| Henry | |
|---|---|
| "The Young King" | |
| King of England | |
| Coronation | June 1170 |
| Consort | Marguerite of France |
| Issue | |
| William (died in infancy) | |
| Royal house | House of Plantagenet |
| Father | Henry II |
| Mother | Eleanor of Aquitaine |
| Born | 28 February 1155 |
| Died | 11 June 1183 (aged 28) Castle of Martel, Limoges |
Henry the Young King (28 February 1155 – 11 June 1183) was the second of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Marguerite of France (November 1157 – August/September 1197 was the eldest daughter of Louis VII of France by his second wife Constance of Castile. A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Eleanor Duchess of Aquitaine (1122&ndash1 April 1204 Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Limoges ( Lemòtges / Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan language) is a city and commune in France, the préfecture Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Eleanor Duchess of Aquitaine (1122&ndash1 April 1204
Henry was a younger maternal half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. Marie of France, or Marie Capet, Countess of Champagne (1145 &ndash March 11, 1198) was the elder daughter of Louis VII of France Alix of France (summer 1151 &ndash 1197/1198 was the second daughter born to Louis VII of France by his first wife Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was a younger brother of William, Count of Poitiers. William (17 August 1153 &ndash April 1156 was the first child of Henry Plantagenet (later Henry II of England) and Eleanor of Aquitaine, born in He was also an older brother to Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of Aquitaine, Joan of England and John Lackland. Matilda of England (also called Maud; 1156 &ndash 13 July 1189) was the eldest daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Geoffrey II Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond ( 23 September 1158 – 19 August 1186) was Duke of Brittany between 1181 and 1186 For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Princess Eleanor of England and Aquitaine (later Leonora Joan of England (October 1165 &ndash 4 September 1199 was the seventh child of Henry II of England and his Queen consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine. John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death
Contents |
Early life
We know little of the Young Henry before the events associated with his marriage and coronation. In June 1170 the fifteen-year-old Henry was crowned king during his father's lifetime, an adoption into England of the practice current in the rival French Capetian dynasty. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. For the Direct Capetians, who ruled France 987&ndash1328 see the House of Capet. A Latin poem by a court official written to commemorate the coronation hints at the charisma that already then hung around this charming and handsome young royal prince. It describes him in 1170 as a youth of striking beauty, tall but well proportioned, broad-shouldered with a long and elegant neck, pale and freckled skin, bright and wide blue eyes, with a thick mop of the reddish-gold hair characteristic of his dynasty.
He was known in his own lifetime as "Henry the Young King" to distinguish him from the elder Henry his father Henry II of England. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble Family chief Heirs cadets House of Lancaster House of York William (17 August 1153 &ndash April 1156 was the first child of Henry Plantagenet (later Henry II of England) and Eleanor of Aquitaine, born in Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Geoffrey II Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond ( 23 September 1158 – 19 August 1186) was Duke of Brittany between 1181 and 1186 John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death Matilda of England (also called Maud; 1156 &ndash 13 July 1189) was the eldest daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Princess Eleanor of England and Aquitaine (later Leonora Joan of England (October 1165 &ndash 4 September 1199 was the seventh child of Henry II of England and his Queen consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Because he predeceased his father, he is not counted in the numerical succession of kings of England. Nonetheless, he was an anointed king and his royal status was not disputed. There is a question about his knighting. According to one of Becket's correspondents Henry was knighted by his father before the coronation. St Thomas Becket (c 1118 &ndash December 29, 1170) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170 But the biographer of William Marshal asserts that the king was knighted by William in the course of the rebellion of 1173. William Marshal 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 &ndash 14 May 1219) also called William the Marshal (Guillaume le Maréchal was an Anglo Norman soldier
Tournament hero and celebrity
Henry did not seem much interested in the day-to-day business of government, which distinguished him from his father and younger brothers. The majority opinion amongst historians is that of W. L. Warren (1973), "The Young Henry was the only one of his family who was popular in his own day. It was true that he was also the only one who gave no evidence of political sagacity, military skill, or even ordinary intelligence…", and elaborated in a later book, "He was gracious, benign, affable, courteous, the soul of liberality and generosity. Unfortunately he was also shallow, vain, careless, high-hoped, incompetent, improvident, and irresponsible. "
However, the Young King's contemporary reputation was by no means so negative. This had much to do with his place in the enthusiastic tournament culture of his own day. This article is about the tournaments of the Middle Ages For the general article on tournaments see Tournament. We can see this from his appearances in the History of William Marshal, the biography of the knight who was assigned to him as a tutor in 1170, and who became his tournament team leader until 1182. The History depicts him as constantly moving from tournament to tournament across northern and central France between 1175 and 1182. With his first cousin Count Philip of Flanders and Baldwin V, count of Hainault and Namur, he was one of the key patrons of the sport. Philip of Alsace (1143 – August 1, 1191) was Count of Flanders from 1168 to 1191 He is said to have spent over £200 a day on the great retinue of knights he brought to the tournament of Lagny-sur-Marne in November 1179.
If he lacked political weight, the Young King's patronage gave him celebrity status throughout western Europe. The baron and troubador, Bertran de Born, who knew him, said that he was '…the best king who ever took up a shield, the most daring and best of all tourneyers. Bertran de Born (1140s &ndash by 1215 was a Baron from the Limousin in France, and one of the major Occitan Troubadours of the twelfth From the time when Roland was alive, and even before, never was seen a knight so skilled, so warlike, whose fame resounded so around the world — even if Roland did come back, or if the world were searched as far as the River Nile and the setting sun. Roland ( Italian: Orlando or Rolando, Frankish: Hruodland, Dutch: Roeland, Spanish: Roldán ' There was a perception amongst his contemporaries and the next generation that his death in 1183 marked a decline both in the tournament and knightly endeavour. His former chaplain, Gervase of Tilbury, said that 'his death was the end of everything knightly'. Gervase of Tilbury (c1150 – c 1228 was a 13th century Canon lawyer statesman and writer apparently born in either East Tilbury or West Tilbury, in
Political career
The Young Henry played an important part in the politics of his father's reign. On 2 November 1160 he was married to Marguerite of France, daughter of King Louis VII of France by his second wife Constance of Castile, when he was 5 years of age and she was 2. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Marguerite of France (November 1157 – August/September 1197 was the eldest daughter of Louis VII of France by his second wife Constance of Castile. Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. The marriage was an attempt to settle the long struggle between the Plantagenets and Capetians over the possession of the frontier district of the Norman Vexin, which Louis VII had acquired from Henry II's father, Geoffrey Plantagenet, around 1144. Geoffrey Plantagenet may refer to Geoffrey V of Anjou (1113-1151 Count of Anjou was the father of Henry II of England and the first to be known as Plantagenet By the terms of the settlement, Marguerite would bring the castles of the Norman Vexin to her new husband. However, the marriage was pushed through by Henry II when Young Henry and Marguerite were small children, so that he could seize the castles. A bitter border war followed between the kings.
Young Henry fell out with his father in 1173. Contemporary chroniclers allege that it was due to the young man's frustration that his father had given him no realm to rule, and that he felt starved of funds. The rebellion seems however to have drawn strength from much deeper discontent with his father's rule, and a formidable party of English and Norman magnates joined him. The civil war (1173–74) came close to toppling the king, and he was narrowly saved by the loyalty of a party of English court aristocracy and the defeat and capture of the king of Scotland. The Revolt of 1173&ndash1174 was a rebellion against Henry II of England by three of his sons his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine and rebel supporters Young Henry sought a reconciliation after the capture of his mother and the failure of the revolt. By the terms of the settlement his funds were much increased and he apparently devoted most of the next seven years to the amusement of the tournament.
In November 1179 he represented his father at the coronation of Philip Augustus as associate king of France at Reims. Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern He acted as Steward of France and carried the crown in the coronation procession. Later he played a leading role in the celebratory tournament held at Lagny-sur-Marne, to which he brought a retinue of over 500 knights at huge expense. Lagny-sur-Marne ( English: Lagny on the Marne) is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France.
The Young Henry's affairs took a turn for the worse in 1182. He fell out with William Marshal, his tournament team manager. The Marshal biographer suggests that Marshal's disgrace was because he had indulged in a clandestine affair with Queen Marguerite. David Crouch, the Marshal's principal modern biographer, proves that the charge against William was actually one of lèse majesté, brought on by Marshal's own arrogance and greed. Lèse majesté ( French expression from the Latin Laesa maiestas or Laesae maiestatis (crimen, (crime of injury to the Majesty in English The charge of adultery was only introduced in the Life of William Marshal as a distraction from the real charges, of which he was most probably guilty. Though the Young King sent his wife early in 1183 to the French court, it was done most likely to keep her safe in the impending war with his brother Richard rather than because she was in disgrace.
The only child of Henry and Marguerite was William, born prematurely on 19 June 1177, and dying on 22 June of the same year. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. This difficult delivery may have rendered her sterile, as she had no further children by Henry or her second husband.
Death and burial
Henry the Young King died in the summer of 1183, during the course of a campaign in the Limousin against his father and his brother, Richard. He had just completed a pillage of local monasteries to raise money to pay his mercenaries. He contracted dysentery at the beginning of June. Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood Weakening fast, he was taken to the castle of Martel, near Limoges. Limoges ( Lemòtges / Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan language) is a city and commune in France, the préfecture It was clear to his household that he was dying on 7 June when he was confessed and received the last rites. As a token of his penitence for his war against his father he prostrated himself naked on the floor before a crucifix. He made a testament and since he had taken a crusader's vow, he gave his cloak to his friend William Marshal with the plea that he should take the cloak (presumably with the crusader's cross stitched to it) to the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. William Marshal 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 &ndash 14 May 1219) also called William the Marshal (Guillaume le Maréchal was an Anglo Norman soldier The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Sanctum Sepulchrum also called the Church of the Resurrection, ( Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως Naos tis Anastaseos On his deathbed he reportedly asked to be reconciled to his father, but King Henry, fearing a trick, refused to see him. He died on 11 June clasping a ring his father had sent instead as a sign of his forgiveness. After his death, his father is said to have exclaimed: "He cost me much, but I wish he had lived to cost me more. "
The events that followed his death are worthy of comment. There was an attempt by his mother and a faction of his friends to promote his sainthood. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Thomas of Earley, archdeacon of Wells, published a sermon not long afterwards which detailed miraculous events attending the cortège which took his body north to Normandy. The cortège was something of a shambles. A member of his household was seized by his mercenary captains for debts the late king had owed them. The knights accompanying his corpse were so penniless they had to be fed by charity at the monastery of Vigeois. There were large and emotional gatherings wherever his body rested. At Le Mans, the local bishop halted the procession and ordered the body buried in his cathedral, perhaps to help defuse the civil unrest Henry's death had caused. Le Mans (ləmɑ̃ in French) is a city in France, located on the Sarthe River. The dean of Rouen recovered the body from the chapter of Le Mans a month later by law suit so the Young Henry could be buried in Normandy as he had desired in his testament. Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital His remains rest in Rouen Cathedral, where his tomb can be seen, appropriately, on the opposite side of the altar from the resting place of the bowels of his younger brother Richard, with whom he was perpetually quarrelling. Rouen Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Rouen is a Gothic Cathedral in Rouen, in northwestern France. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death The tomb of the archbishop of Rouen, who had married him and Margaret, lies nearby in the ambulatory. His brothers Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland both later became king. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death
Ancestry
References
- W. L. Warren, Henry II (London, 1973) ISBN 0-520-03494-5
- O. H. Moore, The Young King Henry Plantagenet, 1155–83, in History, Literature, and Tradition (Columbus OH, 1925)
- G. Duby, William Marshal: the Flower of Chivalry trans. R. Howard (London, 1986)
- D. Crouch, William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219 (2nd edn, London, 2002)
- D. Crouch, Tournament (London, 2005)
- L. Diggelmann, 'Marriage as Tactical Response: Henry II and the Royal Wedding of 1160', English Historical Review, CXIX, (2004), pp. 954–64
- R. J. Smith, 'Henry II's Heir: the Acta and Seal of Henry the Young King, 1170-83', English Historical Review, CXVI, (2001), pp. 297–326
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Henry the Young King
Born: 28 February 1155 Died: 11 June 1183 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Henry II |
King of England 1170 – 1183 with Henry II |
Succeeded by Henry II |
| English royalty | ||
| Preceded by William, Count of Poitiers |
Heir to the English Throne as heir apparent and crowned co-King April 1156 – 11 June 1183 |
Succeeded by Richard, Duke of Aquitaine |
| French nobility | ||
| Preceded by Henry II |
Count of Anjou with Henry II 1170 – 1183 |
Succeeded by Henry II |
| Family information | ||
| Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
House of Anjou
|
Henry II of England King of England
|
Henry the Young King |
| Matilda of England
House of Normandy
|
||
| William X of Aquitaine
House of Poitiers
|
Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine Queen of England |
|
| Aenor de Châtellerault
House of Châtellerault
|
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| Notes and references | ||
| 1. The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during William (17 August 1153 &ndash April 1156 was the first child of Henry Plantagenet (later Henry II of England) and Eleanor of Aquitaine, born in This is a list of the individuals who were at any given time considered the next in line to inherit the thrones of England Great Britain or the United Kingdom should the incumbent monarch An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death The Nobility (la noblesse in France, in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period had specific legal and financial rights and List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father Angevin (ˈændʒəvɪn ( French, from Old French, from Medieval Latin Andegavinus from Andegavia Anjou, France) is the name applied Matilda of England (sometimes Maud or Maude; 7 February 1102 &ndash 10 September 1167 was the daughter and dispossessed Heir of Henry I of England Norman dynasty is the usual designation for the English monarchs which immediately followed the Norman conquest and lasted until the Plantagenet dynasty The Duke of Aquitaine ( French: Duc d'Aquitaine) ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of the Frankish and later the For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Eleanor Duchess of Aquitaine (1122&ndash1 April 1204 Aenor of Châtellerault duchess of Aquitaine ( Châtellerault, Vienne France, c Châtellerault is a commune in the Vienne département, in the Poitou-Charentes région of France Tompsett, Brian, Directory of Royal Genealogical Data (Hull, UK: University of Hull, 2005). 2. Ross, Kelley L. , The Proceedings of the Friesian School (Los Angeles, US: Los Angeles Valley College, 2007). |
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