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For other persons of the same name, see Heracleitus (disambiguation).
Western Philosophy
Ancient philosophy
Heraclitus by Johannes Moreelse. This page lists some links to ancient philosophy. In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire marked the end of Hellenistic The image depicts him as "the weeping philosopher" wringing his hands over the world and "the obscure" dressed in dark clothing, both traditional motifs.
Name
Heraclitus
Birth ca. 535 BC
Death 475 BC
School/tradition Not considered to belong to any school of thought, but later subscribers to the philosophy were "Heracliteans. Events and trends 539 BC — Babylon is conquered by Cyrus, defeating Nabonidus; noted in such documents as that of Africanus Events By place Greece Cimon leads an Athenian attack on the island of Skyros and expels the "
Main interests Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Politics
Notable ideas Logos, flow
Influenced Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle, Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Whitehead, Karl Popper, among many others

Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: Ἡράκλειτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος — Hērákleitos ho Ephésios, English Heraclitus the Ephesian) (ca. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion Parmenides of Elea ( Greek:, early 5th century BC was an Ancient Greek Philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher Alfred North Whitehead, OM ( February 15 1861, Ramsgate, Kent, England &ndash December 30 1947, Sir Karl Raimund Popper ( July 28 1902  &ndash September 17 1994) was an Austrian and British Philosopher and a professor The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c 535–475 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. Events and trends 539 BC — Babylon is conquered by Cyrus, defeating Nabonidus; noted in such documents as that of Africanus Events By place Greece Cimon leads an Athenian attack on the island of Skyros and expels the The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously but expounding knowledge developed earlier The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia. Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black

Heraclitus is known for his doctrine of change being central to the universe, and that the Logos is the fundamental order of all. The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion

Contents

Ancient characterizations

The obscure

At some time in antiquity he acquired an epithet denoting that his major sayings were difficult to understand. Timon of Phlius calls him "the riddler" (ainiktēs) according to Diogenes Laertius, [1] who had just explained that Heraclitus wrote his book "rather unclearly" (asaphesteron) so that only the "capable" should attempt it. Timon (Τίμων of Phlius, (c 320-c 230 BC the son of Timarchus was a Greek sceptic, a pupil of Pyrrho, and a celebrated writer Diogenes Laërtius ( Greek:, Diogénes Laértios) the biographer of the Greek Philosophers, is supposed by some to have received his surname By the time of Cicero he had become "the dark" (Ancient Greek ὁ Σκοτεινός — ho Skoteinós[2]) because he had spoken nimis obscurē, "too obscurely", concerning nature and had done so deliberately in order to be misunderstood. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman The customary English translation of ὁ Σκοτεινός follows the Latin, "the obscure. "

The weeping philosopher

Diogenes Laertius ascribes to Theophrastus the theory that Heraclitus did not complete some of his works because of melancholia. Diogenes Laërtius ( Greek:, Diogénes Laértios) the biographer of the Greek Philosophers, is supposed by some to have received his surname Theophrastus ( Greek:; 371 – c 287 BC a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic [1] Later he was referred to as the "weeping philosopher", as opposed to Democritus, who is known as the "laughing philosopher". Democritus ( Greek:) was a pre-Socratic Greek Materialist Philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca [3] If Stobaeus[4] writes correctly, Sotion in the early 1st century AD was already combining the two in the imaginative duo of weeping and laughing philosophers: "Among the wise, instead of anger, Heraclitus was overtaken by tears, Democritus by laughter. Joannes Stobaeus ( Greek: Στοβαῖος so called from his native place Stobi in North Macedonia (Roman province, was the compiler of a valuable series Sotion of Alexandria (fl c 200 BC &ndash 170 BC was a Greek Doxographer and biographer and an important source for Diogenes Laertius. Democritus ( Greek:) was a pre-Socratic Greek Materialist Philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca " The view is expressed by the satirist Juvenal:[5]

The first of prayers, best known at all the temples, is mostly for riches . Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis, known in English as Juvenal, was a Roman Poet active in the late 1st and early 2nd century AD author of the . . . Seeing this then do you not commend the one sage Democritus for laughing . . . and the master of the other school Heraclitus for his tears?

Subsequently they were considered an indispensable feature of philosophic landscapes. Montaigne proposed two archetypical views of human affairs based on them, selecting Democritus' for himself. Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (French miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ ( February 28 1533 &ndash September 13 1592) was one of the most influential writers [6] The weeping philosopher makes an appearance in William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. William Shakespeare ( baptised The Merchant of Venice is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598 [7] Donato Bramante painted a fresco, "Democritus and Heraclitus", in Casa Panigarola in Milan. Donato Bramante (1444 – March 11, 1514) was an Italian Architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. [8] And so on.

The naturalist

Diogenes says that the book attributed to Heraclitus was On Nature (peri phuseōs). [1] Heraclitus' statement that "nature likes to hide"[9] places him among those seeking the hidden nature of things, including those who were finding an explanation in substance.

Heraclitus had a rather different idea of the hidden nature than substance, but he was being called physicus at least as early as Cicero:[10]

nemo physicus obscurus? . Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman . . valde Heraclitus obscurus . . . .
no physicus was obscure? . . . Heraclitus the obscure certainly was.

If phusis is nature, then phusikos must translate to naturalist, but the term in English can have a great many meanings not necessarily implied by the ancient Greek.

Life

The main source for the life of Heraclitus is Diogenes Laertius. Diogenes Laërtius ( Greek:, Diogénes Laértios) the biographer of the Greek Philosophers, is supposed by some to have received his surname Some have questioned the validity of the anecdotes based on political or social conjecture;[11][12] however, there is no solid scholarship refuting them.

Dates

Diogenes said that Heraclitus flourished in the 69th Olympiad,[1][13] which would be 504-501 BC. An Olympiad is a period of four years associated with the Olympic Games of Classical Greece. All the rest of the evidence - whom Heraclitus is said to have known or who implies that he was familiar with Heraclitus' work - confirms the floruit but does nothing to establish the start and end dates. Those vary by several years in different authors but all are based on a life span of 60 years, the age at which Diogenes says he died,[1] with the floruit in the middle.

Circumstances

Heraclitus was born to an aristocratic family in Ephesus, present-day Efes, Turkey. Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia. His father was named either Blosōn or Herakōn. [1] Diogenes says that he abdicated the kingship (basileia) in favor of his brother[1] and Strabo confirms that there was a ruling family in Ephesus descended from the Ionian founder, Androclus, which still kept the title and could sit in the chief seat at the games, as well as a few other privileges. Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio, disowning renouncing from ab, away from and dicare, to declare to proclaim as not belonging to one Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. [14]

How much power the king had is another question. Ephesus had been part of the Persian Empire since 547 and was ruled by a satrap (see under Ephesus), a more distant figure, as the Great King allowed the Ionians considerable autonomy. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia. Diogenes says that Heraclitus used to play knuckle-bones with the youths in the temple of Artemis and when asked to start making laws he refused saying that the constitution (politeia) was ponēra,[1] which can mean either that it was fundamentally wrong or that it gave him a headache. In Greek mythology, Artemis language|Greek] ( Nominative), ( Genitive))] was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister

Education

With regard to education, Diogenes says that Heraclitus was "marvellous" (thaumasios) from childhood, which is an implication of prodigy.

Diogenes relates that Sotion said he was a "hearer" of Xenophanes, which seems to be paradoxical, as (so says Diogenes) he had taught himself by questioning himself. Sotion of Alexandria (fl c 200 BC &ndash 170 BC was a Greek Doxographer and biographer and an important source for Diogenes Laertius. Xenophanes of Colophon ( Greek ( 570 – 480 BC was a Greek Philosopher, Poet, and social and religious Critic. The word hearer implies that he was physically present at the speaking of Xenophanes in some capacity. English pupil or disciple have implications not in the Greek as to method, purpose and assent. Burnet states in any case that ". . . Xenophanes left Ionia before Herakleitos (Greek spelling) was born. "[15] Insufficient information survives to resolve the question.

Diogenes relates that as a boy Heraclitus had said he "knew nothing" but later claimed to "know everything. "[1] The Greek for "know" changes from the aorist, or indefinite past, to the perfect, which is a stative aspect: he was in a state of knowing as a result of some previous event. The perfect aspect is variously considered either an aspect or tense which calls a listener's attention to the consequences generated by an action rather than the A stative verb is one which asserts that one of its arguments has a particular property (possibly in relation to its other arguments For the event he affirmed that he "heard no one" but "questioned himself. " The implication is that man contains all knowledge within himself to be elicited by self-questioning, and yet he says: "The things that can be seen, heard and learned are what I prize the most"[16] The self-examination then may only be a program of objective inquiry.

Character

Diogenes relates that Heraclitus had a poor opinion of human affairs. [1] He believed that Hesiod and Pythagoras lacked understanding though learned[17] and that Homer and Archilochus deserved to be beaten. Hesiod ( Greek: Hesiodos) was an early Greek Poet and Rhapsode, who presumably lived around 700 BCE "Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here For the Samian statuary of the same name see Pythagoras (sculptor. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the For the Hummingbird Genus, see Archilochus. Archilochus ( Greek:) (c [18] Laws needed to be defended as though they were city walls. [19] Timon is said to have called him a "mob-reviler" who did his reviling, either really or figuratively, in a voice as shrill as a cuckoo.

Diogenes quotes a letter from Darius inviting him to come to court to explain his writings and offering him rank and good company. Heraclitus refuses: "All men upon earth hold aloof from truth and justice, while, by reason of wicked folly, they devote themselves to avarice and thirst for popularity. " No reaction of the king to these words has been recorded. Apparently the excuse that he had a "horror of splendour" and "was content with little" was accepted. [1]

Heraclitus hated the Athenians and his fellow Ephesians, wishing the latter wealth in punishment for their wicked ways. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's [20] Says Diogenes: "Finally, he became a hater of his kind (misanthrope) and wandered the mountains . . . making his diet of grass and herbs. "

Works

Diogenes says: "As to the work which passes as his, it is a continuous treatise On Nature, but is divided into three discourses, one on the universe, another on politics, and a third on theology. " Theophrastus says (in Diogenes) ". Theophrastus ( Greek:; 371 – c 287 BC a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic . . some parts of his work are half-finished, while other parts make a strange medley. "[1]

Diogenes also tells us that he deposited his book as a dedication in the great temple of Artemis, the Artemisium, one of the largest temples of the 6th century BCE and one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In Greek mythology, Artemis language|Greek] ( Nominative), ( Genitive))] was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister The Temple of Artemis ( Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον The Seven Wonders of the World (or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) is a well known list of seven remarkable constructions of Classical antiquity. Ancient temples were regularly used for storing treasures, and were open to private individuals under exceptional circumstances; furthermore, many subsequent philosophers in this period refer to the work. Says Kahn:[11] "Down to the time of Plutarch and Clement, if not later, the little book of Heraclitus was available in its original form to any reader who chose to seek it out. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Saint " Diogenes says:[1] "the book acquired such fame that it produced partisans of his philosophy who were called Heracliteans. "

Unfortunately, as with other pre-Socratics, his writings only survive in fragments quoted by other authors.

For more details on this topic, see Hermann Alexander Diels. Hermann Alexander Diels ( May 18, 1848 - June 4, 1922) was a German classical scholar

Passing

Heraclitus' life as a highland herbivore was interrupted by a general edema and impairment of vision. Oedema (or Edema in American English formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is the increase of Interstitial fluid in any organ &mdash swelling The physicians he consulted were unable to prescribe a cure. He treated himself with a liniment of cow manure and baking in the sun, believing that this method would remove the fluid. Liniment, (or embrocation from the Latin linere, to Anoint, is a medicated topical preparation for application to the skin After 24 hours of treatment he died and was interred in the marketplace. [1]

Philosophy

Panta rhei, "everything is in a state of flux"

Πάντα ῥεῖ (panta rhei) "everything is in a state of flux" either was not spoken by Heraclitus or did not survive as a quotation of his. This famous aphorism used to characterize Heraclitus' thought comes from Simplicius. Simplicius (Σιμπλίκιος of Cilicia, lived c 490-c 560 AD was a disciple of Ammonius and Damascius, and was one of the last of the Neoplatonists [21] The word rhei, adopted by rhe-o-logy, is simply the Greek word for "to stream. Rheology is the study of the flow of matter mainly liquids but also soft solids or solids under conditions in which they flow rather than deform elastically "[22]

Heraclitus by Hendrick ter Brugghen
Heraclitus by Hendrick ter Brugghen

The closest quote from Heraclitus is provided by Plato:[23]

πάντα χωρεῖ καὶ οὐδὲν μένει
Panta chōrei kai ouden menei

Instead of "flow" Plato uses chōrei, to change chōros, or ground, and not to "remain", with which menei is cognate. Hendrick Jansz ter Brugghen, or Terbrugghen, (1588 &ndash Nov 1 1629) was a Dutch painter and a leading member of the Dutch followers Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from Just previously Plato explained:[24]

τὰ ὄντα ἰέναι τε πάντα καὶ μένειν οὐδέν
ta onta ienai te panta kai menein ouden
"All beings going and remaining not at all"

At first thought Heraclitus might be supposed to be asserting nothing more profound or obscure than that we exist in a field or continuum in which everything is constantly in flux or process: a non-remarkable observation for such a famous philosophy. However the assertions of flow are coupled in many fragments with the enigmatic river image:[25]

"Ποταμοῖς τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐμβαίνομέν τε καὶ οὐκ ἐμβαίνομεν, εἶμέν τε καὶ οὐκ εἶμεν. "
"We both step and do not step in the same rivers. We are and are not. "

As a fellow Ionian, Heraclitus was certainly familiar with the preceding substance solution of the Milesian school to the problem of change. Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Substance theory, or substance attribute theory, is an ontological theory about objecthood, positing that a substance is distinct from its The Milesian school was a school of thought founded in the 6th Century BC. The problem only exists under the law of identity, one formulation of which is the law of excluded middle. In Logic, the law of identity states that an object is the same as itself A ≡ A Any Reflexive relation upholds the law of identity This article uses forms of logical notation For a concise description of the symbols used in this notation see Table of logic symbols. The classical formulation of that law had to wait for Aristotle but it was nevertheless known and operant in pre-socratic philosophy. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously but expounding knowledge developed earlier

In the fragment above Heraclitus is proposing that another law also is in effect. The law of identity states that an identity, say A, is identical to itself, is not non-A, and is not both A and non-A. Heraclitus affirms the middle in the passage above, that the A is both A and not-A. As far as the assertion is true, the change problem disappears and does not need a solution.

According to fragment DK B91: "nor is it possible to touch a mortal substance twice" and DK B6: "The sun is . Hermann Alexander Diels ( May 18, 1848 - June 4, 1922) was a German classical scholar . . not only new each day but forms continually new . . . . " the Heraclitean law only applies in cases where the identity is sampled diachronically. The sampling rate can be adjusted to as rapidly as an object can be touched, or to the rate of flow of the stream, or daily, or by extrapolation to the frequency at which a photon can be perceived. Heraclitus just said "continually" and theorized: "simultaneously it forms and dissolves. "[26]

It seems clear that the stream of the metaphor is time and that the stepping in it is the instant of the present. Heraclitus is therefore asserting that an object is and is not identical with itself of x instants ago.

Kalliste Harmonia, "the fairest harmony"

Milesian philosophy was based on a binary law, which postulates a binary existence: objects either fully exist as completely identical to themselves or do not exist at all. There are two states, off or on. In Heraclitus the existence can be both off and on: a middle state of existing that is to some degree off and to some degree on.

The middle characteristic results from Heraclitus' existence being a derived quantity rather than a given one. It is the resultant of "simultaneous formation and dissolution" (see previous section) in the current instant, which explains such fragments as:

The way up and the way down are one and the same. [27]

. . . what is drawn together and what is drawn asunder . . . The one is made up of all things and all things issue from the one. [28]

In the circumference of the circle the beginning and the end are common. [29]

. . . it (substance) approaches and departs. [26]

As for the resultant, it is a "harmony":[30]

ἐκ τῶν διαφερόντων καλλίστην ἁρμονίαν
ek tōn diapherontōn kallistēn harmonian
"out of discord comes the fairest harmony. "[31]

Hodos ano kato, "the way up and the way down"

In ὁδὸς ἄνω κάτω[32] the structure anō katō is more accurately translated as a hyphenated word: "the upward-downward path. " They go on simultaneously and instantaneously (see previous section) and result in "hidden harmony". [33] A way is a series of transformations which imply a chronological sequence no matter how closely spaced: the πυρὸς τροπαὶ, "turnings of fire,"[34] first into sea, then half of sea to earth and half to rarified air.

The transformation is a replacement of one element by another: "The death of fire is the birth of air, and the death of air is the birth of water;"[35] moreover, the replacement is quantitatively determined, in which there appears to be a foreshadowing of conservation of mass:

"Sea . The law of conservation of mass/matter, also known as law of mass/matter conservation (or the Lomonosov - Lavoisier law says that the Mass of . . is measured by the same amount (logos) as before it became earth"[36]

or again:

This world, which is the same for all,[37] no one of gods or men has made. But it always was and will be: an ever-living fire, with measures of it kindling, and measures going out. [38]

This latter phraseology is further elucidated:

All things are an interchange for fire, and fire for all things, just like goods for gold and gold for goods. [39]

This is certainly a foreshadowing of Conservation of energy. In Physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of Energy in an isolated system remains constant and cannot be created although it may [40]

Dike eris, "strife is justice"

If objects are new from moment to moment so that one can never touch the same object twice, then each object must dissolve and be generated continually momentarily and an object is a harmony between a building up and a tearing down. This is a foreshadowing of the scientific concept of equilibrium in many contexts. Heraclitus calls the oppositional processes eris, "strife", and hypothesizes that the apparently stable state, dikē, or "justice," is a harmony of it:[41]

We must know that war (polemos) is common to all and strife is justice, and that all things come into being through strife necessarily.

As Diogenes explains:[42]

All things come into being by conflict of opposites, and the sum of things (ta hola, "the whole") flows like a stream.

In the bow metaphor Heraclitus compares the resultant to a strung bow held in shape by an equilibrium of the string tension and spring action of the bow:[43]

There is a harmony in the bending back (palintropos) as in the case of the bow and the lyre. Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects

Heraclitus here references the Scythian bow, the horns of which pointed forward unstrung but back strung, or the deformation of the cross-bar of the lyre under string tension. The lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity and later The palintropos of an object would therefore be its stinting from the growth of the current instant by the decay of the object of the previous. This identity-not-identity accounts for such statements as:[44]

It is one and the same thing to be living and dead, awake or asleep, young or old.

A change is the result of a change in balance:[45]

Cold things become warm, and what is warm cools; what is wet dries, and the parched is moistened.

Hepesthai to ksuno, "follow the common"

The idea that the universe changes according to a plan or logos, with which the truly aware soul should cooperate, is expressed in the notable but obscure DK B1 and DK B2. The first phrase of the first fragment can be interpreted as "of the logos which is as I describe it" or "though this word is true evermore" depending on how the words are to be regarded as clustered and what is or is not implied by them. The meaning of logos also is subject to interpretation: "word", "plan", "formula", "measure", "proportion", "reckoning. "

However translated it refers to Heraclitus' vision of the operation of the universe and therefore is not the progenitor of the logos of any other creed, doctrine or religion. The ancient Greek word, which is frequent and also appears in a large number of English words, such as logic, was certainly not a neologism of Heraclitus: he was not "the first" to use it. There is no univocal word, logos, and if there ever was one, its meaning is lost in prehistory. [46]

The problem with the Heraclitean logos is that his explanation of it did not survive. Whatever it was, "all things come to pass in accordance with this word"[47] and "the word is common. "[48] It is "the account which governs the universe (ta hola, the whole). "[49]

Logos appears to be some sort of natural law and yet men must "follow the common (hepesthai tō ksunō)"[50] and not live having "their own judgement (phonēsis)" implying a voluntary assent, which natural law does not offer. He distinguishes between human laws and divine law (tou theiou "of God"). [51]

He removes the human sense of justice from his concept of God; i. e. , man is not the image of God: "To God all things are fair and good and just, but men hold some things wrong and some right. "[52] God's custom has wisdom but man's does not[53] and yet both man and God are childish: "human opinions are children's toys"[54] and "Time is a child moving counters in a game; the kingly power is a child's. "[55]

Wisdom is "to know the thought by which all things are steered through all things",[56] which must not imply that men are or can be wise. Only Zeus is wise. Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology [57] To some degree then Heraclitus seems to be in the mystic's position of urging men to follow God's plan without much of an idea what that may be. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity In fact there is a note of despair: "The fairest universe (kallistos kosmos) is but a heap of rubbish (sarma, sweepings) piled up (kechumenon, poured out) at random (eikē). In its most general sense a cosmos is an orderly or harmonious system "[58] This may be a foreshadowing of scientific randomness rather than an internal struggle, but the evidence is too scant to make either presumption. Randomness is a lack of order Purpose, cause, or predictability

Influence

Many philosophers have expressed the belief that they were influenced by Heraclitus, whether accurately or not. Some of the more notable ones are mentioned in this section; others will be found in linked articles where they exist. Coincidental resemblances are too numerous for consideration in one article.

Plato

In Heraclitus a perceived object is a harmony between two fundamental units of change, a waxing and a waning. He typically uses the ordinary word "to become" (gignesthai or ginesthai, root sense of being born), which led to his being characterized as the philosopher of becoming rather than of being. He recognizes the changing of objects with the flow of time; in fact, this is the view of modern science, which recognizes nothing static and sees a balance between processes everywhere, though not those of Heraclitus.

Plato argues against Heraclitus as follows:[59]

How can that be a real thing which is never in the same state? . Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece . . for at the moment that the observer approaches, then they become other . . . so that you cannot get any further in knowing their nature or state . . . . but if that which knows and that which is known exist ever . . . then I do not think they can resemble a process or flux . . . .

In Plato one experienced unit is a state, or object existing, which can be observed. The time parameter is set at "ever"; that is, the state is to be presumed present between observations. Change is to be deduced by comparing observations, but no matter how many of those you are able to make, you cannot get through the mysterious gap between them to account for the change that must be occurring there.

Bearden's presentation of a relativistic solution to the change problem (under External links below) distinguishes between space and spacetime, the latter being an aspect of reality mathematically defined by Albert Einstein. Space is the extent within which Matter is physically extended and objects and Events have positions relative to one another SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical An object in spacetime has four dimensions in directions x, y, z, and t, where t is time, containing within its boundaries change, so that it is not deduced but is delivered in experience. In Physics and Mathematics, a sequence of n numbers can be understood as a location in an n -dimensional space For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of To take an observation is to reduce the object to nearly three dimensions; that is, to eliminate the time depth, which is equivalent to saying that Plato's states of existence only appear when you look for them, but even as you ponder the observation, time and change do not stop; reality continues to be delivered in units of spacetime. SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS [60]

Aristotle

Aristotle brings his logic to bear against Heraclitus in Metaphysics invoking the identity laws:[61]

. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The Organon is the name given by Aristotle 's followers the Peripatetics to the standard collection of his six works on Logic. Metaphysics is one of the principal works of Aristotle and the first major work of the branch of philosophy with the same name The laws of thought are fundamental Logical rules with a long tradition in the history of philosophy which collectively prescribe how a rational Mind must . . there cannot be an intermediate between contradictories, but of one subject we must either affirm or deny any one predicate.

Bearden describes "one subject" as a snapshot in spacetime. SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS The identity laws apply to simultaneous snapshots of A and B but as soon as they are not simultaneous the change problem occurs. Says Bearden, the laws:

. . . are monocular, unchanging, 3-dimensional, spatial, non-temporal relational statements. Any statement that is temporal, changing or 4-dimensional will thus appear as a logical paradox to this logical shorthand.

If the "one subject" becomes 4-dimensional, any delimited chunk includes starting and ending snapshots as well as everything in between. If over that time A becomes not-A then both are in the "one subject". As the identity law is only applied subsequent to the experience of A and not-A the two are superimposed in the final snapshot: the object is both A and not-A.

Bearden therefore postulates a conditional identity law: the first three apply if time is not considered but if it is then the dual, or Heraclitean law, applies. In Category theory, an abstract branch of Mathematics, the dual category or opposite category C op of a category C is the Aristotle might have had access to this result if he had applied his theory of act and potency, which asserts that an object is actually what it is sampled to be and is potentially whatever it has been or will be. See also Aristotle The theory of Potentiality and Actuality is one of the central themes of Aristotle 's Philosophy and Metaphysics. An object might be therefore actually A and potentially not-A simultaneously.

Stoics

Stoicism is a school of thought comprising dozens of philosophers between the 3rd century BC and about the 6th century AD. Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC

See also: Category:Stoic philosophers

It began among the Greeks and became the major philosophy of the Roman Empire before its forced replacement by Christianity under Justinian I. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or Stoic writings include hundreds of pages.

Throughout their long tenure the stoics believed that the major tenets of their philosophy derived from the thought of Heraclitus. [62] According to Long, "the importance of Heraclitus to later stoics is evident most plainly in Marcus Aurelius. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor "[63] Explicit connections of the earliest stoics to Heraclitus showing how they arrived at their interpretation are missing but they can be inferred from the stoic fragments. Long concludes to "modifications of Heraclitus. "[64]

The stoics were interested in Heraclitus' treatment of fire. In addition to seeing it as the most fundamental of the four elements and the one that is quantified and determines the quantity (logos) of the other three, he presents fire as the cosmos, which was not made by any of the gods or men, but "was and is and ever shall be ever-living fire. "[27] This is the closest he comes to a substance, but it is an active one altering other things quantitatively and performing an activity Heraclitus describes as "the judging and convicting of all things. "[65] It is "the thunderbolt that steers the course of all things. "[66] There is no reason to interpret the judgement, which is actually "to separate" (krinein), as outside of the context of "strife is justice" (see subsection above).

The earliest known stoic work, the Hymn to Zeus of Cleanthes,[67] though not explicitly referencing Heraclitus, adopts what appears to be the Heraclitean logos modified. Cleanthes (Κλέανθης of Assos, lived c 330- c 230 BC was a Stoic Philosopher and the successor to Zeno as the second head ( scholarch Zeus rules the universe with law (nomos) wielding on its behalf the "forked servant", the "fire" of the "ever-living lightening. Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology " So far nothing has been said that differs from the Zeus of Homer. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the But then, says Cleanthes, Zeus uses the fire to "straighten out the common logos" that travels about (phoitan, "to frequent") mixing with the greater and lesser lights (heavenly bodies). This is Heraclitus' logos, but now it is confused with the "common nomos", which Zeus uses to "make the wrong (perissa, left or odd) right (artia, right or even)" and "order (kosmein) the disordered (akosma). "[68]

In short, the logos has developed from being an impersonal and even random eternal quantitative plan of change associated with the upward-downward way and especially fire taking precedence even over the will of Zeus, who did not create it, to being the instrument and design of God, who is personal, whose children humans and only humans are,[69] which he uses to bring about order and correct wrong. It remained logically only to affirm unequivocally the identity of God with his logos, which was done in the Gospel of John. The Gospel of John (literally According to John; Greek, Κατὰ Ἰωάννην Kata Iōannēn) is the fourth Gospel in the canon

For more details on this topic, see Christ the Logos. In Christology, the conception that the Christ is the Logos ( λóγος, the Greek for "word" "wisdom" or

The stoic modification of Heraclitus' idea of the Logos was also influential on Jewish philosophers such as Philo of Alexandria, who connected it to "Wisdom personified" as God's creative principle. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Philo (20 BC - 50 AD) known also as Philo of Alexandria (gr Φίλων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς Philo Judaeus, Philo Judaeus of Alexandria Philo uses the term Logos throughout his treatises on Hebrew Scripture in a manner clearly influenced by the stoics.

For more details on this topic, see Philo's view of God#The logos. Philo (c30 BCE - c50 CE was a leader of the Hellenistic Jewish community in Alexandria, Egypt

Church fathers

The church fathers were the leaders of the Christian church during its first five centuries of existence, roughly contemporaneous to stoicism under the Roman Empire. The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The works of dozens of writers in hundreds of pages have survived.

See also: Category:Church Fathers

All of them had something to say about the Christian form of the logos. grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion From them chiefly the modern world receives its Heraclitean fragments, mainly because the church found it necessary to discriminate between the Christian logos and that of Heraclitus as part of its ideological distancing from paganism. The necessity to convert by defeating paganism was of paramount importance. Hippolytus of Rome therefore identifies Heraclitus along with the other pre-Socratics (and academics) as sources of heresy. For places named after the saint see Saint-Hippolyte Saint Hippolytus of Rome (c Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Church use of the methods and conclusions of ancient philosophy as such was as yet far in the future, even though many were converted philosophers.

In Refutation of All Heresies[70] Hippolytus says: "What the blasphemous folly is of Noetus, and that he devoted himself to the tenets of Heraclitus the Obscure, not to those of Christ. Noetus, a presbyter of the church of Asia Minor about AD 230, was a native of Smyrna, where (or perhaps in Ephesus) he became a prominent representative " Hippolytus then goes on to present the inscrutable DK B67: "God (theos) is day and night, winter and summer, . . . but he takes various shapes, just as fire, when it is mingled with spices, is named according to the savor of each. " The fragment seems to support pantheism if taken literally. Pantheism ( Greek: πάν ( 'pan') = all and θεός ( 'theos') = God it literally means " God is All

Hippolytus condemns the obscurity of it. He cannot accuse Heraclitus of being a heretic so he says instead: "Did not (Heraclitus) the Obscure anticipate Noetus in framing a system . . . ?" The apparent pantheist deity of Heraclitus (if that is what DK B67 means) must be equal to the union of opposites and therefore must be corporeal and incorporeal, divine and not-divine, dead and alive, etc. , and the Trinity can only be reached by some sort of illusory shape-shifting. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных [71]

Hegel

Hegel asserted that in Heraclitus he had an antecedent for his logic: ". . . there is no proposition of Heraclitus which I have not adopted in my logic. "[72] The only valid fragment he cites as antecedent is Dk B49a, to which he gives the interpretation:[73]

Sein und Nichts sei dasselbe
Being and non-being are the same.

Heraclitus does not form any abstract nouns from his ordinary use of "to be" and "to become" and in that fragment seems to be opposing any identity A to any other identity B, C, etc. , which is not-A. Hegel, however, interprets not-A as not existing at all, not nothing at all, which cannot be conceived, but indeterminate or "pure" being without particularity or specificity. Disambiguation For the Wigwam album see Being (album, for spiritual or religious beingness, see Ego (spirituality [74] Pure being is in fact a substrate, the possibility of which cannot be ruled out from interpretations of Heraclitus, but even if present is not the main gist of his thought. Monism is the metaphysical and Theological view that all is one that all reality is subsumed under the most fundamental category of being or existence

The Hegelian substrate is God thinking; that is, Hegel (with others) believed that reality is being thought by God. Reality, in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist" In Western civilization, Idealism is the philosophy which maintains that the Ultimate nature of reality is ideal or based upon ideas values essences The so-called Since man's thought is the image of God's thought, God is not ineffable (so incomprehensible as to be unutterable) but can be understood by an analysis of thought. To say that something is " ineffable " means that it cannot or should not be expressed in spoken words (as with the concept of true love or some Taboo) Just as man continually corrects his concepts of reality by holding a dialectic so God improves limited being by conducting a historical dialectic. In classical Philosophy, dialectic (διαλεκτική is controversy the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating Propositions

For more details on this topic, see Dialectic. In classical Philosophy, dialectic (διαλεκτική is controversy the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating Propositions

For his god Hegel does not take the logos of Heraclitus but refers rather to the nous of Anaxagoras, although he may well have regarded them the same, as he continues to refer to god's plan, which is identical to God. Nous (ˈnuːs Greek: or) is a philosophical term for Mind or Intellect. Anaxagoras ( Greek: Ἀναξαγόρας c 500 BC &ndash 428 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher famous for introducing the Cosmological Whatever the nous thinks at any time is actual substance and is identical to limited being, but more remains to be thought in the substrate of non-being, which is identical to pure or unlimited thought. Substance theory, or substance attribute theory, is an ontological theory about objecthood, positing that a substance is distinct from its

The universe is therefore a combination of being, the particular and specific, and non-being, the same without the limitations. In Metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common namely characteristics or qualities The specific is never complete in itself but to find completion must be continually replaced by other specifics formed from non-being. The essential nature of being is that it is free "in itself"; that is, it does not depend on anything else, such as matter, for its being. The limitations represent fetters, which it must constantly be casting off in favor of more freedom. [75]

Although he began with commentary on the Christian religion and often expresses the view that he is one, his ideas of god are not at home among the Christians. He was adopted instead by the Marxist-Leninists, who, stripping away the concepts of divinity, styled what was left dialectical materialism, many seeing an origin in Heraclitus. Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted Dialectical materialism, according to many followers of Karl Marx 's thinking is the philosophical basis of Marxism.

Whitehead

Funded by the Gifford endowment Alfred North Whitehead wrote voluminously using concise abstract nouns and phrases given special and innovated meanings that cannot be understood as ordinary English. The Gifford Lectures were established by the will of Adam Lord Gifford (died 1887) Alfred North Whitehead, OM ( February 15 1861, Ramsgate, Kent, England &ndash December 30 1947, He believed the starting point of his philosophy was the flux of Heraclitus modified and supplemented by the thought of Aristotle but he does have an undefined: the referent of the English word process. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Although he expands at great length on the concept he nowhere attempts to define what it is.

Subsequent historians of philosophy therefore coined the term process philosophy to comprise Whitehead's metaphysics and whatever other thought seemed analogous including that of Heraclitus. Process philosophy (or Ontology of Becoming) identifies metaphysical Reality with Change and Dynamism. [76] The accuracy of their characterization remains to be baptized by time and criticism. Whitehead did not see himself as a process philosopher but believed he was updating Heraclitus in the light of the mathematics and mathematical philosophers of his time. This article cannot begin to summarize all of Whitehead's thought and therefore concentrates on the key lecture reproduced in Process and Reality. [77]

Using "all things flow" as the starting point for a "metaphysics of 'flux'", which he sees as implicit to various degrees in the philosophies of Locke, Hume and Kant (but not Hegel), Whitehead does not present it as a mutually exclusive alternative to the "metaphysics of 'substance'" but as complementary. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg The latter "spatializes the universe" (according to Bergson) but this is "the shortest route to a clear-cut philosophy" such as the Analytic Geometry of Descartes. Analytic geometry, also called coordinate geometry and earlier referred to as Cartesian geometry or analytical geometry, is the study of Geometry The substance metaphysics is less of interest to Whitehead. Proclaiming that Newton "brusquely ordered fluency back into the world" with his Theory of Fluxions (the derivatives of differential calculus) Whitehead launches into an innovative elaboration of Heraclitus' upward-downward way, relying especially on Aristotle's theory of act and potency. The newton (symbol N) is the SI derived unit of Force, named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on Classical In Calculus, a branch of mathematics the derivative is a measurement of how a function changes when the values of its inputs change Differential Calculus, a field in Mathematics, is the study of how functions change when their inputs change Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. See also Aristotle The theory of Potentiality and Actuality is one of the central themes of Aristotle 's Philosophy and Metaphysics.

The way becomes the simultaneous occurrence of two processes: concrescence (in place of the upward) and transition (in place of the downward). The former is the unification of "particular existents" into new particular existents also termed "actual occasions" or "actual entities. " In this process the final cause of the new unity is predominant. Transition is the "perishing of the process" (concrescence) in such a way as to leave the new existent as an "original element" of future new unities. This latter process is the "vehicle of the efficient causes" and expresses the "immortal past. "

As in Heraclitus, a concrescence never reaches the unity of its final cause, hence Whitehead uses the term "presupposed actual occasions", which are "falsifications. " An object therefore is identified with its concrescence; there is no other. The process of transforming "alien" entities into "data" for a new concrescence is termed a "feeling. " Whitehead thus builds up statements that are scarcely less obscure, if at all, than those of Heraclitus: ". . . an actual occasion is a concrescence effected by a process of feelings. "

In contrast to the becoming of Aristotle, a concrescence never results in the static act toward which it tends, but it does reach a "culmination" in which "all indetermination as to the realization of possibilities has been eliminated. " This "evaporation of all indetermination" is the "satisfaction" of the feeling.

To explain the passage of the actual moment through time (the upward-downward way) Whitehead thus resorts to a unique blend of Heraclitus' flow and Aristotle's act and potency. The potency of Aristotle is the substrate in which all possibility resides, from which comes the actual, or determinate and specifically empowered, beings by a process called "to become. " Whitehead refers to the potency under the aegis of the future, or yet to come, as "reality. " The reduction of the potential to the actual occurs in two processes: macroscopic, "the transition from attained actuality to actuality in attainment" and microscopic (concrescence), the "conversion of conditions which are merely real into determinate actualities. " The past is "a nexus of actuality", which grows into what is currently the future. In summary:

The community of actual things is an organism; but it is not a static organism. It is an incompletion in process of production.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Diogenes Laertius Book IX, Sections 1-6.
  2. ^ De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, Chapter 2, Section 15.
  3. ^ Seneca, Lucius Annaeus; John M. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c Cooper & J. F. Procopé (translators) (1995). Moral and Political Essays. Cambridge University Press, page 50 note 17. ISBN 0521348188.  
  4. ^ III. 20. 53
  5. ^ Satire X. Translation from Juvenal; Sidney George Owen (translator) (1903). Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis, known in English as Juvenal, was a Roman Poet active in the late 1st and early 2nd century AD author of the Thirteen Satires of Juvenal. London: Methuen & Co. , page 61.  
  6. ^ Montaigne, Michel de. Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (French miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ ( February 28 1533 &ndash September 13 1592) was one of the most influential writers Of Democritus and Heraclitus. The Essays of Michel de Montaigne. www. gutenberg. org.
  7. ^ Act I Scene II Line 43.
  8. ^ Levenson, Jay, editor (1991). Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press, page 229. ISBN 0300051670.  
  9. ^ DK B123.
  10. ^ De Divinationibus II 132-133.
  11. ^ a b Kahn, Charles (1979). The Art and Thought of Heraclitus: Fragments with Translation and Commentary. London: Cambridge University Press, pages 1 – 23. ISBN 0-521-28645-X.  
  12. ^ For example, Kahn gives an overview of some of the scholarship on Heraclitus but descends to personal invective in support of unsubstantiated speculation: "The 'Life' . . . is a tissue of Hellenistic anecdotes, most of them obviously fabricated . . . the unusually disgusting report of his final illness and death reveal a malicious pleasure . . . . Such stories may reflect no more than the contempt for his fellow-citizens. " While these statements reflect the values and views of Kahn, they must not be taken as an objective account of antiquity.
  13. ^ The Greek is a form of the verb, "to acme", according to which English scholars refer to the acme, meaning floruit.
  14. ^ Strabo Chapter 1, section 3.
  15. ^ Chapter 3 beginning.
  16. ^ DK B55.
  17. ^ DK B40.
  18. ^ DK B42.
  19. ^ DK B44.
  20. ^ DK B125a.
  21. ^ Barnes page 65, and also Peters, Francis E. (1967). Greek Philosophical Terms: A Historical Lexicon. NYU Press, page 178. ISBN 081476552.   Simplicius' commentary on Aristotle's physica 1313. 11.
  22. ^ For the etymology see Watkins, Calvert (2000). Appendix I: Indo-European Roots: sreu. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. In pronunciation the -ei- is a diphthong sounding like the -ei- in reindeer. In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with The initial r is aspirated or made breathy, which indicates the dropping of the s in *sreu-.
  23. ^ Cratylus Paragraph 402 section a line 8. Cratylus ( Greek: Κράτυλος is the name of a dialogue by Plato.
  24. ^ Cratylus Paragraph 401 section d line 5. Cratylus ( Greek: Κράτυλος is the name of a dialogue by Plato.
  25. ^ DK B49a, Harris 110. Hermann Alexander Diels ( May 18, 1848 - June 4, 1922) was a German classical scholar Others like it are DK B12, Harris 20; DK B91, Harris 21.
  26. ^ a b DK B91. Hermann Alexander Diels ( May 18, 1848 - June 4, 1922) was a German classical scholar
  27. ^ a b DK B60.
  28. ^ DK B10.
  29. ^ DK B103.
  30. ^ For the etymology see Watkins, Calvert (2000). Appendix I: Indo-European Roots: ar-. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. Retrieved on 2007-11-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.
  31. ^ DK B8.
  32. ^ DK B60
  33. ^ DK B54.
  34. ^ DK B31
  35. ^ DK B76.
  36. ^ DK B31. Harris notes the foreshadowing in the presentation of his fragment 33.
  37. ^ Note the foreshadowing of the Principle of Relativity. A principle of relativity is a criterion for judging physical theories, stating that they are inadequate if they do not prescribe the exact same laws of physics in
  38. ^ DK B30.
  39. ^ DK B90.
  40. ^ See Harris on his fragment 28.
  41. ^ DK B80.
  42. ^ Diogenes Laertius IX section 8.
  43. ^ DK B51.
  44. ^ DK B88.
  45. ^ DK B126.
  46. ^ For the etymology see Watkins, Calvert (2000). Appendix I: Indo-European Roots: leg-. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.
  47. ^ DK B1.
  48. ^ DK B2.
  49. ^ DK B72.
  50. ^ The initial part of DK B2, often omitted because broken by a note explaining that ksunos (Ionic) is koinos (Attic).
  51. ^ DK B114.
  52. ^ DK B102.
  53. ^ DK B78.
  54. ^ DK B70.
  55. ^ DK B52.
  56. ^ DK B41.
  57. ^ DK B32.
  58. ^ DK B124.
  59. ^ Cratylus Paragraph 440 sections c-d. Cratylus ( Greek: Κράτυλος is the name of a dialogue by Plato.
  60. ^ Those who are able read advanced mathematics will perhaps find the concept of the Four-momentum of matter-energy post-Heraclitean. In Special relativity, four-momentum is the generalization of the classical three-dimensional Momentum to four-dimensional Spacetime. In Physics, mass–energy equivalence is the concept that for particles slower than light any Mass has an associated Energy and vice versa.
  61. ^ Book 4, Chapters 7-8, Paragraph 1012.
  62. ^ Long, A. A. (2001). Stoic Studies. University of California Press, Chapter 2. ISBN 0520229746.  
  63. ^ Long page 56.
  64. ^ Page 51.
  65. ^ DK B66.
  66. ^ DK B64.
  67. ^ Different translations of this critical piece of literature, transitional from pagan polytheism to the modern religions and philosophies, can be found at Rolleston, T. W. . Stoic Philosophers: Cleanthes' Hymn to Zeus. www. numinism. net. Retrieved on 2007-11-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Ellery, M. A. C. (1976). Cleanthes' Hymn to Zeus. Tom Sienkewicz at www. utexas. edu. Retrieved on 2007-11-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Translator not stated. Hymn to Zeus. Holy, Holy, Holy at thriceholy. net: Hypatia's Bookshelf.
  68. ^ The ancient Greek can be found in Blakeney, E. H. . The Hymn of Cleanthes: Greek Text Translated into English: with Brief Introduction and Notes. The MacMillan Company.   Downloadable Google Books at [1].
  69. ^ Cleanthes, Hymn to Zeus.
  70. ^ Book IX leading sentence.
  71. ^ Hippolytus. Refutation of All Heresies Book IX Chapter 5. New Advent. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican
  72. ^ Hartnack, Justus; Lars Aagaard-Mogensen, Translator (1998). An Introduction to Hegel's Logic. Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0872204243 pages=16-17.   Hartnack quotes Hegel, Lectures on the History of Philosophy Volume I.
  73. ^ Patrick, G. T. W. ; Ingram Bywater (Fragment Translator) (1889). The Fragments of the Work of Heraclitus of Ephesus on Nature. Baltimore: N. Murray, page 6.   Downloadable Google Books at [2]
  74. ^ Copleston, Frederick Charles (2003). A History of Philosophy. Continuum International Publishing Group, Chapter X. ISBN 0826469019.  
  75. ^ The notable Introduction to Philosophy of History expresses the historical aspects of the dialectic. The history is now mainly in error and is no longer read but the introduction is a much-quoted masterpiece.
  76. ^ A search of Google Books on "Process Philosophy" will turn up a number of books on the topic but none of the works cited are to be taken as necessarily canonocal, as the topic is too recent to have a canon, or even as accurate representations of the philosophic thought described. The Western canon is a term used to denote a canon of books and more widely music and art, that has been the most influential in
  77. ^ Whitehead, Alfred North (1929). Alfred North Whitehead, OM ( February 15 1861, Ramsgate, Kent, England &ndash December 30 1947, Process and Reality: an Essay in Cosmology. The MacMillan Company, Chapter X: Process: pages 317-328.  

Bibliography

See also

The following articles on other topics contain non-trivial information that relates to Heraclitus in some way.

External links

The links below are to collections of fragments of the writings of Heraclitus in a number of languages, mainly ancient Greek and English. Cratylus ( ancient Greek:, Kratylos) was an ancient Athenian Philosopher from late 5th century BC mostly known through his portrayal In classical Philosophy, dialectic (διαλεκτική is controversy the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating Propositions Dualism denotes a state of two parts The word's origin is the Latin duo, "two". Ephesian School sometimes refers to the philosophical thought of the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus, who considered that the Ferdinand Lassalle (11 April 1825 &mdash 31 August 1864 was a German Jurist and socialist political Activist. An Introduction to Metaphysics ( Introduction à la Métaphysique) is a 1903 essay by Henri Bergson that explores the concept of reality The Ionian School, a type of Greek philosophy centred in Miletus, Ionia in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, is something of a misnomer grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion Marcel Conche is a philosopher who writes in the French language. Metaphysics is one of the principal works of Aristotle and the first major work of the branch of philosophy with the same name Nondualism implies that things appear distinct while not being separate In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part Pantheism ( Greek: πάν ( 'pan') = all and θεός ( 'theos') = God it literally means " God is All Panentheism (from Greek (pân "all" (en "in" and (Theós "God" "all-in-God" is a belief system Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks ( Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen) is a publication of an incomplete book by Friedrich Nietzsche Philosophy of space and time is the branch of Philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the Ontology, Epistemology, and character of Space Process philosophy (or Ontology of Becoming) identifies metaphysical Reality with Change and Dynamism. The Tao Te Ching or Dao De Jing ( originally known as Laozi or Lao tzu ( is a Chinese classic Ancient Philosophy Heraclitus, an ancient Greek philosopher was the first to suggest this unity of opposites Included also are interpretive essays. No standard or uniform presentation of Heraclitus exists. Translations and interpretations as well as quality vary widely, but these limitations may always have been true.


Persondata
NAME Heraclitus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Heraclitus the Ephesian; Heraclitus of Ephebes; Heraclitus the Obscure; Ἡράκλειτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος - Herákleitos ho Ephésios
SHORT DESCRIPTION Greek philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH 535 BC
PLACE OF BIRTH Ephebes, Asia Minor
DATE OF DEATH 475 BC
PLACE OF DEATH

Dictionary

Heraclitus

-proper noun

  1. An ancient Greek philosopher.
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