1977). Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays The Worldwide News V (9): 1.  
  39. ^ Tkach (1997), chapter 8
  40. ^ Flurry (2006), pg 34
  41. ^ a b Flurry (2006), pg 35
  42. ^ Tkach(1997), Chapter 6
  43. ^ Flurry (2006), pg. 36
  44. ^ Flurry (2006), pg. 16
  45. ^ Herbert W. Armstrong, Which Day Is The Christian Sabbath?, p. 52
  46. ^ Herbert W. Armstrong, Where Is The True Church? 1984, p. 24
  47. ^ Plain Truth magazine, February 1985
  48. ^ Herbert Armstrong, The United States And British Commonwealth In Prophecy (1972), p. 217
  49. ^ Herbert Armstrong, Plain Truth magazine, June 1967, p. 2
  50. ^ Bob Larson, Larson's New Book of Cults, p. 470
  51. ^ Herbert Armstrong, Mystery of the Ages, p. 344-345
  52. ^ Herbert Armstrong, Mystery of the Ages, p. 352
  53. ^ p. 354
  54. ^ Herbert Armstrong, The Plain Truth About Healing, p. 33
  55. ^ Roger R. Chambers, The Plain Truth About Armstrongism, p. 18, 1988
  56. ^ Herbert W. Armstrong, Pagan Holidays - Or God's Holy Days - Which, p. 26
  57. ^ Chambers, p. 32
  58. ^ Bruce Renehan, Daughter of Babylon, Ch 13
  59. ^ Gerald Flurry, Malachi's Message, p. 6, 1999
  60. ^ Chambers, p. 20

See also

References

Further reading

Preceded by
—		Pastor General of the Worldwide Church of God
1946–1986		Succeeded by
Joseph W. Tkach


Persondata
NAMEArmstrong, Herbert W. Joseph W Tkach ( (March 16 1927–September 23 1995
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTIONEvangelist
DATE OF BIRTH1892-07-31
PLACE OF BIRTHDes Moines, Iowa, USA
DATE OF DEATH1986-01-16
PLACE OF DEATHPasadena, California, USA
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