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Western Philosophy
20th century philosophy
Name
Herbert Marcuse
Birth July 19, 1898 (Berlin, Germany)
Death July 29, 1979 (Starnberg, Germany)
School/tradition Frankfurt School, critical theory
Main interests social theory, Marxism
Influenced by Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, Husserl, Heidegger, Lukács
Influenced Norman O. Brown, Angela Davis, Andrew Feenberg, Abbie Hoffman, Gad Horowitz, Douglas Kellner, Jürgen Habermas, William Leiss

Herbert Marcuse (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German philosopher and sociologist, and a member of the Frankfurt School. Western philosophy is a term that refers to philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental world, as distinct from Eastern or Oriental philosophies See also [[Analytic philosophy]] and [[Continental philosophy]] The 20th century brought with it upheavals that produced a series of conflicting developments within Philosophy Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Starnberg is a town in Bavaria, Germany, located south west of the city of Munich and situated on Lake Starnberg, in the heart of the "Five Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy. In the Humanities and Social sciences, critical theory is the examination and critique of Society and Literature, drawing from knowledge across Social theory is an essential tool used by scholars in the analysis of society through the use of theoretical frameworks social structures and phenomena are analyzed and placed in context Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (ˈhʊsɛrl April 8 1859 – April 26 1938) was a philosopher, known as the father of Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher György Lukács (pronounced in IPA dyɶrdyə ˈlukɑtʃ) ( April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Norman Oliver Brown ( September 25 1913, El Oro Mexico &ndash October 2 2002, Santa Cruz California) was an Angela Yvonne Davis (born January 26, 1944 in Birmingham Alabama) is an American Political activist and University Andrew Feenberg is a philosopher of technology. He is Canada Research Chair in Philosophy of Technology in the School of Communication Simon Fraser University Abbot Howard "Abbie" Hoffman (November 30 1936 &ndash April 12 1989 was a radical social and political activist in the United States who co-founded the Gad Horowitz (b 1936 in Jerusalem) BA ( Manitoba) MA ( McGill) Ph Douglas Kellner, born in 1943 is a “third generation” critical theorist in the tradition of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research or Frankfurt School. Jürgen Habermas (ˈjʏʁgən ˈhaːbɐmaːs born June 18, 1929 is a German Philosopher and Sociologist in the tradition of William Leiss, OC PhD FRSC (born 1939 was President of the Royal Society of Canada from 1999-2001 Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy. His best known works are Eros and Civilization and One-Dimensional Man. Eros and Civilization is one of Herbert Marcuse 's best known works One-Dimensional Man is a work by Herbert Marcuse, first published in 1964.

Contents

Life and work

Herbert Marcuse was born in Berlin to a Jewish family and served in the German Army, caring for horses in Berlin during the First World War. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The German Army (Deutsches Heer heɐ) is the land component of the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All He then became a member of a Soldiers' Council that participated in the aborted socialist Spartacist uprising. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The Spartacist uprising, also known as the January uprising, was a General strike (and the armed battles accompanying it in Germany from January 5 After completing his Ph. D. thesis at the University of Freiburg in 1922 on the German Künstlerroman, he moved back to Berlin, where he worked in publishing. A Künstlerroman (/ˈkʏnstlɐroˌmaːn/ German: "artist's novel" is a specific sub-genre of Bildungsroman; it is a novel about an Artist 's He returned to Freiburg in 1929 to write a Habilitation with Martin Heidegger, which was published in 1932 as Hegel's Ontology and Theory of Historicity in spite of Heidegger's rejection. Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher With his academic career blocked by the rise of the Third Reich, in 1933 Marcuse joined the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, emigrating from Germany that same year, going first to Switzerland, then the United States, where he became a naturalized citizen in 1940. The Institute for Social Research ( German: Institut für Sozialforschung) is a research organization covering topics such as Sociology Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born

Although he never returned to Germany to live, he remained one of the major theorists associated with the Frankfurt School, along with Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno (among others). Max Horkheimer (February 14 1895 &ndash July 7 1973 was a German Philosopher and Sociologist, and a founder and guiding thinker of Critical Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist In 1940 he published Reason and Revolution, a dialectical work studying Georg W. F. Hegel and Karl Marx.

During World War II Marcuse first worked for the U.S. Office of War Information (OWI) on anti-Nazi propaganda projects. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States Office of War Information (OWI was a US government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services In 1943 he transferred to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). The Office of Strategic Services ( OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. His work for the OSS involved research on Nazi Germany and denazification. After the dissolution of the OSS in 1945, Marcuse was employed by the US Department of State as head of the Central European section, retiring after the death of his first wife in 1951.

In 1952 he began a teaching career as a political theorist, first at Columbia University and Harvard University, then at Brandeis University from 1958 to 1965, where he taught philosophy and politics, and finally (by then he was past the usual retirement age), at the University of California, San Diego. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Brandeis University is a private research University with a Liberal arts focus located in Waltham Massachusetts, United States. The University of California San Diego (popularly known as UC San Diego or UCSD) is a public Research university in San Diego, California He was a friend and collaborator of the historical sociologist Barrington Moore, Jr. and of the political philosopher Robert Paul Wolff, and also a friend of the Columbia University sociology professor C. Wright Mills, one of the founders of the New Left movement. Barrington Moore Jr ( 12 May 1913 - 16 October 2005) was an American political sociologist: his most famous work was Robert Paul Wolff (born 1933 is a contemporary political philosopher. Charles Mills ( August 28, 1916, Waco Texas &ndash March 20, 1962, West Nyack New York) was an American The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a

In the post-war period, Marcuse was the most explicitly political and left-wing member of the Frankfurt School, continuing to identify himself as a Marxist, a socialist, and a Hegelian. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Marcuse's critiques of capitalist society (especially his 1955 synthesis of Marx and Freud, Eros and Civilization, and his 1964 book One-Dimensional Man) resonated with the concerns of the student movement in the 1960s. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Eros and Civilization is one of Herbert Marcuse 's best known works One-Dimensional Man is a work by Herbert Marcuse, first published in 1964. Because of his willingness to speak at student protests, Marcuse soon became known as "the father of the New Left in the United States," a term he strongly disliked and disavowed. The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a His work heavily influenced intellectual discourse on popular culture and scholarly popular culture studies. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — Popular culture studies is the Academic discipline studying popular culture He had many speaking engagements in the US and Europe in the late 1960s and 1970s. He became a close friend and inspirer of the French philosopher André Gorz. André Gorz (February 1923 &ndash September 22, 2007) also known by his Pen name Michel Bosquet was an Austrian and French

Marcuse defended the arrested East German dissident Rudolf Bahro (author of Die Alternative: Zur Kritik des real existierenden Sozialismus [trans. Rudolf Bahro ( 18 November 1935 &ndash 5 December 1997) was a German Philosopher and Politician. , The Alternative in Eastern Europe]), discussing in a 1979 essay Bahro's theories of "change from within" [1].

Many radical scholars and activists were influenced by Marcuse, such as Angela Davis, Abbie Hoffman, Rudi Dutschke, and Robert M. Young. Angela Yvonne Davis (born January 26, 1944 in Birmingham Alabama) is an American Political activist and University Abbot Howard "Abbie" Hoffman (November 30 1936 &ndash April 12 1989 was a radical social and political activist in the United States who co-founded the Rudi Dutschke born Alfred Willi Rudi Dutschke ( March 7, 1940 Schönefeld &ndash December 24, 1979, Århus, Denmark Robert M Young may refer to Robert M Young (film director (born 1924 screenwriter film director and cinematographer Robert M (See the List of Scholars and Activists link, below. ) Among those who critiqued him from the left were Marxist-humanist Raya Dunayevskaya, and fellow German emigre Paul Mattick, both of whom subjected One-Dimensional Man to a Marxist critique. Marxist humanism is a branch of Marxism that primarily focuses on Marx's earlier writings, especially the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts Raya Dunayevskaya ( 1 May 1910 &ndash 9 June 1987) was the founder of the Philosophy of Marxist Humanism in the United Paul Mattick ( 13 March 1904 – 7 February 1981) was a Marxist political writer and activist Marcuse's 1965 essay "Repressive Tolerance", in which he claimed capitalist democracies can have totalitarian aspects, has been criticized by conservatives. Repressive Tolerance is the title of a 1965 essay by Herbert Marcuse. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private [2] Marcuse argues that genuine tolerance does not tolerate support for repression, since doing so ensures that marginalized voices will remain unheard. He characterizes tolerance of repressive speech as "inauthentic. " Instead, he advocates a discriminatory form of tolerance that does not allow so-called "repressive" intolerance to be voiced.

Marcuse married three times. His first wife was mathematician Sophie Wertman (1901–1951), with whom he had a son, Peter (b. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January 1928). Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Herbert's second marriage was to Inge Neumann (1913–1972), the widow of his close friend Franz Neumann. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Franz Leopold Neumann ( May 23, 1900 &ndash September 2 1954) was a German left-wing Political activist and labor His third wife was Erica Sherover (1938–1988), a former graduate student and forty years his junior, whom he married in 1974. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar)

Marcuse may have been distantly related to the Berlin sexologist and dermatologist Max Marcuse [3]. Sexology is the study of sexual interests behavior and function Dermatology (from Greek grc δέρμα derma, "skin" and grc -λογία -logia) is a branch of Medicine dealing with Max Marcuse (1877-1963 was a Jewish - German dermatologist and sexologist. Ten days after his eighty-first birthday, Marcuse died on July 29, 1979, after having suffered a stroke during a visit to Germany. He had spoken at the Frankfurt Römerberggespräche, and second-generation Frankfurt School theorist Jürgen Habermas had invited him to the Max-Planck-Institute for the Study of the Scientific-Technical World in Starnberg. Jürgen Habermas (ˈjʏʁgən ˈhaːbɐmaːs born June 18, 1929 is a German Philosopher and Sociologist in the tradition of

Primary literature

Secondary literature

See also

External links


Persondata
NAME Marcuse, Herbert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION philosopher and sociologist
DATE OF BIRTH July 19, 1898(1898-07-19)
PLACE OF BIRTH Berlin, Germany
DATE OF DEATH July 29, 1979
PLACE OF DEATH Germany
Bernard Stiegler (born April 1, 1952) is a French Philosopher and Director of the Department of Cultural Development at the Centre Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
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