Herbert Clark Hoover
31st President of the United States
In office March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
Vice President	Charles Curtis (1929-1933)
Preceded by	Calvin Coolidge
Succeeded by	Franklin D. Roosevelt
3rd United States Secretary of Commerce
In office March 5, 1921 – August 21, 1928
President	Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge
Preceded by	Joshua W. Alexander
Succeeded by	William F. Whiting
Chairman of the Commission for Polish Relief, the Hoover Commission, and the Finnish Relief Fund, Coordinator of Food Supply for World Famine. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Charles Curtis (January 25 1860 – February 8 1936 was a Representative and a Senator from Kansas as well as the thirty-first Vice President of John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry the Department states its mission to Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2 1865 August 2 1923 was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack aged John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 Joshua Willis Alexander ( January 22 1852 &ndash February 27 1936) was United States Secretary of Commerce from December 16 William Fairfield Whiting (born in Holyoke, Massachusetts, on July 20, 1864, died August 31, 1936) was United
Born	August 10, 1874(1874-08-10) West Branch, Iowa
Died	October 20, 1964 (aged 90) New York, New York
Nationality	American
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Lou Henry Hoover
Alma mater	Stanford University
Occupation	Engineer (Mining), Businessman, Humanitarian
Religion	Quaker
Signature

Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964), the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933), was a mining engineer and author. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common West Branch is a city in Cedar and Johnson counties in the US Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Louise Henry Hoover (March 29 1874 &ndash January 7 1944 was the wife of Herbert Hoover and First Lady of the United States. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. Mining engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the practice the theory the science the technology and application of extracting and processing Minerals A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is someone who is employed at usually a profit-oriented enterprise, or more specifically someone Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Mining engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the practice the theory the science the technology and application of extracting and processing Minerals An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted government intervention under the rubric "economic modernization". The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry the Department states its mission to Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2 1865 August 2 1923 was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack aged John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 In the presidential election of 1928 Hoover easily won the Republican nomination. The United States presidential election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith. The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States The nation was prosperous and optimistic, leading to a landslide for Hoover over the Democrat Al Smith, whom many voters distrusted on account of his Roman Catholicism. Alfred Emanuel Smith Jr, known in private and public life as Al Smith, ( December 30, 1873 - October 4, 1944) was elected Governor Hoover deeply believed in the Efficiency Movement (a major component of the Progressive Era), arguing that a technical solution existed for every social and economic problem. The Efficiency Movement was a major dimension of the Progressive Era in the United States The Progressive Era in the United States was a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s That position was challenged by the Great Depression, which began in 1929, the first year of his presidency. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He tried to combat the Depression with volunteer efforts and government action, none of which produced economic recovery during his term. The consensus among historians is that Hoover's defeat in the 1932 election was caused primarily by failure to end the downward spiral into deep Depression, compounded by popular opposition to prohibition. The United States presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country In the United States, the term Prohibition refers to the period from 1920 to 1933 during which the sale manufacture and transportation of alcohol for consumption Other electoral liabilities were Hoover's lack of charisma in relating to voters, and his poor skills in working with politicians.

Contents 1 Family background and early life 2 Mining engineer 3 Humanitarian 4 Secretary of Commerce 4.1 Radio conferences 4.2 Traffic conferences 4.3 Mississippi flood 5 Election of 1928 6 Presidency 1929-1933 6.1 Policies 6.2 Great Depression 6.3 Economy 6.4 1932 campaign 6.4.1 Bonus Army 6.5 Administration and cabinet 6.6 Supreme Court appointments 7 Post presidency 8 World War II 9 Post World War II 10 Heritage and memorials 11 Schools named for Herbert Hoover 12 Media 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Primary sources 14.2 Secondary sources 14.3 Biographies 14.4 Scholarly studies 14.5 Notes 15 External links

Family background and early life

Hoover was born in West Branch, Iowa. West Branch is a city in Cedar and Johnson counties in the US He was the first President to be born west of the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to His father, Jesse, was a blacksmith and farm implement store owner, of German (Pfautz, Wehmeyer) and German-Swiss (Huber, Burkhart) descent. blacksmith is a person who creates objects from Iron or Steel by Forging the Metal; i The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as His mother, Hulda Minthorn Hoover, was of English and Irish descent. Both were Quakers. He was named after Herbert Robert Ewing, a close friend of his father. His father died in 1880 and his mother in 1884, leaving him an orphan at the age of 10. For a short time after his parents' death he lived in Kingsley, Iowa, and in 1885, he went to live with his uncle John Minthorn in Newberg, Oregon. Kingsley is a city in Plymouth County, Iowa, United States. The population was 1245 at the 2000 census Newberg is a city in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. A tradition holds that this town was named by its first postmaster Sebastian Brutscher for There he attended Friends Pacific Academy (now George Fox University) and worked as office boy in his uncle's real estate office in Salem. George Fox University (GFU is a Christian University of the Liberal arts & Sciences and professional studies located in Newberg George Fox University (GFU is a Christian University of the Liberal arts & Sciences and professional studies located in Newberg Salem (ˈseɪləm is the Capital of the US state of Oregon, and the County seat of Marion County. Though he did not attend high school, the young Hoover attended night school and learned bookkeeping, typing, and math. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution Bookkeeping (also book-keeping or book keeping) is the recording of all Financial transactions undertaken by an individual or Organization (including ^[1]

Hoover entered Leland Stanford Junior University in 1891, the first year of operation of the California institution, and, like all its first students, paid no tuition. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in ^[1] He would claim to be the first student ever at Stanford, by virtue of having been the first person in the first class to sleep in the dormitory. ^[2] While at the school he would be the student manager of both the baseball and football teams, and was a part of the inaugural Big Game versus rival California (Stanford won). The Big Game is the annual football game between Stanford University and the University of California Berkeley (known simply as "Cal" held The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley ^[2] Hoover graduated in 1895 with a degree in geology.

Mining engineer

Herbert Hoover served as an active mining engineer and consultant nearly twenty years. Mining engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the practice the theory the science the technology and application of extracting and processing Minerals He began his career with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in the Sierra Nevada range of California. The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. The Sierra Nevada ( Spanish for "Snowy Range" is a Mountain range located in the U

Hoover went to Australia as an employee of a London-based mine operator named Bewick, Moreing and Company in 1897. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He served as a geologist/mining engineer, leading a major program of expansion for the Sons of Gwalia gold mine at Gwalia, Western Australia. Sons of Gwalia is a Western Australian Mining company which mines Tantalum, Spodumene, Lithium and Tin. Gwalia is a former Gold-mining town located 233 kilometres north of Kalgoorlie and 828 kilometres east of Perth in Western Australia 's Great Hoover worked at gold mines in Big Bell, Cue, Leonora, Menzies and Coolgardie. Big Bell is a ghost town in Western Australia near the town of Cue. Cue is a small town in the Mid West region of Western Australia, located 650 km north-east of Perth. Leonora is a town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, located northeast of the state capital Perth, and north of the city of Menzies is a town located in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, east-northeast of the state capital Perth, and north-northwest Coolgardie is a small town in the Australian state of Western Australia, east of the state capital Perth. ^[3][4]

He married his Stanford sweetheart, Lou Henry in 1899 and they went to China, where Hoover worked for a private corporation as China's leading engineer. Louise Henry Hoover (March 29 1874 &ndash January 7 1944 was the wife of Herbert Hoover and First Lady of the United States. The Boxer Rebellion trapped the Hoovers in Tianjin in June 1900. The Boxer Rebellion, or Boxer Movement, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. For almost a month the settlement was under heavy fire. While his wife worked in the hospitals, Hoover directed the building of barricades, and once risked his life rescuing Chinese children.

Hoover was made a partner in Bewick, Moreing & Co. in 1901, and assumed responsibility for various Australian operations. In August–September 1905, Hoover achieved a technological innovation: he visited the mines at Broken Hill, New South Wales, where there was considerable zinc in the Broken Hill lead-silver ore, which could not be recovered and was lost as tailings. For the Local Government Area of Broken Hill see City of Broken Hill Broken Hill is an isolated Mining city and Local Government Area Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Hoover devised a practical and profitable method to use the then-new froth flotation process to treat these tailings and recover the zinc. Froth flotation is a process for selectively separating Minerals from Gangue by taking advantage of differences in their Hydrophobicity. ^[5] With William Baillieu and others, he founded the Zinc Corporation (later, following various mergers, a part of Rio Tinto). William Lawrence Baillieu ( 22 April 1859 – 6 February 1936) was an Australian financier and politician Rio Tinto is a multinational Mining and resources group founded originally in 1873 Hoover also became notable as a mine manager when, in Western Australia, he recruited Italian immigrants as underground mine workers. Italian Australians are one of the largest Ethnic groups in Australia. ^[6] He described Italians as "fully 20 per cent superior" to other miners. Hoover was also determined to cut costs and undermine the growing strength of the Australian labor movement. The Australian labour movement has its origins in the early 19th century and includes both Trade unions and political activity. To this end, he said, "the rivalry between [the Italians] and the other men [was] of no small benefit".

He became an independent mining consultant in 1908, traveling worldwide until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All His lectures at Columbia and Stanford Universities were published as Principles of Mining in 1909, which became a standard textbook. Hoover and his wife published their English translation of the Renaissance mining classic De re metallica by Georgius Agricola in 1912; their translation is the most important scholarly version of the work, and provides the historical context of the work. De re metallica ( Latin for On the Nature of Metals (Minerals) is a book cataloging the state of the art of Mining, refining and Smelting Georgius Agricola ( March 24, 1494 – November 21, 1555) was a German scholar and scientist It is still in print and published by Dover Publications. Dover Publications is an American book Publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward Cirker and his wife Blanche

Humanitarian

Hooever was bored with making money and when World War I started in August 1914, he helped return home 120,000 American tourists and businessmen from Europe. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Hoover led five hundred volunteers to pass out food, clothing, steamship tickets and cash. "I did not realize it at the moment, but on August 3, 1914 my career was over forever. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year I was on the slippery road of public life. " The difference between dictatorship and democracy, Hoover liked to say, was simple: dictators organize from the top down, democracies from the bottom up.

Belgium faced a food crisis after being invaded by Germany in fall 1914. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Hoover undertook an unprecedented relief effort as head of the Committee for Relief in Belgium (CRB). The Belgian American Educational Foundation or BAEF is an independent philanthropy He worked together with Emile Francqui, who led the Belgian National Relief and Food Committee. Emile Francqui ( Brussels, 25 June, 1863 - Brussels, 1 November, 1935) was a Belgian soldier diplomat and business The CRB became, in effect, an independent republic of relief, with its own flag, navy, factories, mills and railroads. Its $11-million-a-month budget was supplied by voluntary donations and government grants.

He spent the next two years working fourteen hours a day from London to distribute over two and half million foodstuffs to nine million war victims. In an early form of shuttle diplomacy, he crossed the North Sea forty times seeking to persuade the enemies in Berlin to allow food to reach the war's victims. In Diplomacy and International relations, shuttle diplomacy is the use of a third party to serve as an intermediary or mediator between two parties who do not talk The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Long before the Armistice of 1918, he was an international hero. The armistice treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest on November 11, 1918 The Belgian city of Leuven named a prominent square after him. Leuven ( French: Louvain, often used in English German: Löwen) is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in the In addition, the Finns added the word hoover, meaning "to help," to their language in honor of his two years of humanitarian work.

After the United States entered the war in April 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover head of the American Food Administration, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. Hoover believed that, "food will win the war. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D " He established days to encourage people to not eat certain foods in order to save them for the soldiers: meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays, and "when in doubt, eat potatoes. " These days helped conserve food for the war. He succeeded in cutting consumption of food needed overseas and avoided rationing at home (dubbed "Hooverizing" by government propagandists, although Hoover himself continually - and with little success - gave orders that publicity should not mention him by name, but rather should focus entirely on the Food Administration itself).

After the end of the war, Hoover, a member of the Supreme Economic Council and head of the American Relief Administration, organized shipments of food for millions of starving people in Central Europe. American Relief Administration was an American relief mission to Europe and later Soviet Russia after World War I. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and To this end, he employed a newly formed Quaker organization, the American Friends Service Committee to carry out much of the logistical work in Europe. The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC is a Religious Society of Friends ( Quaker) affiliated organization which provides Humanitarian relief

Against the opposition of Henry Cabot Lodge and other Senate Republicans, Hoover saw to it that the German people received aid, and he extended aid to famine-stricken Bolshevist Russia in 1921. This article is about Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924 a US politician in the early twentieth century The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Bolshevist Russia or Bolshevik Russia is a common term for the Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War, or more specifically the Russian When a critic inquired if he was not thus helping Bolshevism, Hoover retorted, "Twenty million people are starving. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!" At war's end, the New York Times named Hoover one of the "Ten Most Important Living Americans".

During this time, Hoover realized that he was in a unique position to collect information about the Great War and its aftermath. Returning home in 1919, Hoover confronted a world of political possibilities. At one point, Democratic party bosses looked on him as a potential candidate for the presidency. "There could not be a finer one," claimed a young and rising star from New York named Franklin D. Roosevelt.

However, Hoover rejected the call of the Democrats, confessing that he could not run for a party whose only member in his boyhood home had been the town drunk. In 1919, he pledged $50,000 to Stanford University to support his Hoover War Collection and donated to the University the extensive files of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, the U. S. Food Administration, and the American Relief Administration. Scholars were sent to Europe to collect pamphlets, society publications, government documents, newspapers, posters, proclamations, and other ephemeral materials related to the war and the revolutions and political movements that had followed it. The collection was later renamed the Hoover War Library and is now known as the Hoover Institution. The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U

Secretary of Commerce

Hoover was touted as a possible Democratic Party presidential candidate in 1920 by some party leaders (including, ironically enough, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, then a great admirer of Hoover; reportedly, Woodrow Wilson also privately preferred Hoover as his successor), but Hoover could foresee that 1920 would be a Republican year, and he had no desire to tie himself to a party that was destined for defeat, and thus could accomplish little (Hoover had been a registered Republican before the war, but was briefly willing to join the Democrats in 1920; he had already bolted the party once in 1912 to support Theodore Roosevelt's "Bull Moose" Progressive Party). The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( ASN) is the title given to certain senior officials in the United States Department of the Navy. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The United States Progressive Party of 1912 was a political party created by a split in the Republican Party in the presidential election of 1912. The United States Progressive Party of 1912 was a political party created by a split in the Republican Party in the presidential election of 1912. Announcing himself as a Republican and available for the nomination, he placed his name on the ballot in the California state primary, where he came close to beating the popular Hiram Johnson. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates Hiram Warren Johnson ( September 2, 1866 August 6, 1945) was a leading American progressive and later Isolationist By failing to win in his home state, however, Hoover relegated himself to dark horse contender at the convention, and even when it deadlocked over several ballots between Illinois Governor Frank Lowden and Army General Leonard Wood, few delegates seriously considered turning to Hoover as their compromise choice. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Frank Orren Lowden ( January 26 1861 &ndash March 20 1943) was an American political figure. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces Leonard Wood (9 October 1860 &ndash 7 August 1927 was a Physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba Although he had personal misgivings about the capability of the nominee, Warren G. Harding, Hoover publicly endorsed him, and even made a pair of speeches on Harding's behalf. Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2 1865 August 2 1923 was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack aged

In 1921, in part as a reward for his support in the election, President Harding offered Hoover the post of either Secretary of the Interior or Secretary of Commerce, ultimately choosing Commerce. The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry the Department states its mission to Established just eight years earlier following the division of the earlier Department of Commerce and Labor, Commerce was considered a minor Cabinet post, a department with limited and somewhat vaguely defined responsibilities. The United States Department of Commerce and Labor was a short-lived Cabinet department of the United States government. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the But Hoover aimed to change that, envisioning the Commerce Department as the hub of the nation's growth and stability. He demanded from Harding, and received, authority to help coordinate economic affairs throughout the government. He created a great many sub-departments and committees, overseeing and regulating everything from manufacturing statistics, the census, and radio to air travel. In some instances, he "seized" control of responsibilities from other Cabinet departments when he deemed that they were not carrying out their responsibilities well enough. Hoover became one of the most visible men in the country, often overshadowing Presidents Harding and Calvin Coolidge. John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 Washington wags were soon referring to Hoover as "The Secretary of Commerce. . . and Under-Secretary of Everything Else!"

As secretary and as President, Hoover revolutionized the relations between business and government. Rejecting the adversarial stance of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson, he sought to make the Commerce Department a powerful service organization, empowered to forge cooperative voluntary partnerships between government and business. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T William Howard Taft (September 15 1857 – March 8 1930 was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. This philosophy is often called "associationalism. Associationalism (also Associative Democracy) is a political project where "human welfare and liberty are both best "

Many of Hoover's efforts as Commerce Secretary centered on the elimination of waste and the increase of efficiency in business and industry. This included such things as reducing labor losses from trade disputes and seasonal fluctuations, reducing industrial losses from accident and injury, and reducing the amount of crude oil spilled during extraction and shipping. One major achievement was to promote progressive ideals in the areas of standardization products and designs. He energetically promoted international trade by opening offices overseas that gave advice and practical help to businessmen. He was especially eager to promote Hollywood films overseas. United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century [Hart 1998] His "Own Your Own Home" campaign was a collaboration with organizations working to promote ownership of single-family dwellings, including the Better Houses in America movement, the Architects' Small House Service Bureau, and the Home Modernizing Bureau. He worked with bankers and the savings and loan industry to promote the new long term home mortgage, which dramatically stimulated home construction. ^[7]

Radio conferences

Among Hoover's other successes were the radio conferences, which played a key role in the early organization, development and regulation of radio broadcasting. Hoover played a key role in major projects for navigation, irrigation of dry lands, electrical power, and flood control. As the new air transport industry developed, Hoover held a conference on aviation to promote codes and regulations. He became president of the American Child Health Organization, and he raised private funds to promote health education in schools and communities.

Although he continued to consider Harding ill-suited to be President, the two men nevertheless became friends, and Hoover was accompanying Harding on his final trip out West in 1923. It was Hoover who called for a specialist to tend to the ailing Chief Executive, and it was also Hoover who contacted the White House to inform them of the President's death. The Commerce Secretary headed the group of dignitaries accompanying Harding's body back to the capital.

By the end of Hoover's service as Secretary, the newly important status of the Department of Commerce was reflected in the vast and modern headquarters that would be built for it in Washington D. C.

Traffic conferences

As Commerce secretary, Hoover also hosted two national conferences on street traffic, in 1924 and 1926 (a third convened in 1930, during Hoover's presidency). Collectively the meetings were called the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety. Hoover's chief objective was to address the growing casualty toll of traffic accidents, but the scope grew and soon embraced motor vehicle standards, rules of the road, and urban traffic control. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. Because automotive trade associations were the best organized, many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. The conferences issued a model Uniform Vehicle Code for adoption by the states, and a Model Municipal Municipal Traffic Ordinance for adoption by cities. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets. ^[8]

Mississippi flood

In early 1927, the Great Mississippi River flood broke the banks and levees of the Mississippi River. This article is about the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 For the Mississippi Flood of 1993 see Great Flood of 1993. Dike (constructionEmbankmentA levee, levée, dike (or dyke) embankment, floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial Although such a disaster did not fall under the duties of the Commerce Department, the governors of six states along the Mississippi specifically asked for Herbert Hoover in the emergency, so President Calvin Coolidge sent Hoover to mobilize state and local authorities, militia, army engineers, Coast Guard, and the American Red Cross. The American Red Cross (also known as the American National Red Cross) is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance disaster relief and education inside He set up health units, with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, to work in the flooded regions for a year. The Rockefeller Foundation (RF is a prominent Philanthropic organization and Private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue New York City. These workers stamped out malaria, pellagra, and typhoid fever from many areas. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including Pellagra is a Vitamin Deficiency disease caused by dietary lack of Niacin (B3 and Protein, especially proteins containing the Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium His work during the flood brought Herbert Hoover to the front page of newspapers almost everywhere, and he gained new accolades as a humanitarian. The great victory of his relief work, he stressed, was not that the government rushed in and provided all assistance. Rather, it was that much of the assistance available was provided instead by private citizens and organizations in response to Hoover's appeals. "I suppose I could have called in the Army to help," he said, "but why should I, when I only had to call upon Main Street. "

Election of 1928

Main article: United States presidential election, 1928

In 1927, when President Coolidge declined to run for a second full term of office, Herbert Hoover became the leading Republican candidate for the 1928 election, despite the fact that Coolidge was lukewarm on Hoover (the President would often deride his ambitious and popular Commerce Secretary as "Wonder Boy"). The United States presidential election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith. The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States His only real challenger was Frank Lowden, but in the months leading up to the convention, Hoover received so much favorable press coverage, Lowden's campaign manager complained that the newspapers were full of "nothing but advertisements for Herbert Hoover and Fletcher's Castoria. Frank Orren Lowden ( January 26 1861 &ndash March 20 1943) was an American political figure. Castoria redirects here For the titular see see Castoria (titular see. " Hoover’s reputation, experience, and public popularity coalesced to give him the nomination on the first ballot, with Senator Charles Curtis named as his running mate. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Charles Curtis (January 25 1860 – February 8 1936 was a Representative and a Senator from Kansas as well as the thirty-first Vice President of

He campaigned against Democratic candidate Alfred E. Smith on the basis of efficiency and prosperity. Alfred Emanuel Smith Jr, known in private and public life as Al Smith, ( December 30, 1873 - October 4, 1944) was elected Governor Smith was the target of anti-Catholicism from some Protestant communities, much to Hoover's advantage. Anti-Catholicism is a generic term for Discrimination, hostility or Prejudice directed at the Roman Catholic Church or its followers Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. There was actually not much difference between the candidates on the issues, as both Hoover and Smith positioned themselves as pro-business, and each promised to improve conditions for farmers, reform immigration laws, and maintain America's isolationist foreign policy. Where they did differ was on the Volstead Act. The Volstead Act, which reinforced the Prohibition of alcohol in the United States of America, was popularly named after Andrew Volstead, Chairman of the Smith was a "wet" who called for its repeal, whereas Hoover gave public support for Prohibition, calling it an experiment "noble in purpose". Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol ^[9] What few voters knew, however, was that Hoover was much more tentative in his support for Volstead in private, and that for years he practiced a certain ritual: often after work at the Commerce Department, he would stop by the Belgian Embassy for a visit with friends. While there, as it was technically foreign soil, he was able to enjoy an alcoholic drink before heading for home. Hoover also used to grumble that all Prohibition successfully did was to force him to dispose of his celebrated wine cellar.

Historians agree that Hoover's national reputation and the booming economy, combined with the deep splits in the Democratic party over religion and prohibition, guaranteed his landslide victory of 58% of the vote. Hoover even managed to crack the so-called "Solid South," winning such traditionally Democratic states as Florida, North Carolina, Virginia, Texas and Tennessee from Smith. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. As advertising executive Bruce Barton put it, "Americans knew they may have more fun with Smith, but that they would make more money with Hoover. Bruce Fairchild Barton ( 5 August 1886 – 5 July 1967) was an American author advertising executive and politician "

Herbert Hoover's wife, Lou Henry Hoover, came to the White House unlike her predecessors as First Ladies. Louise Henry Hoover (March 29 1874 &ndash January 7 1944 was the wife of Herbert Hoover and First Lady of the United States. She had already carved out a reputation of her own, having graduated from Stanford as the only woman in her class with a degree in geology. Although she had never practiced her profession formally, she remained very much a new woman of the post-World War I era: intelligent, robust, and possessed of a sense of female possibilities.

On poverty, Hoover promised: "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. " Within months, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred, and the nation's economy spiraled downward into what became known as the Great Depression. The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the ’29 Crash, the Crash of 1929, the Great Crash of 1929, the Great Crash of October 1929

Presidency 1929-1933

Policies

A dedicated Progressive and Reformer, Hoover saw the presidency as a vehicle for improving the conditions of all Americans, not by resorting to outright dictatorship or socialism, but through regulation and by encouraging volunteerism. Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of international social and political philosophies. Reform Movement redirects here For specific organizations by that name see Reform Movement (disambiguation A reform movement is a kind Long before he entered politics he had denounced laissez-faire thinking,^[10] as Commerce Secretary he took an active pro-regulation stance, and as President he saw tariff and farm support bills through Congress.

Hoover expanded civil service coverage, canceled private oil leases on government lands, and led the way for the prosecution of gangster Al Capone by instructing the Justice Department and the Internal Revenue Service to go after gangsters for tax evasion. See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (January 17 1899 &ndash January 25 1947 commonly nicknamed Scarface, was an Italian American Gangster who For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department The He appointed a commission which set aside 3 million acres (12,000 km²) of national parks and 2. A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution 3 million acres (9,000 km²) of national forests; advocated tax reduction for low-income Americans (not enacted); closed certain tax loopholes for the wealthy; doubled the number of veteran's hospital facilities; negotiated a treaty on St. Lawrence Seaway (which failed in the U.S. Senate); wrote a Children's Charter that advocated protection of every child regardless of race or gender; built the San Francisco Bay Bridge; created an antitrust division in the Justice Department; required air mail carriers to adopt stricter safety measures and improve service; proposed federal loans for urban slum clearances (not enacted); organized the Federal Bureau of Prisons; reorganized the Bureau of Indian Affairs; instituted prison reform; proposed a federal Department of Education (not enacted); advocated fifty-dollar-per-month pensions for Americans over 65 (not enacted); chaired White House conferences on child health, protection, homebuilding and homeownership; began construction of the Boulder Dam (later renamed Hoover Dam); and signed the Norris-La Guardia Act that limited judicial intervention in labor disputes. The St Lawrence Seaway is the common name for a system of Canals that permits ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department FBOP redirects here For the bank holding company see FBOP Corporation. History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U The United States Department of Education (also referred to as ED, for Education Department is a Cabinet -level department of the United States See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Hoover Dam, also sometimes known as Boulder Dam, is a Concrete Arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the Hoover Dam, also sometimes known as Boulder Dam, is a Concrete Arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the The Norris-La Guardia Act (also known as the Anti-Injunction Bill) of 1932 was a United States federal law that made Yellow-dog contracts

Hoover's humanitarian and Quaker reputation—along with a Native American vice president—gave special meaning to his Indian policies. George Herman Ruth Jr (February 6 1895 &ndash August 16 1948 also popularly known as " Babe " " The Bambino " and " The Sultan of The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States His Quaker upbringing influenced his views that Native Americans needed to achieve economic self-sufficiency. As President, he appointed Charles J. Rhoads as commissioner of Indian affairs. Hoover supported Rhoads' commitment to Indian assimilation and sought to minimize the federal role in Indian affairs. His goal was to have Indians acting as individuals (not as tribes) and assume the responsibilities of citizenship which had been granted with the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924. The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 also known as the Snyder Act, was proposed by Representative Homer P ^[11]

In the foreign arena, Hoover began formulating what would later become Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy following the 1930 release of the Clark Memorandum, by withdrawing American troops from Nicaragua and Haiti; he also proposed an arms embargo on Latin America and a one-third reduction of the world's naval power, which was called the Hoover Plan. The "Good Neighbor" policy was the Foreign policy of the administration of United States president Franklin D The Clark Memorandum on the Monroe Doctrine or Clark Memorandum, written on December 17, 1928 by Calvin Coolidge ’s undersecretary of state Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: The Roosevelt Corollary ceased being part of U. The Roosevelt Corollary was a substantial amendment to the Monroe Doctrine by U S. foreign policy. In response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, he and Secretary of State Henry Stimson outlined the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine that said the United States would not recognize territories gained by force. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Henry Lewis Stimson ( September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American Statesman, who served as Secretary of The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7 1932 to Japan and Between his election and his inauguration as President, Hoover broke precedent by undertaking a goodwill tour of many Latin American countries.

During his presidency, he mediated between Chile and Peru to solve a conflict on the sovereignty of Arica and Tacna that in 1883 by the Treaty of Ancón had been awarded to Chile for ten years, to be followed by a plebiscite that had never happened. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Arica is a port city in northern Chile, located only 18 km (11 miles south of the border with Peru. History Francisco Antonio De Zela, a royal accountant (similar in function to a modern-day income tax auditor initiated the push for Peruvian Independence from Spain The Treaty of Ancón was signed by Peru and Chile on 20 October 1883, in the Ancón District near Lima. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita By the Tacna-Arica compromise at the Treaty of Lima in 1929, Chile kept Arica, and Peru regained Tacna. The Tacna Arica compromise was a series of documents that settled the territorial dispute of both Tacna and Arica provinces

Great Depression

Main article: Great Depression

The economy was put to the test with the onset of the Great Depression in the United States in 1929. The Great Depression in the United States began on "Black Tuesday" with the Wall Street crash of October 1929 and rapidly spread At the outset of the depression, Hoover rejected Treasury Secretary Mellon's suggested "leave-it-alone" approach,^[12] but at the same time he declined to pursue legislative relief, believing that it would make people dependent on the federal government. Instead he organized a number of voluntary measures, encouraged state and local government responses, and accelerated federal building projects. Only toward the end of his term did he support a series of legislative reconstruction bills, which represented the largest federal economic intervention to date.

Together government and business actually spent more in the first half of 1930 than the previous year. Frightened consumers cut back their expenditures by ten percent. A severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland beginning in the summer of 1930. The combination of these factors caused a downward spiral, as earnings fell, smaller banks collapsed, and mortgages went unpaid. Hoover's hold-the-line policy in wages lasted little more than a year. Unemployment soared from five million in 1930 to over eleven million in 1931. A sharp recession had become the Great Depression.

In 1930 Hoover signed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which raised tariffs on over 20,000 dutiable items, despite the protests of economists. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (sometimes known as the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act) was an act signed into law on June 17 1930, that raised U Major trading partners, like Canada, immediately retaliated. The tariff, combined with the 1932 Revenue Act, which hiked taxes and fees across the board, is often blamed for deepening the depression. It brought on a wave of retaliation and choked world trade.

Hoover's stance on the economy was based on volunteerism. Volunteerism is the willingness of people to work on behalf of others without being motivated by financial gain From before his entry to the presidency, he was among the greatest proponents of the concept that public-private cooperation was the way to achieve high long-term growth. Hoover feared that too much intervention or coercion by the government would destroy individuality and self-reliance, which he considered to be important American values. Though he was not averse to taking action which he considered was in the public good, such as regulating radio broadcasting and aviation, he preferred a voluntary, non-government approach to economic recovery. As if to prove the president's point, the First Lady exhorted her forces to service. She pressed the more than 250,000 Girl Scouts nationwide to join in relief work and helped to promulgate the Rapidan Plan in 1931 to achieve that end. As the First Lady used the radio, she rallied support for volunteerism, encouraging groups such as the 4-H clubs to devote themselves to local relief. Behind the scenes, she mobilized informal networks of friends and women's organizations and ensured that appeals to the White House found their way to local sources of aid.

In June 1931, to deal with a very serious banking collapse in Vienna that threatened to cause a worldwide financial meltdown, Hoover issued the Hoover Moratorium that called for a one-year halt in reparations payments by Germany to France and in the payment of Allied war debts to the United States. The Hoover Moratorium was a public statement issued by US President Herbert Hoover on June 20 1931 in order to deal with a very serious banking collapse World War I reparations refers to the payments and transfers of property and equipment that the German country was forced to make under the Treaty of Versailles (1919 following Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Hoover Moratorium had the effect of temporarily stopping the banking collapse in Europe. In June 1932, a conference canceled all reparations payments by Germany.

The following is an outline of other actions Hoover took to try to help end the Depression through government intervention:

1. Raised tariffs, in accordance with his election-year promise, by signing the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (sometimes known as the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act) was an act signed into law on June 17 1930, that raised U
2. Increased subsidies to the nation's farmers with the Agricultural Marketing Act. Under the administration of Herbert Hoover, the Agriculture Marketing Act of 1929 established the Federal Farm Board with a revolving fund of half a billion dollars
3. Signed the Emergency Relief and Construction Act, the nation's first Federal unemployment assistance. The Emergency Relief and Construction Act (ch 520, enacted July 21[[ 932]] was the United States 's first major-relief Legislation, enabled under Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work.
4. Increased public works spending. Some of Hoover's efforts to stimulate the economy through public works are as follows:
   1. Asked Congress for a $400 million increase in the Federal Building Program
   2. Directed the Department of Commerce to establish a Division of Public Construction in December 1929
   3. Increased subsidies for ship construction through the Federal Shipping Board
   4. Urged the state governors to also increase their public works spending, though many failed to take any action. The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting Economic growth Public works are the construction or engineering projects carried out by the State on behalf of the Community.
5. Signed the Federal Home Loan Bank Act establishing the Federal Home Loan Bank system to assist citizens in obtaining financing to purchase a home. The Federal Home Loan Bank Act is a United States federal law passed in 1932 under President Herbert Hoover in order to lower the cost of home ownership The Federal Home Loan Banks provide stable on-demand low-cost funding to American Financial institutions for home Mortgage loans small business rural
6. Established the President's Emergency Relief Organization to coordinate local private relief efforts resulting in over 3,000 relief committees across the U. S.
7. Authorized the repatriation to Mexico of 1-2 million people living in barrios throughout California, Texas and Michigan, 60% of whom were U. S. citizens of Mexican-descent, in an effort to ease unemployment.
8. Urged bankers to form the National Credit Corporation to assist banks in financial trouble and protect depositors' money.
9. Actively encouraged businesses to maintain high wages during the Depression, in line with the philosophy, called Fordism, that high wages create prosperity. Fordism, named after Henry Ford, refers to various social theories. Most corporations maintained their workers' wages early in the Depression in the hope that more money into the pockets of consumers would end the economic downturn.
10. Signed the Reconstruction Finance Act. This act established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which made loans to the states for public works and unemployment relief. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC) was an independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover In addition, the corporation made loans to banks, railroads and agriculture credit organizations.

Although Hoover's stablization efforts exceeded those of any previous federal administration, Roosevelt would attack Hoover for "doing nothing," a view that has persisted ever since. ^{[13][12][14][15]}

Economy

In order to pay for these and other government programs, Hoover agreed to one of the largest tax increases in American history. The Revenue Act of 1932 raised income tax on the highest incomes from 25% to 63%. The Revenue Act of 1932 ( June 6, 1932, ch 209) raised United States tax rates across the board with the rate on top incomes rising from 25 percent to The estate tax was doubled and corporate taxes were raised by almost 15%. Estate tax and Death duty redirect here Inheritance tax, estate tax and death duty are the names given to various taxes which Corporate tax refers to a Tax levied by various jurisdictions on the Profits made by companies or associations. Also, a "check tax" was included that placed a 2-cent tax (over 30 cents in today's dollars) on all bank checks. Economists William D. Lastrapes and George Selgin,^[16] conclude that the check tax was "an important contributing factor to that period's severe monetary contraction. " Hoover also encouraged Congress to investigate the New York Stock Exchange, and this pressure resulted in various reforms. The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City.

For this reason, years later libertarians argued that Hoover's economics were statist. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Statism (or Etatism) is a very loose and often Derogatory term that is used to describe Specific instances of state intervention in personal social Franklin D. Roosevelt blasted the Republican incumbent for spending and taxing too much, increasing national debt, raising tariffs and blocking trade, as well as placing millions on the dole of the government. Roosevelt attacked Hoover for "reckless and extravagant" spending, of thinking "that we ought to center control of everything in Washington as rapidly as possible," and of leading "the greatest spending administration in peacetime in all of history. " Roosevelt's running mate, John Nance Garner, accused the Republican of "leading the country down the path of socialism". John Nance Garner IV nicknamed "Cactus Jack" (November 22 1868 &ndash November 7 1967 was the forty-fourth Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ^[17]

These policies pale beside the more drastic steps taken later as part of the New Deal. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D Hoover's opponents charge that his policies came too little, and too late, and did not work. Even as he asked Congress for legislation, he reiterated his view that while people must not suffer from hunger and cold, caring for them must be primarily a local and voluntary responsibility.

Even so, New Dealer Rexford Tugwell^[18] later remarked that although no one would say so at the time, "practically the whole New Deal was extrapolated from programs that Hoover started. Rexford Guy Tugwell ( July 10 1891 – July 21 1979) was an Agricultural Economist who became part of Franklin D "

Unemployment rose to 24. 9% by the end of Hoover's presidency in 1933, at the depth of the Great Depression. Hoover also vetoed the Muscle Shoals Bill in 1931, which would have provided cheap energy to the Tennessee river valley, which could have silenced some critics. The Muscle Shoals Bill was designed to dam the Tennessee River and sell government-produced electricity in competition with citizens in private companies

1932 campaign

Main article: United States presidential election, 1932

Although Hoover had come to detest the presidency, he agreed to run again in 1932, both as a matter of pride, but also because he feared that no other likely Republican candidate would deal with the depression without resorting to dangerously radical measures. The United States presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country

Hoover was nominated by the Republicans for a second term. He had originally planned to make only one or two major speeches, and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, but when polls showed the entire Republican ticket facing a resounding defeat at the polls, Hoover agreed to an expanded schedule of public addresses. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy. He realized he would lose. The apologia approach did not allow Hoover to refute Franklin Roosevelt's charge that he was personally responsible for the depression. ^[19]

In his campaigns around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds any sitting president had ever faced. In addition to having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to kill Hoover by disgruntled citizens, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another actually already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the President's train.

Bonus Army

Main article: Bonus Army

Thousands of World War I veterans and their families demonstrated and camped out in Washington, D. The self-named Bonus Expeditionary Force was an assemblage of some 43000 marchers — 17000 World War I veterans their families and affiliated groups who protested World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All A veteran (from Latin vetus, meaning "old" is a person who has or is working in the armed forces C. , during June 1932, calling for immediate payment of a bonus that had been promised by the Adjusted Service Certificate Law for payment in 1924. The Adjusted Service Certificate Law is a United States federal law passed in 1924 that granted Veterans of World War I "bonus" certificates the Although offered money by Congress to return home, some members of the "Bonus army" remained. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The self-named Bonus Expeditionary Force was an assemblage of some 43000 marchers — 17000 World War I veterans their families and affiliated groups who protested Washington police attempted to remove the demonstrators from their camp, but they were outnumbered and thereby unsuccessful. Shots were fired by the police in a futile attempt to attain order, and two protesters were killed while many officers were injured. Hoover sent U.S. Army forces led by General Douglas MacArthur and helped by junior officers Dwight D. Eisenhower and George S. Patton to stop a march. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond. MacArthur, believing he was fighting a communist revolution, chose to clear out the camp with military force. In the ensuing clash, hundreds of civilians were injured. Hoover had actually sent orders that the Army was to not move on the encampment, but MacArthur chose to ignore the command. Hoover was incensed, but refused to reprimand MacArthur. The entire incident was another devastating negative for Hoover in the 1932 election. The United States presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country That led New York governor and Democratic presidential candidate Franklin Roosevelt to declare of Hoover: "There is nothing inside the man but jelly!"

Hoover suffered a large defeat at the election, obtaining 39. 7% of the popular vote to Roosevelt's 57. 4%. Hoover's popular vote was reduced by 26% from his result in the 1928 election. In the electoral college he carried only a handful of Northeast states and lost 59 - 472. An electoral college is a set of many electors who are empowered to elect a candidate to a particular Office. The Democrats also extended their control over the U. S. House and gained control of the U. S. Senate.

Administration and cabinet

OFFICE	NAME	TERM
President	Herbert Hoover	1929–1933
Vice President	Charles Curtis	1929–1933
Secretary of State	Henry L. Stimson	1929–1933
Secretary of the Treasury	Andrew Mellon	1929–1932
	Ogden L. Mills	1932–1933
Secretary of War	James W. Good	1929
	Patrick J. Hurley	1929–1933
Attorney General	William D. Mitchell	1929–1933
Postmaster General	Walter F. Brown	1929–1933
Secretary of the Navy	Charles F. Adams	1929–1933
Secretary of the Interior	Ray L. Wilbur	1929–1933
Secretary of Agriculture	Arthur M. Hyde	1929–1933
Secretary of Commerce	Robert P. Lamont	1929–1932
	Roy D. Chapin	1932–1933
Secretary of Labor	James J. Davis	1929–1930
	William N. Doak	1930–1933

Supreme Court appointments

Hoover appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

• Charles Evans Hughes (Chief Justice) – 1930
• Owen Josephus Roberts – 1930
• Benjamin Nathan Cardozo – 1932

Post presidency

Hoover departed from Washington in March of 1933 with some bitterness, disappointed both that he had been repudiated by the voters and unappreciated for his best efforts, and also fearful that the new Federal administration was about to embark in an orgy of wildly experimental and irresponsible programs that would only further damage the economy. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Charles Curtis (January 25 1860 – February 8 1936 was a Representative and a Senator from Kansas as well as the thirty-first Vice President of The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Henry Lewis Stimson ( September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American Statesman, who served as Secretary of The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Andrew William Mellon ( March 24 1855 &mdash August 27 1937) was an American banker industrialist philanthropist art collector Ogden Livingston Mills Jr ( August 23, 1884 &ndash October 11, 1937) was an American businessman and politician The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration James William Good ( September 24, 1866 &ndash November 18, 1929) was an American politician from the state of Iowa. Patrick Jay Hurley ( January 8, 1883, Choctaw Nation Indian Territory &mdash July 30, 1963, Santa Fe, NM) was The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement William DeWitt Mitchell ( September 9, 1874 &ndash August 24, 1955) was appointed to the position of U The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. Walter Folger Brown ( May 31, 1869 &ndash January 26, 1961) the son of James Marshall and Lavinia Folger Brown was Postmaster General The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. Charles Francis Adams III ( August 2, 1866 &ndash June 10, 1954) was the United States Secretary of the Navy under The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. Ray Lyman Wilbur ( April 13, 1875 &ndash June 26, 1949) was a Medical doctor, the 3rd President of Stanford University, and The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. Arthur Mastick Hyde ( July 12, 1877 October 17, 1947) was an American Republican politician who served as Governor The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry the Department states its mission to Robert Patterson Lamont ( December 1, 1867 - February 20, 1948) was United States Secretary of Commerce March 5, 1929 Roy Dikeman Chapin ( 23 February, 1880 - February 10, 1936) was an American industrialist and Automaker. "Secretary of Labor" redirects here See also Secretary of Labor (Mexico. James John Davis ( October 27 1873 &ndash November 22 1947) was an American steel worker and Republican Party politician William Nuckles Doak (b December 12, 1882 in Rural Retreat, Wythe County Virginia – d The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Charles Evans Hughes Sr ( April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was a Lawyer and Republican politician from the State The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U Benjamin Nathan Cardozo ( May 24, 1870 &ndash July 9, 1938) was a well-known American Lawyer and Jurist, remembered The Hoovers went first to New York City, where they settled into the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The City of New York The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel is a famously luxurious hotel in New York Later that spring, the Hoovers returned to California to live in their home at Palo Alto. Palo Alto (ˌpæloʊˈæltoʊ from Spanish: palo: "stick" and alto: "high" i

Hoover liked to get behind the wheel of his car, accompanied only by his wife or a friend (former presidents did not get Secret Service protection until the 1960s), and drive for hundreds or thousands of miles on wandering journeys, visiting Western mining camps or small towns where he often went unrecognized, or heading up to the mountains or deep into the woods to go fishing in relative solitude. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 A year before his death, his own fishing days behind him, he published Fishing For Fun — And To Wash Your Soul, the last of his more than 16 books.

Although many of his friends and supporters called upon Hoover to speak out against Franklin Delano Roosevelt's (FDR) "New Deal" and to assume his place as the voice of the loyal opposition, he refused for many months after leaving the White House, and largely kept himself out of the public spotlight until late in 1934. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D However, that did not stop rumors from springing up about him, often fanned by Democratic politicians who found the former President to be a convenient scapegoat. scapegoat was a Goat that was driven off into the wilderness as part of the ceremonies of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement in Judaism during the times One rumor had it that he had attempted to flee the country in a yacht with $5 million in gold, another that the Federal Bureau of Investigation had arrested him and placed him in protective custody "for his own safety. "

The relationship between Hoover and Roosevelt was one of the most strained between presidents ever. While Hoover had little good to say about his successor, there was little he could do beyond hurling epithets at him. FDR, however, could and did engage in various petty official acts aimed at his predecessor, ranging from dropping him from the White House birthday greetings message list to having Hoover's name struck from the Hoover Dam along the Nevada/Arizona border, which would officially be known only as Boulder Dam for many years to come. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States.

After the 1934 mid-term elections and their staggering Democratic victories, however, Hoover felt the time had come for him to speak out. He warned of a trend toward dictatorship inherent in the New Deal, lamented the fact that Congress so readily gave virtually everything Roosevelt asked for, and complained (with some accuracy) that much of what was working in the New Deal were the programs begun during his own term in office, while many of Roosevelt's original policies were failures, but FDR was being given sole credit for recovery regardless.

In 1936, Hoover entertained hopes of receiving the Republican presidential nomination, and thus facing Roosevelt in a rematch. However, although he retained strong support among some delegates, there was never much hope of him being selected. He publicly endorsed the nominee, Kansas Governor Alf Landon, although privately he worried that Landon was too willing to accept the New Deal policies. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Alfred "Alf" Mossman Landon ( September 9, 1887 – October 12, 1987) was an American Republican Politician But Hoover might very well have been the nominee, as the Democrats virtually ignored Landon and ran against the former President himself, constantly attacking him in speeches and warning that a Landon victory would put Hoover back in the White House as the secret power behind the throne. Roosevelt won 46 of the 48 states, burying Landon and the Republican Party in another landslide.

Although Hoover's reputation was at its nadir, circumstances would now begin to develop that would help rehabilitate his name and restore him to a position of prominence in the life of the nation. Roosevelt overreached on his Supreme Court packing plan, and a recession in 1937 and 1938 tarnished his image of invincibility. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary.

Hoover also cemented his position as a spokesman of the Republican Party, in part due to the dearth of nationally-known Republicans following the last few election debacles. As such, he gave voice to millions of Americans who felt disenfranchised by the New Deal .

By 1940, Hoover was again being spoken of as the possible nominee of the party. Although he trailed in the polls behind Thomas Dewey, Arthur Vandenberg, and his own former protege, Robert A. Taft, he still had considerable first ballot delegate strength, and it was believed that if the convention deadlocked between the leading candidates, the party might turn to him as its compromise. Thomas Edmund Dewey ( March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1955 and the unsuccessful Republican Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg ( March 22 1884 &ndash April 18 1951) was a Republican Senator from the U Robert Alphonso Taft ( September 8, 1889 - July 31, 1953) of the Taft political family of Ohio, was a Republican However, the convention nominated utility president Wendell Willkie, who had supported Roosevelt in 1932 but turned against him after the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority forced him to sell his company. Wendell Lewis Willkie ( February 18 1892 &ndash October 8 1944) was a corporate lawyer in the United States and the Republican The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA is a federally owned Corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide Hoover dutifully supported Willkie, although he despaired that the nominee endorsed a platform that, to Hoover, was little more than the New Deal in all but name. Following 1940, Hoover never again considered holding public office, even when the opportunity to return presented itself.

World War II

With the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, Hoover joined with the majority of Americans to declare for neutrality from the conflict. Like many, he initially believed that the Allies would be able to contain Germany. But when the Nazis overran France and had Britain on the verge of collapse in 1940, Hoover declared that it would be folly for the United States to declare war on Germany and to rush to save the UK. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Rather, he held, it was far wiser for the nation to devote itself to building up its own defenses, and to wash its hands of the mess in Europe. He called for a "Fortress America" concept, in which the U. S. , protected East and West by vast oceans and patrolled by its navy and air corps, could adequately repel any attack on the hemisphere. Hoover publicly opposed Roosevelt's peacetime draft, the Lend-Lease Program, and the "shoot on sight" command which FDR gave the Navy should they cross paths with any German U-boats in the shipping lanes between the United States and the British Isles, as threats to America's official neutrality. The Draft redirects here For other uses see Draft. Conscription in the United States has been employed several times usually during Lend-Lease (Public Law 77-11 was the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers

In spite of his professed neutrality, Hoover despised the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately He had privately met the Führer while visiting Germany several years before, and he came away from their meeting singularly unimpressed with Hitler's intellect. Hoover likewise had little more than contempt for Hitler's ally, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.

With the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hoover swept aside all feelings of neutrality and called for total victory. He offered himself to the government in any capacity necessary, but the Roosevelt Administration did not call upon him to serve.

Post World War II

Based on Hoover's previous experience with Germany at the end of World War I, in 1946 - 47 President Harry S. Truman selected Hoover to tour Germany in order to ascertain the food status of the occupied nation. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hoover toured what was to become West Germany in Field Marshal Herman Göring's old train coach and produced a number of reports sharply critical of U. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member "The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria" was the title of a series of reports commissioned by U S. occupation policy. The economy of Germany had "sunk to the lowest level in a hundred years. "^[20] He stated in one report:

"There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a 'pastoral state'. The former eastern territories of Germany (ehemalige deutsche Ostgebiete describes collectively those Provinces or Regions east of the current eastern The Morgenthau Plan was a plan for the occupation of Germany after World War II that advocated measures intended to remove Germany's ability to wage war It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it. "[1].

As the Cold War deepened, Hoover expressed reservations about some of the activities of the American Friends Service Committee, which he previously had strongly supported.

On Hoover’s initiative, a school meals program in the U. S. and British occupation zones of Germany was begun on 14 April 1947. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The program served 3. 5 million children ages 6 through 18. A total of 40,000 tons of American food was made available during the Hooverspeisung (Hoover meals).

In 1947, President Harry S. Truman appointed Hoover to a commission, which elected him chairman, to reorganize the executive departments. A government agency is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the Machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions This became known as the Hoover Commission. Note This article is about the two commissions 1947-1949 and 1953-1955 headed by former President Herbert Hoover to recommend administrative changes to promote efficiency in the United States He was appointed chairman of a similar commission by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Both found numerous inefficiencies and ways to reduce waste, but Hoover was disappointed that the government did not enact most of the recommendations the commissions made.

In 1949, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey offered Hoover a seat in the U. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Thomas Edmund Dewey ( March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1955 and the unsuccessful Republican S. Senate, to fulfill an unexpired term; Hoover declined.

Following the war, Hoover became friends with President Harry Truman. Hoover joked that they were for many years the sole members of the trade union of former Presidents.

Throughout the Cold War, Hoover, always an opponent of Marxism, became even more stridently anti-Communist. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Despite his advancing years, he continued to work virtually full-time both on his writing (among his literary works is The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, a bestseller, and the first time one former president had ever written a biography about another), as well as overseeing the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, which housed not only his own professional papers, but those of a number of other former high ranking governmental and military servants. The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U He also threw himself into fund raising for the Boys Clubs (now the Boys & Girls Clubs of America), which became his pet charity. Boys & Girls Clubs of America (or BGCA) is a national organization whose mission is to “enable all young people especially those who need us most to reach their full potential

In 1960, he appeared at his final Republican National Convention. Since the 1948 gathering, he had been feted as the guest of "farewell" ceremonies (the unspoken assumption being that the aging former President might not survive until the next convention). Joking to the delegates, he said, "Apparently, my last three goodbyes didn't take. " Although he lived to see the 1964 convention, ill health prevented him from attending; nominee Barry Goldwater acknowledged Hoover's absence in his acceptance speech.

Hoover died at the age of 90 in New York City at 11:35 a. The City of New York m. on October 20, 1964, 31 years and seven months after leaving office. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. He had outlived his wife, the former Lou Henry, by 20 years, who died in 1944, and was the last living member of both the Harding and Coolidge administrations. Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2 1865 August 2 1923 was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack aged John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 By the time of his death, he had rehabilitated his image. His birthplace in Iowa, as well as a home he lived in as a child in Oregon, became national landmarks during his lifetime. His Rapidan fishing camp in Virginia, which he had donated to the government in 1933, is now a National Historic Landmark within Shenandoah National Park. Rapidan Camp (also known at times as Camp Hoover) in Shenandoah National Park in Madison County Virginia was built by U Shenandoah National Park encompasses part of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the U As of 2008, he had the longest retirement of any President. Hoover and his wife are buried at the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum in West Branch, Iowa. The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is the Presidential library of Herbert Hoover, the 31st President of the United States. Hoover was honored with a state funeral, the last of three in a span of 12 months, coming as it did just after the deaths of John F. Kennedy and Douglas MacArthur. A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour Heads of state or other important people of national significance John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation.

Heritage and memorials

The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is the Presidential library of Herbert Hoover, the 31st President of the United States. Located in West Branch, Iowa next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site, the library is one of twelve presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration. The Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House, built in 1919 in Palo Alto, California, is now the official residence of the president of Stanford University, and a National Historic Landmark. The Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House, located on the campus of Stanford University in Palo Alto California, USA, is a large rambling house resembling Palo Alto (ˌpæloʊˈæltoʊ from Spanish: palo: "stick" and alto: "high" i A National Historic Landmark (NHL is a Building, site, Structure, Object, or District, that is officially recognized by the Hoover's rustic rural presidential retreat, Rapidan Camp (also known as Camp Hoover) in the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia, has recently been restored and opened to the public. Rapidan Camp (also known at times as Camp Hoover) in Shenandoah National Park in Madison County Virginia was built by U Shenandoah National Park encompasses part of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the U The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state The Hoover Dam was also named in his honor. Hoover Dam, also sometimes known as Boulder Dam, is a Concrete Arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the

Schools named for Herbert Hoover

• Hoover Middle School,Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
• Hoover Elementary,Enid, Oklahoma
• Herbert Hoover High School, San Diego, California
• Herbert Hoover High School, Falling Rock, Kanawha County, West Virginia
• Hoover Elementary, West Branch, Iowa
• Herbert Hoover Elementary, Bettendorf, Iowa
• Hoover Elementary, Iowa City, Iowa
• Herbert Hoover Elementary, Dubuque, Iowa
• Herbert Hoover High School, Fresno, California
• Herbert Hoover Elementary, Palo Alto, California
• Herbert Hoover High School, Des Moines, Iowa
• Hoover Middle School, Waterloo, Iowa
• Herbert Hoover Middle School, Edison, New Jersey
• Herbert C. Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the US state of Oklahoma. Enid is a city in Garfield County, Oklahoma, United States. The Population was 47045 at the 2000 census. Kanawha County (pronounced ka-NAW-ah' is a County located in the U West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by West Branch is a city in Cedar and Johnson counties in the US Bettendorf is a city in Scott County, Iowa, United States. The population was 32445 at the 2008 census estimate Iowa City is a city in Johnson County, Iowa, United States. It is the principal city of the Iowa City Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area which Dubuque is a city in the US State of Iowa, located along the Mississippi River. Waterloo is the County seat of Black Hawk County, Iowa, United States. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Hoover Middle School, Indialantic, Florida
• Herbert Hoover High School, Glendale, California
• Herbert-Hoover-Oberschule, Berlin, Germany
• Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, California
• Herbert Hoover Elementary School, New Berlin, Wisconsin
• Herbert Hoover Elementary School, Tulsa, Oklahoma
• Herbert Hoover Middle School, San Francisco, California
• Hoover Elementary, Mason City, Iowa
• Hoover Elementary School, North Mankato, Minnesota
• Herbert Hoover Elementary School, Tonawanda (town), New York
• Herbert Hoover High School , Ruda Slaska , Poland
• Hoover Elementary, Santa Ana, California
• Herbert-Hoover-Schule Elementary School, Eschenburg-Hirzenhain, Germany
• Hoover Middle School, Mt. Lebanon Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
• Herbert Hoover High School, Elkview, West Virginia
• Hoover Elementary, Corvallis, Oregon
• Hoover Elementary, Medford, Oregon
• Herbert Hoover Middle School, Potomac, Maryland
• Hoover Elementary School, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
• Hoover middle school,Lakewood,Ca. The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in New Berlin is a city in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Mason City is a city in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa, United States. North Mankato is a city in Blue Earth and Nicollet counties in the U For other places with a similar name see Tonawanda, New York. Founded in 1869 Santa Ana ( is the most populous city in Orange County California and is the County seat and a city of about 353184 people. Mount Lebanon ( Arabic: جبل لبنان as a geographic designation is the Lebanese mountain range known as the Western Mountain Range of Lebanon Elkview is a Census-designated place (CDP in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States. Corvallis (kɔrˈvælɪs is a City located in central western Oregon, United States. Medford is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. As of 2007 the city had a total population of 75675 and a Metropolitan area population Potomac is a Census-designated place and an unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States.

Media

See also

• United States presidential election, 1928
• United States presidential election, 1932
• Hoover-Minthorn House
• Hoover Institution
• Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum - located near Iowa City in West Branch, Iowa. The United States presidential election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith. The United States presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country The Hoover-Minthorn House is a museum in Newberg, Oregon, United States, created from the house of Herbert Hoover, thirty-first President of The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is the Presidential library of Herbert Hoover, the 31st President of the United States. Iowa City is a city in Johnson County, Iowa, United States. It is the principal city of the Iowa City Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area which West Branch is a city in Cedar and Johnson counties in the US
• Hooverball - sport created by Hoover's physician, played nearly every morning of his presidency on the White House lawn
• Herbert Hoover National Historical Site - also in West Branch, Iowa
• Rapidan Camp - Hoover's presidential retreat and fishing camp in Virginia
• Hooverville
• Historical rankings of United States Presidents

References

Primary sources

• Myers, William Starr and Walter H. Hooverball is a Medicine ball game invented by Herbert Hoover 's personal physician to help keep then-President Hoover fit The Herbert Hoover National Historic Site buildings and grounds in West Branch Iowa, are preserved by the National Park Service to commemorate the life West Branch is a city in Cedar and Johnson counties in the US Rapidan Camp (also known at times as Camp Hoover) in Shenandoah National Park in Madison County Virginia was built by U The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state A Hooverville was the popular name for a Shanty town built by homeless men in the depression years In Political science, historical rankings of United States Presidents are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served Newton, eds. The Hoover Administration; a documented narrative. 1936.
• Hawley, Ellis, ed. Herbert Hoover: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, 4 vols. (1974-1977)
• Hoover, Herbert Clark and Lou Henry Hoover, trans. , De Re Metallica, by Agricola, G. , The Mining magazine, London, 1912
• De Re Metallica online version
• Hoover, Herbert C. The Challenge to Liberty, 1934
• Hoover, Herbert C. Addresses Upon The American Road, 1933-1938, 1938
• Hoover, Herbert C. Addresses Upon The American Road, 1940-41, (1941)
• Hoover, Herbert C. The Problems of Lasting Peace, with Hugh Gibson, 1942
• Hoover, Herbert C. Addresses Upon The American Road, 1945-48, (1949)
• Hoover, Herbert C. Memoirs. New York, 1951–52. 3 vol; v. 1. Years of adventure, 1874–1920; v. 2. The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920–1933; v. 3. The Great Depression, 1929–1941.
• Dwight M. Miller and Timothy Walch, eds; Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Documentary History. Greenwood Press. 1998.

Secondary sources

Biographies

• Best, Gary Dean. The Politics of American Individualism: Herbert Hoover in Transition, 1918-1921 (1975)
• Bornet, Vaughn Davis, An Uncommon President. In: Herbert Hoover Reassessed. (1981), pp. 71-88.
• Burner, David. Herbert Hoover: A Public Life. (1979). one-volume scholarly biography.
• Gelfand, Lawrence E. ed. , Herbert Hoover: The Great War and Its Aftermath, 1914-1923 (1979).
• Hatfield, Mark. ed. Herbert Hoover Reassessed (2002).
• Hawley, Ellis. Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce: Studies in New Era Thought and Practice (1981). A major reinterpretation.
• Hawley, Ellis. Herbert Hoover and the Historians (1989).
• Hoff-Wilson, Joan. Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive. (1975). short biography
• Lloyd, Craig. Aggressive Introvert: A Study of Herbert Hoover and Public Relations Management, 1912-1932 (1973).
• Nash, George H. The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Engineer 1874-1914 (1983), the definitive scholarly biography.
  • Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914-1917 (1988), vol. 2.
  • The Life of Herbert Hoover: Master of Emergencies, 1917-1918 (1996), vol. 3
• Nash, Lee, ed. Understanding Herbert Hoover: Ten Perspectives (1987).
• Smith, Gene. The Shattered Dream: Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression (1970).
• Smith, Richard Norton. An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, (1987) full-length scholarly biography.
• Walch, Timothy. ed. Uncommon Americans: The Lives and Legacies of Herbert and Lou Henri Hoover Praeger, 2003.
• Wert, Hal Elliott. Hoover, The Fishing President: Portrait of the Private Man and his Life Outdoors (2005). ISBN 0-8117-0099-2.

Scholarly studies

• Long annotated bibliography via University of Virginia. The University of Virginia (also called UVa, UVA, Mr Jefferson's University, or The University) is a highly selective public research
• Barber, William J. From New Era to New Deal: Herbert Hoover, the Economists, and American Economic Policy, 1921-1933. (1985).
• Barry, John M. Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America (1998), Hoover played a major role.
• Britten, Thomas A. "Hoover and the Indians: the Case for Continuity in Federal Indian Policy, 1900-1933" Historian 1999 61(3): 518-538. ISSN 0018-2370
• Calder, James D. The Origins and Development of Federal Crime Control Policy: Herbert Hoover's Initiatives Praeger, 1993.
• Carcasson, Martin. "Herbert Hoover and the Presidential Campaign of 1932: the Failure of Apologia" Presidential Studies Quarterly 1998 28(2): 349-365.
• Clements, Kendrick A. Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism: Engineering the Good Life. U. Press of Kansas, 2000.
• DeConde, Alexander. Herbert Hoover's Latin American Policy. (1951).
• Dodge, Mark M. , ed. Herbert Hoover and the Historians. (1989).
• Doenecke, Justus D. "Anti-Interventionism of Herbert Hoover" Journal of Libertarian Studies, Summer 1987, 8(2), pp. 311-340. online version
• Fausold, Martin L. The Presidency of Herbert C. Hoover. (1985) standard scholarly overview.
• Fausold Martin L. and George Mazuzan, eds. The Hoover Presidency: A Reappraisal (1974).
• Ferrell, Robert H. American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: Hoover-Stimson Foreign Policy, 1929-1933. (1957).
• Goodman, Mark and Gring, Mark. "The Ideological Fight over Creation of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927" Journalism History 2000 26(3): 117-124.
• Hamilton, David E. From New Day to New Deal: American Farm Policy from Hoover to Roosevelt, 1928-1933. (1991).
• Hart, David M. "Herbert Hoover's Last Laugh: the Enduring Significance of the 'Associative State' in the United States. " Journal of Policy History 1998 10(4): 419-444.
• Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an 'Associative State,' 1921-1928. " Journal of American History 61 (1974): 116-140.
• Houck, Davis W. "Rhetoric as Currency: Herbert Hoover and the 1929 Stock Market Crash" Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2000 3(2): 155-181. ISSN 1094-8392
• Hutchison, Janet. "Building for Babbitt: the State and the Suburban Home Ideal" Journal of Policy History 1997 9(2): 184-210
• Lichtman, Allan J. Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928 (1979).
• Lisio, Donald J. The President and Protest: Hoover, MacArthur, and the Bonus Riot, 2d ed. (1994).
• Lisio, Donald J. Hoover, Blacks, and Lily-whites: A Study of Southern Strategies (1985)
• Malin, James C. The United States after the World War. 1930. extensive coverage of Hoover's Commerce Dept. policies
• Olson, James S. Herbert Hoover and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1931-1933 (1977).
• Robinson, Edgar Eugene and Vaughn Davis Bornet. Herbert Hoover: President of the United States. (1976).
• Romasco, Albert U. The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression (1965).
• Schwarz, Jordan A. The Interregnum of Despair: Hoover, Congress, and the Depression. (1970). Hostile to Hoover.
• Stoff, Michael B. "Herbert Hoover: 1929-1933. " The American Presidency: The Authoritative Reference. New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company (2004), 332-343.
• Sobel, Robert Herbert Hoover and the Onset of the Great Depression 1929-1930 (1975). Robert Sobel ( February 19 1931 &ndash June 2, 1999) was an American professor of history at Hofstra University, and
• Tracey, Kathleen. Herbert Hoover—A Bibliography. His Writings and Addresses (1977).
• Wilbur, Ray Lyman, and Arthur Mastick Hyde. The Hoover Policies. (1937). In depth description of his administration by two cabinet members.
• Wueschner, Silvano A. Charting Twentieth-Century Monetary Policy: Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong, 1917-1927. Greenwood, 1999.

Notes

External links

• In 1929, President Herbert Hoover dedicated the completion of the Ohio River canalization.
• Extensive essay on Herbert Hoover and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
• Herbert Hoover Presidential Library
• Hoover Presidential Library Association
• Works by Herbert Hoover at Project Gutenberg
• Hoover and Agricola
• Mining Hall of Fame Inductee Bio
• George H. Nash, 'Hoover, Herbert Clark (1874 - 1964)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, Melbourne University Press, 1983, pp 361-362. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB or AuDB is a multi-volume project published by Melbourne University Press. Melbourne University Publishing (MUP is the book publishing arm of the University of Melbourne ( Australia)
• Inaugural Address
• Audio clips of Hoover's speeches
• White House Biography
• American President.org Biography
• Herbert Hoover Links
• Medical and Health history of Herbert Hoover
• Herbert Hoover Links Page
• Herbert Hoover's 1946 - 1947 factfinding mission to Germany. (Report No.1), (Report No.3)
• Hoover and Truman
• The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969, CHAPTER XXV, Former President Herbert C. Hoover, State Funeral, 20-25 October 1964 by B.  C.  Mossman and M.  W.  Stark
• Collection of Editorial Cartoons including 300 featuring Herbert Hoover
• Herbert Hoover: Iowa Farm Boy and World Humanitarian, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

Political offices
Preceded by Joshua W. Alexander	United States Secretary of Commerce March 5, 1921 – August 21, 1928	Succeeded by William F. Whiting
Preceded by Calvin Coolidge	President of the United States March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Succeeded by Franklin D. Roosevelt
Party political offices
Preceded by Calvin Coolidge	Republican Party presidential candidate 1928, 1932	Succeeded by Alf Landon
Preceded by William F. Varney	Prohibition Party presidential candidate 1928	Succeeded by William D. Upshaw

Persondata
NAME	Hoover, Herbert Clark
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American politician, businessman, engineer
DATE OF BIRTH	August 10, 1874
PLACE OF BIRTH	West Branch, Iowa
DATE OF DEATH	October 20, 1964
PLACE OF DEATH	New York City, New York, United States

Joshua Willis Alexander ( January 22 1852 &ndash February 27 1936) was United States Secretary of Commerce from December 16 The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry the Department states its mission to William Fairfield Whiting (born in Holyoke, Massachusetts, on July 20, 1864, died August 31, 1936) was United John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the Republican Party of the The United States presidential election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith. The United States presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country Alfred "Alf" Mossman Landon ( September 9, 1887 – October 12, 1987) was an American Republican Politician William F Varney ran on the Prohibition ticket during the 1928 U The Prohibition Party is a political party in the United States best known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of Alcoholic beverages The United States presidential election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith. William D Upshaw (1866-1952 served eight years in Congress (1919-1927 where he was such a strong proponent of the Temperance movement that he became known as the "driest Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common West Branch is a city in Cedar and Johnson counties in the US Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar.

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