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Hepatitis
Classification and external resources
Alcoholic hepatitis evident by fatty change, cell necrosis, Mallory bodies
ICD-10 K75.9
ICD-9 573.3
DiseasesDB 20061
MeSH D006505

Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to liver characterized by presence of inflammatory cells in the liver tissue. Alcoholic liver disease is the major cause of Liver disease in Western countries (in Asian countries viral Hepatitis is the major cause Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. Mallory bodies (also known as " Alcoholic Hyaline " or "Mallory's hyaline" are pathologic inclusions found in the Cytoplasm The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings K00-K93 - Diseases of the digestive system (K00-K14 Diseases of oral cavity salivary glands and jaws ( Disorders of Tooth development and Eruption The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism Etymologically from ancient Greek hepar (ηπαρ) or hepato- (ηπατο-), meaning 'liver,' and suffix -itis, denoting 'inflammation' (c. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c 1727[1]). The condition can be self limiting, healing on its own, or can progress to scarring of the liver. Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than 6 months and chronic when it persists longer. A group of viruses known as the hepatitis viruses cause most cases of liver damage worldwide. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Hepatitis can also be due to toxins (notably alcohol), other infections or from autoimmune process. Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as self, which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues It may run a subclinical course when the affected person may not feel ill. In Medicine, a subclinical infection refers to an inapparent asymptomatic Infection, or an infection that has such a mild course that it does not alert the Patient Illness (sometimes referred to as ill-health or ail) can be defined as a state of poor Health. The patient becomes unwell and symptomatic when the disease impairs liver functions that include, among other things, screening of harmful substances, regulation of blood composition, and production of bile to help digestion. A patient is any person who receives medical attention care or treatment. A symptom' (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident misfortune that which befalls" from συμπίπτω, "I befall" from

Contents

Causes

Acute hepatitis
Chronic hepatitis

Signs and symptoms

Acute hepatitis

Clinically, the course of acute hepatitis varies widely from mild symptoms requiring no treatment to fulminant hepatic failure needing liver transplantation. Wilson's disease or hepatolenticular degeneration is an Autosomal recessive Genetic disorder in which Copper accumulates in tissues Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as self, which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues Anomalous presentation of Human leukocyte antigen (HLA class II on the surface of Hepatocytes possibly due to Genetic predisposition or Acute liver infection In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Methyldopa or alpha-methyldopa (brand names Aldomet, Apo-Methyldopa, Dopamet, Novomedopa) is a centrally-acting adrenergic Antihypertensive Nitrofurantoin is an Antibiotic. It is usually used in treating Urinary tract infection. Isoniazid (also called isonicotinyl hydrazine or INH) is a first-line antituberculous medication used in the prevention and treatment of Tuberculosis Ketoconazole is a synthetic Antifungal drug used to prevent and treat skin and fungal infections especially in immunocompromised patients such as those Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD) is fatty inflammation of the Liver when this is not due to excessive alcohol use Wilson's disease or hepatolenticular degeneration is an Autosomal recessive Genetic disorder in which Copper accumulates in tissues Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency ( α1-antitrypsin deficiency, A1AD or Alpha-1) is a Genetic disorder caused by defective production of Alpha Primary biliary cirrhosis is an Autoimmune disease of the Liver marked by the slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts ( Bile canaliculi) within Primary sclerosing cholangitis ( PSC) is a chronic liver disease caused by progressive Inflammation and scarring of the Bile ducts of the liver Acute liver failure is the appearance of severe complications rapidly after the first signs of liver disease (such as Jaundice) and indicates that the liver has sustained severe Liver transplantation or hepatic transplantation is the replacement of a diseased Liver with a healthy liver Allograft. Acute viral hepatitis is more likely to be asymptomatic in younger people. Symptomatic individuals may present after convalescent stage of 7 to 10 days, with the total illness lasting 2 to 6 weeks. [4]

Initial features are of nonspecific flu-like symptoms, common to almost all acute viral infections and may include malaise, muscle and joint aches, fever, nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, and headache. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness an "out of sorts" feeling often the first indication of an infection or other disease Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the Arthralgia (from Greek arthro-, joint + -algos, pain literally means joint pain; it is a symptom of injury infection illnesses -- in particular Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted More specific symptoms, which can be present in acute hepatitis from any cause, are: profound loss of appetite, aversion to smoking among smokers, dark urine, yellowing of the eyes and skin (i. A symptom' (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident misfortune that which befalls" from συμπίπτω, "I befall" from Anorexia (deriving from the Greek "α(ν-" ( a(n-, a prefix that denotes absence + "όρεξη (orexe = appetite is the decreased sensation Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (under Trade names such as Bitrex or Aversion) and as denatonium Smoking is a practice where a substance most commonly Tobacco, is burned and the Smoke tasted or inhaled Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective "icteric" is yellowish discoloration of the Skin, sclerae (whites of the eyes Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant e. , jaundice) and abdominal discomfort. Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective "icteric" is yellowish discoloration of the Skin, sclerae (whites of the eyes In Vertebrates such as Mammals the abdomen (belly constitutes the part of the body between the Thorax (chest and Pelvis. Physical findings are usually minimal, apart from jaundice (33%) and tender hepatomegaly (10%). Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective "icteric" is yellowish discoloration of the Skin, sclerae (whites of the eyes Hepatomegaly is the condition of having an enlarged Liver. It is a nonspecific medical sign having many causes which can broadly be broken down into Infection There can be occasional lymphadenopathy (5%) or splenomegaly (5%). Lymphadenopathy is a term meaning "disease of the Lymph nodes. Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the Spleen, which usually lies in the left upper quadrant (LUQ of the Human abdomen. [5]

Chronic Hepatitis

Majority of patients will remain asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, abnormal blood tests being the only manifestation. A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a Blood sample that is usually extracted from a Vein in the arm using a needle, or via Features may be related to the extent of liver damage or the cause of hepatitis. Many experience return of symptoms related to acute hepatitis. Jaundice can be a late feature and may indicate extensive damage. Other features include abdominal fullness from enlarged liver or spleen, low grade fever and fluid retention (ascites). The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The spleen is an organ found in all Vertebrate animals In humans the spleen is located in the abdomen of the body where it functions in the destruction of redundant Red Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris In Medicine ( Gastroenterology) ascites (also known as peritoneal cavity fluid, peritoneal fluid excess, hydroperitoneum or more Extensive damage and scarring of liver (i. e. , cirrhosis) leads to weight loss, easy bruising and bleeding tendencies. Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative Acne, abnormal menstruation, lung scarring, inflammation of the thyroid gland and kidneys may be present in women with autoimmune hepatitis. Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is a Skin disease caused by changes in the Pilosebaceous units (skin structures consisting of a Hair follicle See also "Mensuration" a term sometimes used to describe Measurement, particularly in the context of Forestry. The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Anomalous presentation of Human leukocyte antigen (HLA class II on the surface of Hepatocytes possibly due to Genetic predisposition or Acute liver infection [6]

Findings on clinical examination are usually those of cirrhosis or are related to aetiology. Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative Etiology (alternatively aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation.

Types of hepatitis

Please see the respective articles for more detailed information.
See also: Infectious canine hepatitis

Viral

Most cases of acute hepatitis are due to viral infections:

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A or infectious jaundice is caused by a picornavirus transmitted by the fecal-oral route, often associated with ingestion of contaminated food or with anal/oral sex. Hepatitis A, (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an acute Infectious disease of the Liver caused by Hepatitis A virus which is Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever, 7-day fever and many more is a A Picornavirus is a Virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae. The fecal-oral route (or alternatively the oral-fecal route or orofecal route) is a way Disease can be passed when fecal particles from one Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an Organism. In Animals it normally is accomplished by taking in the substance through the Mouth into the Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food Anal–oral sex, also referred to or described as anal–oral contact or anilingus (from anus + lingus (Latin Lingere:to lick also It causes an acute form of hepatitis and does not have a chronic stage. The patient's immune system makes antibodies against hepatitis A that confer immunity against future infection. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily People with hepatitis A are advised to rest, stay hydrated and avoid alcohol. Hepatitis A, (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an acute Infectious disease of the Liver caused by Hepatitis A virus which is Hydrate is a term used in Inorganic chemistry and Organic chemistry to indicate that a substance contains Water. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon A vaccine is available that will prevent infection from hepatitis A for up to 10 years. A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Hepatitis A can be spread through personal contact, consumption of raw sea food or drinking contaminated water. Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities This occurs primarily in third world countries. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically Strict personal hygiene and the avoidance of raw and unpeeled foods can help prevent an infection. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Infected people excrete the hepatitis A virus with their feces two weeks before and one week after the appearance of jaundice. Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective "icteric" is yellowish discoloration of the Skin, sclerae (whites of the eyes The time between the infection and the start of the illness averages 28 days (ranging from 15 to 50 days),[7] and most recover fully within 2 months, although approximately 15% of sufferers may experience continuous or relapsing symptoms from six months to a year following initial diagnosis. An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Illness (sometimes referred to as ill-health or ail) can be defined as a state of poor Health. A relapse (etymologically "who falls again" occurs when a person is affected again by a condition that affected them in the past Diagnosis is the identification by Process of elimination, of the nature of anything [8]

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is caused by a hepadnavirus, which can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. Hepadnaviruses are a family of Viruses which can cause Liver infections in humans and animals Chronic hepatitis develops in the 15% of patients who are unable to eliminate the virus after an initial infection. Identified methods of transmission include blood (blood transfusion, now rare), tattoos (both amateur and professionally done), sexually (through sexual intercourse or through contact with blood or bodily fluids), or via mother to child by breast feeding (minimal evidence of transplacental crossing). Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Blood transfusion is the process of transferring Blood or blood-based products from one person into the Circulatory system of another A tattoo is a permanent marking made by inserting ink into the layers of Skin to change the pigment for decorative or other reasons A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Bodily fluids listed below are found in the bodies of men and/or women Breastfeeding is the feeding of an Infant or young Child with Breast milk directly from human Breasts, not from a Baby bottle or other However, in about half of cases the source of infection cannot be determined. Blood contact can occur by sharing syringes in intravenous drug use, shaving accessories such as razor blades, or touching wounds on infected persons. A syringe is a simple piston Pump consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a tube Shaving is the removal of hair by using Razor or any other kind of bladed implement to slice it down to the level of the skin A razor is a Bladed Tool primarily used in the Shaving off of unwanted Body hair. In Medicine, a wound is a type of Injury in which the Skin is torn cut or punctured (an open wound or where blunt force trauma Needle-exchange programmes have been created in many countries as a form of prevention. A hypodermic needle-exchange program is a sometimes controversial Social policy, based on the philosophy of Harm reduction where injection

Patients with chronic hepatitis B have antibodies against hepatitis B, but these antibodies are not enough to clear the infection that establishes itself in the DNA of the affected liver cells. Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the Cytoplasmic mass of the Liver. The continued production of virus combined with antibodies is a likely cause of the immune complex disease seen in these patients. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction refers to undesirable (damaging discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal reactions produced by the normal immune system A vaccine is available that will prevent infection from hepatitis B for life. A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Hepatitis B infections result in 500,000 to 1,200,000 deaths per year worldwide due to the complications of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC also called hepatoma) is a primary malignancy (cancer of the Liver. Hepatitis B is endemic in a number of (mainly South-East Asian) countries, making cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma big killers. In Epidemiology, an Infection is said to be endemic (from Greek en- in or within + demos people in a Population when Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC also called hepatoma) is a primary malignancy (cancer of the Liver. This list shows causes of Human Deaths worldwide for a single year 2002 arranged by the associated Mortality rate. There are six FDA-approved treatment options available for persons with a chronic hepatitis B infection: alpha-interferon, pegylated interferon adefovir, entecavir, telbivudine and lamivudine. An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Human type I Interferons comprise a vast and growing group of IFN proteins Adefovir dipivoxil, previously called bis-POM PMEA, with trade names Preveon and Hepsera, is an orally-administered nucleotide analog Reverse Entecavir ( INN) (ɛnˈtɛkəvɪr is an oral Antiviral drug used in the treatment of Hepatitis B infection Telbivudine is an Antiviral drug used in the treatment of Hepatitis B infection Lamivudine (2'3'-dideoxy-3'-thia Cytidine, commonly About 65% of persons on treatment achieve a sustained response.

Hepatitis B is the most infectious bloodborne pathogen known.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C (originally "non-A non-B hepatitis") is caused by a virus with an RNA genome that is a member of the Flaviviridae family. Hepatitis C is a blood-borne infectious disease that is caused by the Hepatitis C virus ( HCV) affecting the Liver. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby The Flaviviridae are a family of Viruses that are primarily spread through arthropod vectors (mainly ticks and mosquitoes It can be transmitted through contact with blood (including through sexual contact if the two parties' blood is mixed) and can also cross the placenta. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Human sexual behavior or different human sexual practices encompass a wide range of activities such as strategies to find or attract partners ( Mating and display Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation Hepatitis C may lead to a chronic form of hepatitis, culminating in cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative It can remain asymptomatic for 10-20 years. Patients with hepatitis C are susceptible to severe hepatitis if they contract either hepatitis A or B, so all hepatitis C patients should be immunized against hepatitis A and hepatitis B if they are not already immune, and avoid alcohol. Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's Immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as the Immunity is a material term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid Infection, Disease, or other unwanted biological invasion In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon The virus can cause cirrhosis of the liver. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals HCV viral levels can be reduced to undetectable levels by a combination of interferon and the antiviral drug ribavirin. Interferons ( IFN s are natural Proteins produced by the cells of the Immune system of most Vertebrates in response to challenges by foreign agents Antiviral drugs are a class of Medication used specifically for treating viral Infections Like Antibiotics for Bacteria, specific antivirals Ribavirin (Copegus Rebetol Ribasphere VilonaVirazole also generics from Sandoz Teva Warrick is an Anti-viral drug which is active against a number of DNA and The genotype of the virus determines the rate of response to this treatment regimen. The genotype is the genetic constitution of a cell an organism or an individual (i A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Genotype 1 is more resistant to interferon therapy than other HCV genotypes.

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D is caused by hepatitis delta agent, which is similar to a viroid as it can only propagate in the presence of the Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis D is a Disease caused by a small circular RNA virus ( Hepatitis delta virus or hepatitis D virus, HDV) Viroids are Plant Pathogens that consist of a short stretch (a few hundred nucleobases) of highly complementary circular single-stranded

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis E produces symptoms similar to hepatitis A, although it can take a fulminant course in some patients, particularly pregnant women; it is more prevalent in the Indian subcontinent. Hepatitis E is a viral Hepatitis (liver inflammation caused by Infection with a Virus called hepatitis E virus ( HEV) Hepatitis A, (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an acute Infectious disease of the Liver caused by Hepatitis A virus which is Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia.

Hepatitis F virus

Hepatitis F virus is a hypothetical virus linked to hepatitis. Hepatitis F is a hypothetical Virus linked to Hepatitis. Several hepatitis F candidates emerged in the 1990s none of these reports have been substantiated A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Several hepatitis F virus candidates emerged in the 1990s; none of these reports have been substantiated. Hepatitis F is a hypothetical Virus linked to Hepatitis. Several hepatitis F candidates emerged in the 1990s none of these reports have been substantiated A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999

Hepatitis G, or GBV-C

Another potential viral cause of hepatitis, hepatitis G virus, has been identified,[9] and is probably spread by blood and sexual contact. [10] There is, however, doubt about whether it causes hepatitis, or is just associated with hepatitis, as it does not appear to replicate primarily in the liver. [11] It is now classified as GBV-C[2].

Other viral causes of hepatitis

Other viral infections can cause hepatitis (inflammation of the liver):

Alcoholic hepatitis

Main article: Alcoholic hepatitis

Ethanol, mostly in alcoholic beverages, is a significant cause of hepatitis. Mumps or epidemic Parotitis is a Viral disease of the Human species This page is for the virus For the disease see Rubella. Rubella virus is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus and the only Cytomegalovirus (CMV (from the Greek cyto-, "cell" and -megalo-, "large" is a viral The Epstein-Barr Virus ( EBV) also called Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4 is a Virus of the herpes family (which includes Herpes Alcoholic hepatitis is Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver due to excessive intake of alcohol. Usually alcoholic hepatitis comes after a period of increased alcohol consumption. Alcoholic hepatitis is Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver due to excessive intake of alcohol. Alcoholic hepatitis is characterized by a variable constellation of symptoms, which may include feeling unwell, enlargement of the liver, development of fluid in the abdomen ascites, and modest elevation of liver blood tests. Alcoholic hepatitis is Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver due to excessive intake of alcohol. A symptom' (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident misfortune that which befalls" from συμπίπτω, "I befall" from In Vertebrates such as Mammals the abdomen (belly constitutes the part of the body between the Thorax (chest and Pelvis. In Medicine ( Gastroenterology) ascites (also known as peritoneal cavity fluid, peritoneal fluid excess, hydroperitoneum or more Alcoholic hepatitis can vary from mild with only liver test elevation to severe liver inflammation with development of jaundice, prolonged prothrombin time, and liver failure. Alcoholic hepatitis is Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver due to excessive intake of alcohol. Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective "icteric" is yellowish discoloration of the Skin, sclerae (whites of the eyes The prothrombin time ( PT) and its derived measures of prothrombin ratio ( PR) and international normalized ratio ( INR) are measures Liver failure is the inability of the Liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic function as part of normal physiology Severe cases are characterized by either obtundation (dulled consciousness) or the combination of elevated bilirubin levels and prolonged prothrombin time; the mortality rate in both categories is 50% within 30 days of onset. Obtunded refers to a Patient that has less than full Mental capacity, typically as a result of a Medical condition or trauma. Bilirubin (formerly referred to as hematoidin) is the yellow breakdown product of normal Heme Catabolism. The prothrombin time ( PT) and its derived measures of prothrombin ratio ( PR) and international normalized ratio ( INR) are measures

Alcoholic hepatitis is distinct from cirrhosis caused by long term alcohol consumption. Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative Alcoholic hepatitis can occur in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease and alcoholic cirrhosis. Alcoholic hepatitis is Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver due to excessive intake of alcohol. Alcoholic liver disease is the major cause of Liver disease in Western countries (in Asian countries viral Hepatitis is the major cause Alcoholic hepatitis by itself does not lead to cirrhosis, but cirrhosis is more common in patients with long term alcohol consumption. Alcoholic hepatitis is Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver due to excessive intake of alcohol. Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative Patients who drink alcohol to excess are also more often than others found to have hepatitis C. The combination of hepatitis C and alcohol consumption accelerates the development of cirrhosis in Western countries. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings

Drug induced hepatitis

Main article: Hepatotoxicity

A large number of drugs can cause hepatitis:[12]

The clinical course of drug-induced hepatitis is quite variable, depending on the drug and the patient's tendency to react to the drug. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome For example, halothane hepatitis can range from mild to fatal as can INH-induced hepatitis. Halothane vapour (or Fluothane) is an inhalational General anaesthetic. Isoniazid (also called isonicotinyl hydrazine or INH) is a first-line antituberculous medication used in the prevention and treatment of Tuberculosis Hormonal contraception can cause structural changes in the liver. Hormonal contraception refers to Birth control methods that act on the hormonal system Amiodarone hepatitis can be untreatable since the long half life of the drug (up to 60 days) means that there is no effective way to stop exposure to the drug. Amiodarone is an Antiarrhythmic agent (medication used for irregular heart beat used for various types of tachyarrhythmias (fast forms of irregular heart beat both ventricular Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Statins can cause elevations of liver function blood tests normally without indicating an underlying hepatitis. The statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) form a class of hypolipidemic drugs used to lower Cholesterol levels in people with or at risk of Cardiovascular Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs which include liver enzymes, are groups of Clinical biochemistry laboratory blood assays designed to give information about the A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a Blood sample that is usually extracted from a Vein in the arm using a needle, or via Lastly, human variability is such that any drug can be a cause of hepatitis.

Other toxins that cause hepatitis

Toxins and drugs can cause hepatitis:

Metabolic disorders

Some metabolic disorders cause different forms of hepatitis. Hemochromatosis (due to iron accumulation) and Wilson's disease (copper accumulation) can cause liver inflammation and necrosis. Haemochromatosis, also spelled hemochromatosis (see spelling differences) also called siderophilia Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Wilson's disease or hepatolenticular degeneration is an Autosomal recessive Genetic disorder in which Copper accumulates in tissues Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue.

See below for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), effectively a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD) is fatty inflammation of the Liver when this is not due to excessive alcohol use Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of developing Cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Obstructive

"Obstructive jaundice" is the term used to describe jaundice due to obstruction of the bile duct (by gallstones or external obstruction by cancer). A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry Bile. In Medicine, gallstones (choleliths are Crystalline bodies formed within the body by accretion or concretion of normal or abnormal Bile component Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled If longstanding, it leads to destruction and inflammation of liver tissue.

Autoimmune

Main article: Autoimmune hepatitis

Anomalous presentation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II on the surface of hepatocytes, possibly due to genetic predisposition or acute liver infection; causes a cell-mediated immune response against the body's own liver, resulting in autoimmune hepatitis. Anomalous presentation of Human leukocyte antigen (HLA class II on the surface of Hepatocytes possibly due to Genetic predisposition or Acute liver infection The human leukocyte antigen system ( HLA) is the name of the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC in humans Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the Cytoplasmic mass of the Liver. History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Anomalous presentation of Human leukocyte antigen (HLA class II on the surface of Hepatocytes possibly due to Genetic predisposition or Acute liver infection

Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency

In severe cases of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD), the accumulated protein in the endoplasmic reticulum causes liver cell damage and inflammation. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency ( α1-antitrypsin deficiency, A1AD or Alpha-1) is a Genetic disorder caused by defective production of Alpha Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl The endoplasmic reticulum (Greek endo = "within" (prefix plásma = "formed entity" Latin reticulum = "little net" or ER, is an Organelle Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a type of hepatitis which resembles alcoholic hepatitis on liver biopsy (fat droplets, inflammatory cells, but usually no Mallory's hyaline) but occurs in patients who have no known history of alcohol abuse. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD) is fatty inflammation of the Liver when this is not due to excessive alcohol use A biopsy (in Greek: βίος life and όψη look/appearance is a Medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues Mallory bodies (also known as " Alcoholic Hyaline " or "Mallory's hyaline" are pathologic inclusions found in the Cytoplasm NASH is more common in women, and the most common cause is obesity or the metabolic syndrome. Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of developing Cardiovascular disease and diabetes. A related but less serious condition is called "fatty liver" (steatosis hepatis), which occurs in up to 80% of all clinically obese people. Fatty liver, also known as fatty liver disease ( FLD) steatorrhoeic hepatosis, or steatosis hepatitis, is a reversible condition where A liver biopsy for fatty liver shows fat droplets throughout the liver, but no signs of inflammation or Mallory's hyalin. A biopsy (in Greek: βίος life and όψη look/appearance is a Medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens

The diagnosis depends on history, physical exam, blood tests, radiological imaging and sometimes a liver biopsy. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Physical examination or clinical examination is the process by which a Health care provider investigates the body of a Patient for signs A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a Blood sample that is usually extracted from a Vein in the arm using a needle, or via Radiology is the medical specialty directing Medical imaging technologies to diagnose and treat diseases A biopsy (in Greek: βίος life and όψη look/appearance is a Medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues The initial evaluation to identify the presence of fatty infiltration of the liver is radiologic imaging including ultrasound, computed tomographic imaging, or magnetic resonance imaging. Computed tomography (CT is a Medical imaging method employing Tomography. However, radiologic imaging cannot readily identify inflammation in the liver. Therefore, the differentiation between steatosis and NASH often requires a liver biopsy. In cellular Pathology, steatosis (also called fatty change, fatty degeneration or adipose degeneration) is the process describing A biopsy (in Greek: βίος life and όψη look/appearance is a Medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues It can also be difficult to distinguish NASH from alcoholic hepatitis when the patient has a history of alcohol consumption. Alcoholic hepatitis is Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver due to excessive intake of alcohol. A patient is any person who receives medical attention care or treatment. Sometimes in such cases a trial of abstinence from alcohol along with follow-up blood tests and a repeated liver biopsy are required. A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a Blood sample that is usually extracted from a Vein in the arm using a needle, or via A biopsy (in Greek: βίος life and όψη look/appearance is a Medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues

NASH is becoming recognized as the most important cause of liver disease second only to Hepatitis C in numbers of patients going on to cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative

Ischemic hepatitis

See also: Ischemic hepatitis

Ischemic hepatitis is caused by decreased circulation to the liver cells. Ischemic hepatitis (also known as shock liver) is a condition of decreased blood supply to the Liver resulting in injury to liver cells ( Hepatocytes Usually this is due to decreased blood pressure (or shock), leading to the equivalent term "shock liver". Patients with ischemic hepatitis are usually very ill due to the underlying cause of shock. A patient is any person who receives medical attention care or treatment. Ischemic hepatitis (also known as shock liver) is a condition of decreased blood supply to the Liver resulting in injury to liver cells ( Hepatocytes Rarely, ischemic hepatitis can be caused by local problems with the blood vessels that supply oxygen to the liver (such as thrombosis, or clotting of the hepatic artery which partially supplies blood to liver cells). Ischemic hepatitis (also known as shock liver) is a condition of decreased blood supply to the Liver resulting in injury to liver cells ( Hepatocytes The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Thrombosis is the formation of a blood Clot ( Thrombus) inside a Blood vessel, obstructing the flow of Blood through the Circulatory Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the Cytoplasmic mass of the Liver. Blood testing of a person with ischemic hepatitis will show very high levels of transaminase enzymes (AST and ALT), which may exceed 1000 U/L. A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a Blood sample that is usually extracted from a Vein in the arm using a needle, or via Ischemic hepatitis (also known as shock liver) is a condition of decreased blood supply to the Liver resulting in injury to liver cells ( Hepatocytes Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs which include liver enzymes, are groups of Clinical biochemistry laboratory blood assays designed to give information about the Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins The elevation in these blood tests is usually transient (lasting 7 to 10 days). A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a Blood sample that is usually extracted from a Vein in the arm using a needle, or via It is rare that liver function will be affected by ischemic hepatitis. Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs which include liver enzymes, are groups of Clinical biochemistry laboratory blood assays designed to give information about the Ischemic hepatitis (also known as shock liver) is a condition of decreased blood supply to the Liver resulting in injury to liver cells ( Hepatocytes

See also

References

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  7. ^ CDC Hepatitis A FAQ. Retrieved on 2008-03-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
  8. ^ CDC Hepatitis A Fact Sheet. Retrieved on 2008-03-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
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  10. ^ K Stark et al (December 1996). "Detection of the hepatitis G virus genome among injecting drug users, homosexual and bisexual men, and blood donors". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 174 (6): 1320-1323. PMID 8940225.  
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  12. ^ Hepatitis as a result of chemicals and drugs (English). HealthAtoZ. Retrieved on 2006-07-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song.
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External links

Dictionary

hepatitis

-noun

  1. inflammation of the liver, sometimes caused by a viral infection
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