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Post-Byzantine Greece

Art in Ottoman Greece - Cretan School Heptanese School

Modern Greece

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The Heptanese School of painting (Greek: Επτανησιακή Σχολή, literally: The School of the seven islands also known as the Ionian Islands' School) succeeded the Cretan school as the leading school of Greek post-Byzantine painting after Crete fell to the Ottomans in 1669. Roman Greece is the period of Greek history (of Greece proper as opposed to the other centers of Hellenism in the Roman world following the Roman victory over Greco-Buddhist art is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural Syncretism between the Classical Greek culture and Buddhism Most of Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until its declaration of independence in 1821. The term Cretan School describes an important school of Icon painting also known as Post-Byzantine art, which flourished while Crete was under Venetian Modern Greek Art is the term used to describe Greek art during the period between the emergence of the new independent Greek state and the 20th century The Munich School ( Σχολή του Μονάχου) or Academic realism is the most important artistic movement of Greek Art in the 19th century with Contemporary Greek Art is defined as the art produced by Greek artists after World War II. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The term Cretan School describes an important school of Icon painting also known as Post-Byzantine art, which flourished while Crete was under Venetian Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Like the Cretan school it combined Byzantine traditions with an increasing Western European artistic influence, and also saw the first significant depiction of secular subjects. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The school was based in the Ionian islands, which were not part of Ottoman Greece, from the middle of the 17th century until the middle of the 19th century^[1]. This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

History

The Ionian islands or Heptanese from the 17th to the 19th century were under successive Venetian, French and English occupation. This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The relative freedom that the Heptanese people enjoyed compared with Ottoman ruled mainland Greece, and the vicinity and the cultural relationships with neighbouring Italy, resulted in the creation of the first modern art movement in Greece. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Another reason for the regional blossoming of arts is the migration of artists from mainland Greece and especially Crete to the Heptanese wanting to avoid the Ottoman rule. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the In particular Crete from the 15th century and the sack of Constantinople until the 17th century, when it was occupied by the Ottomans in 1669, was the main cultural centre of Greece, as it was ruled by the Venetians who allowed and encouraged artistic work (See: Cretan School). Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica The term Cretan School describes an important school of Icon painting also known as Post-Byzantine art, which flourished while Crete was under Venetian The main representatives of the fusion of Heptanese and Cretan Schools are Michael Damaskinos, Dimitrios Moschos and George Moschos, Manolis Tzanes and Konstantinos Tzanes and Stefanos Tsangarolas^[1]. Michael Damaskenos or Michail Damaskenos (Greek 1530/35-1592/93 was a leading post-Byzantine Cretan painter of the 16th century AD

This Cretan icon is signed by Michael Damaskenos and dates from the 16th century (Paul and Alexandra Canellopoulos Museum, Athens, Greece). Michael Damaskenos or Michail Damaskenos (Greek 1530/35-1592/93 was a leading post-Byzantine Cretan painter of the 16th century AD

Artistic styles

Art in the Heptanese shifted towards Western styles by the end of the 17th century with the gradual abandonment of strict Byzantine conventions and technique. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Artists were now increasingly influenced by the Italian Baroque and Flemish painters rather than from their Byzantine heritage. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Early Netherlandish painting is the work of those painters who were active in the Low Countries during the 15th and early 16th century Northern renaissance Byzantine art is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Byzantine Empire from about the 4th century until the Fall of Constantinople Paintings began to have a three dimensional perspective and the compositions became more flexible using Western realism, departing from the traditional representations that embodied Byzantine spirituality. Such changes were also reflected on the technique of oil painting on canvas which replaced the Byzantine technique of egg tempera on panel. Subjects included secular portraits of the bourgeoisie, which became more common than religious scenes ^[2]. A portrait is a painting, photograph, Sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person in which the face and its expression is predominant Bourgeois portraiture had an emblematic character which emphasised the class, profession and position of the individual in society. Frequently, however, these works also constitute penetrating psychological studies. The mature phase of the School of the Ionian Islands echoes the social developments as well as the changes that had occurred in the visual arts. Portraits began to lose their emblematic character. The early rigid poses were then succeeded by more relaxed attitudes (Kallyvokas, Iatras, Avlichos). Other subjects from the School of the Ionian Islands includes genre scenes, landscapes and still lifes ^[2]. The Heptanese School of painting ( Επτανησιακή Σχολή, literally The School of the seven islands also known as the Ionian Islands' School

Representative Artists

The first examples of the new western influenced art can be seen at the roofs of churches which were known as ourania or sofita. A pioneer in this change was Panagiotis Doxaras (1662-1729), a Maniot who was taught Byzantine iconography from the Cretan Leo Moschos. Panagiotis Doxaras (el Παναγιώτης Δοξαράς ( Mani, 1662 - Corfu, 1729 was a Greek painter who founded the Heptanese School of Greek art Year 1729 ( MDCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Mani Peninsula ( Μάνη in Greek) also long known as Maina or Maïna, is a region in Greece. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Later Doxaras would travel to Venice to study painting and he would abandon Byzantine iconography to dedicate himself to western art. Having as a quide the works of Paolo Veronese he would later paint the roof of the church of Saint Spyridonas in Corfu^[3] . Paolo Veronese (1528 – April 19 1588 was an Italian painter of the Renaissance in Venice, famous for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana Corfu (Κέρκυρα Kérkyra, ˈkʲe̞ɾkʲiɾa Κέρκυρα or Κόρκυρα Corcyra Corfù is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea In 1726 he wrote the famous although controversial and much debated theoretical text On painting (Περί ζωγραφίας) in which he addressed the need for Greek art to depart from the Byzantine art towards western european art. Year 1726 ( MDCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a His article even today is the subject of much discussion in Greece^[4] .

Nikolaos Doxaras (1700/1706-1775), son of Panagiotis Doxaras continues the artistic legacy of his father. Year 1706 ( MDCCVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In 1953-1954 he painted the roof of Saint Faneromeni in Zate that unfortunately was destroyed at an earthquake in 1953. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Only a part of it has been saved and is exhibited today at the Zante Museum. Other contemporary artists of Doxaras were the Zante painter Ieronymos Stratis Plakotos and the Corfiot Stefanos Paziyetis.

The Zante priests and painters Nikolaos Koutouzis (1741-1813) and his pupil Nikolaos Kantounis (1767-1834) continued to paint according to western european standards and were particularly known for their realistic portraiture that emphasises the emotional background of the subject. Year 1741 ( MDCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1767 ( MDCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Dionysios Kalivokas (1806-1887) and Dionysios Tsokos (1820-1862) are considered the last perhaps painters of the Heptanese school^[1]. Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday The Heptanese School of painting ( Επτανησιακή Σχολή, literally The School of the seven islands also known as the Ionian Islands' School

Later Heptanese artists

The sculptor and painter Paulos Prosalentis is the first neoclassical sculptor of modern Greece. John Kalosgouros, a sculptor, architect and painter produced the marble bust of Countess Helen Mocenigo, a portrait of Nikolaos Mantzaros and a portrait of John Romanos. Biography Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros (Νικόλαος Χαλικιόπουλος Μάντζαρος or Niccoló Calichiopulo Manzaro 26 October 1795 John Chronis was another exponent of the prevailing neoclassical architectural trend. Some of his most important works are the Capodistria Mansion, the Ionian Bank, the former Ionian Parliament, the churches of St. Sophia and All Saints and the little church of Mandrakina. Dionysios Veyias was born in Cephalonia in 1819, considered to be one of the first to practice the art of engraving in Greece. The island of Kefalonia, also known as Cephallenia, Cephallonia, Kefallinia, or Kefallonia (Ancient Greek Κεφαλληνία Modern Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Charalambos Pachis founded in 1870 a private school of painting in Corfu and is considered as the most important landscape painter of the Septinsular School of Painting along with Angelos Giallinas that specialised in water-colours. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Another well known painter is George Samartzis who was almost restricted to portraiture. Spyridon Scarrellis is best known for his water-colours and Markos Zavitsianos excelled in portrait painting and is considered an outstanding exponent of pictorial art in Greece^[5].

End of the Heptanese School period

Later Heptanese painters such as Nikolaos Xydias Typaldos (1826/1828–1909), Spyridon Prosalentis (1830–1895), Haralambos Pahis (1844–1891), and many others seem to distance themselves from the Heptanese school principles and are influenced by more modern Western European artistic movements. Nikolaos Xydias Typaldos (1826-1909 was a Greek painter. Born in Kefallonia, he studied in Italy and in Paris at the Ecole For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Heptanese School of painting ( Επτανησιακή Σχολή, literally The School of the seven islands also known as the Ionian Islands' School The liberation of Grece has transferred the Greek cultural centre from the Heptanese to Athens. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Particularly important for that was the foundation in 1837 of the Athens Polytechnic that preceded the Athens School of Fine Arts. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The National Technical University of Athens ( Greek: Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο National Metsovian Polytechnic) sometimes simply known The Athens School of Fine Arts (Ανώτατη Σχολή Καλών Τεχνών is Greece's premier art school whose main objective is to develop the artistic talents of In the new school many artists wre invited to teach such as the Italian Raffaello Ceccoli, the French Bonirote, the German Ludwig Thiersch and the Greeks Stephanos and Vikentios Lantsas. Ludwig Thiersch ( April 12 1825 – May 10 1909) was a German painter, primarily of mythological and Among the first students of the school was Theodoros Vryzakis. Theodoros Vryzakis (circa 1814-1878 was a major Greek painter of the 19th century

Main article: Munich School

See also

• Ionian islands
• Art in modern Greece
• Greek art
• National Gallery of Athens

External links

• National Gallery of Athens official website
• Corfu Fine Arts

References