|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Henry VII (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 – April 21, 1509), born Henry Tudor (Welsh Harri Tudur), was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years A portrait is a painting, photograph, Sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person in which the face and its expression is predominant A rose is a perennial flowering Shrub or vine of the Genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, that contains over 100 species Michael Sittow, also Michel Sittow or "Michiel" (b and d Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 &ndash 11 February 1503 was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486 Arthur Tudor (19 or 20 September 1486 - 2 April 1502 was the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and therefore heir to the throne Margaret Tudor ( 28 November, 1489 &ndash 18 October 1541) was the elder of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of This article is about Mary Queen consort of France. For her niece and namesake Mary Tudor Queen regnant of England, see Mary I The title of Earl of Richmond was created many times in the Peerage of England. A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period Edmund Tudor 1st Earl of Richmond ( 1431 &ndash 1 November 1456 was the father of King Henry VII of England. Lady Margaret Beaufort ( May 31, 1443 &ndash June 29, 1509) of the House of Lancaster was the mother of King Henry VII of Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Pembroke Castle is a Medieval Castle in Pembroke Wales. History The history of the site goes back at least to the Roman period although Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Richmond Palace was a royal residence from 1327 to 1649 on The Green Richmond, United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom is the official Coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. Arthur Tudor (19 or 20 September 1486 - 2 April 1502 was the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and therefore heir to the throne Margaret Tudor ( 28 November, 1489 &ndash 18 October 1541) was the elder of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Elizabeth Tudor ( July 2, 1492 &ndash September 14, 1495) was the second daughter and fourth child of Henry VII of England and This article is about Mary Queen consort of France. For her niece and namesake Mary Tudor Queen regnant of England, see Mary I Edmund Tudor Duke of Somerset ( February 21, 1499 Greenwich Palace &ndash June 19, 1500) was the sixth child of Henry VII Katherine Tudor may refer to Katherine Tudor Princess of England, daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York Katheryn of Berain The Tudor rose (sometimes called the English Rose is a traditional heraldic emblem of England and takes its name and origins from the Tudor dynasty The Red Rose of Lancaster is the County flower of Lancashire. The White Rose of York ( Rosa alba) is the symbol of the House of York and has since been adopted as a symbol of Yorkshire as a whole Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally The Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 - 1541) was the nominally all-island Irish state created in the wake of the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169-71 Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period
Contents |
Early life
Henry was born at Pembroke Castle, Wales in 1457, the only son of Edmund Tudor and Lady Margaret Beaufort. Pembroke Castle is a Medieval Castle in Pembroke Wales. History The history of the site goes back at least to the Roman period although Edmund Tudor 1st Earl of Richmond ( 1431 &ndash 1 November 1456 was the father of King Henry VII of England. Lady Margaret Beaufort ( May 31, 1443 &ndash June 29, 1509) of the House of Lancaster was the mother of King Henry VII of His father died two months before he was born, which meant that the young Henry spent much of his life with his uncle, Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford. Jasper Tudor ( Welsh: Siasbar Tudur) c 1431 &ndash December 21/26 1495 Earl of Pembroke and 1st Duke of Bedford, was the uncle of King When the Yorkist Edward IV returned to the throne in 1471, Henry was forced to flee to Brittany, where he was to spend most of the next fourteen years. The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century Edward IV ( 28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 2 October This article is about royal thrones for the order of Angels by the same name see Thrones. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into By 1483 his mother, despite being the wife of pro-Yorkist Lord Stanley, was actively promoting Henry as an alternative to the unpopular Richard III. Thomas Stanley 1st Earl of Derby KG ( 1435 - July 29, 1504) was King of Mann and an English nobleman and stepfather Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II, Duke of Brittany, Henry made an unsuccessful attempt to land in England but his conspiracy quickly unraveled, resulting in the execution of primary co-conspirator the Duke of Buckingham. Francis II (in Breton Frañsez II, in French François II) ( June 23 1433 &ndash September 9 1488 England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Henry Stafford 2nd Duke of Buckingham ( 4 September 1455 &ndash 2 November 1483) played a major role in Richard III of England 's Richard III attempted to extradite Henry through an arrangement with the Breton authorities, but the future King managed to escape to France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He was welcomed by the French court, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion. By 1485, he felt that conditions were ripe for such an undertaking.
Rise to the throne
Having gained the support of the in-laws of the late Yorkist King Edward IV, he landed with a largely French and Scottish force in Mill Bay, Pembrokeshire, and marched into England, accompanied by his uncle, Jasper Tudor, and the experienced John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Edward IV ( 28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 2 October Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Geography Pembrokeshire is a maritime County, bordered by the sea on three sides by Ceredigion (Cardiganshire to the northeast and by Jasper Tudor ( Welsh: Siasbar Tudur) c 1431 &ndash December 21/26 1495 Earl of Pembroke and 1st Duke of Bedford, was the uncle of King John de Vere 13th Earl of Oxford ( 8 September, 1442 &ndash 10 March, 1513) was one of the principal Lancastrian commanders during Wales had traditionally been a Lancastrian stronghold, and Henry owed the support he gathered to his ancestry, being directly descended, through his father, from the Lord Rhys. Genealogy and early life Rhys was the second son of Gruffydd ap Rhys, ruler of part of Deheubarth and Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd, daughter of Gruffydd ap He amassed an army of around 5,000 soldiers and travelled north.
Henry was aware that his chance to seize the throne would be to engage Richard quickly and defeat him in the first battle, since Richard had reinforcements that waited in Nottingham and Leicester and thus had only to avoid being killed in order to keep the throne. Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. Leicester (ˈlɛstə is the largest city and Unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and is the traditional Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated the Yorkist army under Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485 when several of Richard's key allies, such as the Earl of Northumberland and William and Thomas Stanley, crucially switched sides or deserted the field of battle. The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field ( 22 August, 1485) was Lancastrian Henry Tudor's defeat of Yorkist Richard Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Henry Percy 4th Earl of Northumberland, (c 1449 &ndash 28 April, 1489) son of Henry Percy 3rd Earl of Northumberland and his wife Eleanor Poynings Sir William Stanley (c 1435 - 10 February 1495) was the younger brother of Thomas Stanley 1st Earl of Derby. Thomas Stanley 1st Earl of Derby KG ( 1435 - July 29, 1504) was King of Mann and an English nobleman and stepfather The death of Richard III on Bosworth Field effectively ended the long-running Wars of the Roses between the two houses, although it was not the final battle Henry had to fight. The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York
Henry VII's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, a Welshman, is said to have secretly married the widow of Henry V, Catherine of Valois, and the result of their union was the father of Henry VII. Owain ap Mredydd (or Owen ap Meredith ap Tewdwr or Owen Tudur or Owen Tudor) (c Henry V (16 September 1386 &ndash 31 August 1422 was one of the most significant English warrior kings of the 15th century Catherine of Valois (27 October 1401 &ndash 3 January 1437 was the Queen consort of England from 1420 until 1422 However, Henry's claim to the throne derived from his mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort. His claim was somewhat tenuous; it was based upon a lineage of illegitimate succession, and overlooked the fact that the Beauforts had been disinherited by Letters Patent of King Henry IV. Lady Margaret Beaufort claimed royal blood as a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, third son of Edward III, and Gaunt's third wife Katherine Swynford, Duchess of Lancaster. John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster (second creation 1st Duke of Aquitaine (6 March 1340 &ndash 3 February 1399 was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Katherine had been John of Gaunt's mistress for some 25 years and borne him four illegitimate children, John, Henry, Thomas and Joan Beaufort, by the time they were married in 1396.
Nonetheless, John of Gaunt ensured that his children by Katherine were legitimized. Through his instrumentality, his nephew King Richard II issued Letters Patent, confirmed by an Act of Parliament in 1397, that legitimized John of Gaunt's Beaufort children. Richard's cousin and successor, Henry IV, the son of John of Gaunt by his first wife Blanche of Lancaster, later issued an order disinheriting his Beaufort half-siblings from the throne, but the legality of Henry's order is doubtful given that the Beauforts were previously legitimized by an Act of Parliament. In any event, not only was Henry VII, a Lancastrian, descended from the union of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford, but the Yorkist kings were as well, as Joan Beaufort, only daughter of the Gaunt-Swynford union, was the mother of Cecily Neville, wife of Richard Duke of York and mother of Edward IV and Richard III.
It is also noteworthy that the Tudors were said to be descended from Edward I through his granddaughter Eleanor of Bar, the daughter of the Count of Bar, apparently without any basis and intending to create a connection to the earlier Plantagenets. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost If forged, that pretension was, however, unnecessary since Catherine of Valois was twice a descendant of Henry II through the Kings of Castile. However, the Wars of the Roses had ensured that most other claimants were either dead or too weak to challenge him. In the end Henry dealt with the act of attainder by claiming that it could not apply to a king.
The first of Henry's concerns on attaining the throne was the question of establishing the strength and supremacy of his rule. His own claim to the throne being weak as it was, he was fortunate that the majority of claimants to the throne had died in the dynastic wars or were simply executed by his predecessors. Despite easily seeing off the Stafford and Lovell Rebellion of 1486, his main worry was "pretenders" including Perkin Warbeck, who, pretending to be Richard, Duke of York, the younger of the Princes in the Tower and son of Edward IV, made attempts at the throne with the backing of disaffected nobles and foreign enemies. The Stafford and Lovell rebellion was the first armed uprising against Henry VII after he usurped the crown at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Perkin Warbeck (1474 &ndash 23 November 1499) was a Pretender to the English throne during the reign of King Henry VII of England Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York and 1st Duke of Norfolk ( 17 August 1473 &ndash 1483? was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of The Princes in the Tower, Edward V of England ( November 4 1470 &ndash 1483? and his brother Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York ( Edward IV ( 28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 2 October Henry managed to secure his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty, as well as by a legislative assault on retaining, the practice of maintaining private armies. He also honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York, daughter and heir of King Edward IV. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 &ndash 11 February 1503 was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486 The marriage took place on January 18, 1486 at Westminster. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church The marriage unified the warring houses and gave his children a stronger claim to the throne. The unification of the houses of York and Lancaster by Henry VII's marriage to Elizabeth of York is represented in the heraldic symbol of the Tudor rose, a combination of the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster. The Tudor rose (sometimes called the English Rose is a traditional heraldic emblem of England and takes its name and origins from the Tudor dynasty
In addition, Henry had the Titulus Regius, the document that declared Edward IV's children illegitimate by citing his marriage as invalid, repealed in his first parliament, thus legitimizing his wife. Titulus Regius ( the royal title in Latin) is a statute of the Parliament of England, issued in 1483, by which the title of King Several amateur historians, including Bertram Fields and most particularly Sir Clements Markham believe that he also may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of the Titulus Regius would have given them a stronger claim to the throne than his own. Bertram Fields (born March 31, 1929) is a Harvard -trained American lawyer famous for his work in the field of entertainment law he has represented many Sir Clements Robert Markham KCB FRS ( 20 July 1830 &ndash 30 January 1916) was an English explorer, author and The Princes in the Tower, Edward V of England ( November 4 1470 &ndash 1483? and his brother Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York ( Titulus Regius ( the royal title in Latin) is a statute of the Parliament of England, issued in 1483, by which the title of King However, this theory does not account for the apparent disappearance of the princes in the summer of 1483, two years before Henry seized the throne.
Henry's first action was to declare himself king retroactive to the day before the battle, thus ensuring that anyone who had fought against him would be guilty of treason. The Treason Act 1495, is an Act of the Parliament of England which was passed in the reign of Henry VII of England. It is interesting to note, therefore, that he spared Richard's designated heir, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln. John de la Pole Earl of Lincoln (1462/1464 &ndash 16 June 1487) was the eldest son of John de la Pole 2nd Duke of Suffolk and Elizabeth of York He would have cause to regret his leniency two years later, when Lincoln rebelled and attempted to set a boy pretender, Lambert Simnel, on the throne in Henry's place. Lambert Simnel (c 1477 &ndash c 1525 was a child Pretender to the throne of England. Lincoln was killed at the Battle of Stoke, but Henry spared Simnel, whose family was working class and was mostly Lincoln's puppet, and gave him a job in the royal kitchen as a spit-turner. The Battle of Stoke Field took place in England on 16 June, 1487.
Simnel had been put forward as "Edward VI", impersonating the young Edward, Earl of Warwick, son of George, Duke of Clarence. Edward Plantagenet 17th Earl of Warwick and 7th Earl of Salisbury ( 25 February 1475 &ndash 28 November 1499) was the son of George Duke George Plantagenet Duke of Clarence ( 21 October 1449 &ndash 18 February 1478) was the third son of Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York Edward was still imprisoned in the Tower: Henry had locked the boy up for safekeeping at the age of 10, and did not execute him until 1499. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London Edward's elder sister, Margaret Pole, who had the next best claim on the throne, inherited her father's earldom of Salisbury and survived well into the next century (until she fell victim to a bill of attainder for treason too, under Henry VIII). Margaret Pole ( née Plantagenet) 8th Countess of Salisbury ( 14 August 1473 &ndash 27 May 1541) was an A bill of attainder (also known as an act or writ of Attainder) is an act of Legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of
Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes. In this he was largely successful. However, a level of paranoia continued, such that anyone with blood ties to the old Plantagenet family was suspected of coveting the throne.
Economic and diplomatic policies
Henry VII was a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer (Edward IV's treasury had been emptied by his wife's Woodville relations after his death and before the accession of Richard III) by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. In this he was supported by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose "Morton's Fork" was a catch 22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes. This article is about the 15th century English Bishop for other uses see John Morton (disambiguation. A Morton's Fork is a choice between two equally unpleasant alternatives (in other words a Dilemma) or two lines of reasoning that lead to the same unpleasant conclusion Catch-22 is a term coined by Joseph Heller in his novel Catch-22, describing a False dilemma in a rule regulation procedure or situation Royal government was also reformed with the introduction of the King's Council that kept the nobility in check. Curia regis is a Latin term meaning "royal council" or " king's court.
Henry VII's policy was both to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Up to a point, he succeeded in both. He was not a military man, and had no interest in trying to regain the French territories lost during the reigns of his predecessors; he was therefore only too ready to conclude a treaty with France at Etaples that both directly and indirectly brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured that the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland However, this treaty came at a slight price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. This act of war was a bluff by Henry as he had no intention of fighting over the winter periods. However, as France were becoming more distracted with the Italian Wars, they were more than happy to agree the Treaty of Etaples. Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his career prior to his ascending to the throne of England. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidized shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever — and the world's oldest surviving — dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector See also Shipbuilding (song. Shipbuilding is the construction of Ships It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a The Tudor era was a critical one in the development of the Royal Navy. A drydock is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB Portsmouth ( HMS ''Nelson'') is one of three operating bases for the Royal Navy (the others being HMNB Clyde and By the time of his death, he had amassed a personal fortune of a 1. 5 million; it did not take his son as long to fritter it away as it had taken the father to acquire it.
Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly-united Spanish kingdom and thus concluded the Treaty of Medina Del Campo in 1489, by which his son, Arthur Tudor, was married to Catherine of Aragon. The Treaty of Medina del Campo was an agreement developed on March 26, 1489 between England and the nascent Spain. Arthur Tudor (19 or 20 September 1486 - 2 April 1502 was the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and therefore heir to the throne Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina Similarly, the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries betrothed his daughter Margaret to King James IV of Scotland, a move which would ultimately see the English and Scottish crowns united under one of Margaret's descendants, James I. James IV ( 17 March 1473 &ndash 9 September 1513) was King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James He also formed an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire, under the emperor Maximilian I (1493–1519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a Bull of Excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Pope Innocent VIII (1432 &ndash July 25, 1492) born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo) was Pope from 1484 until his death A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community
Henry's most successful economic related diplomacy came through the Magnus Intercursus (1496). In 1494, Henry had a trade embargo (mainly the trade of wool) with The Netherlands (ultimately, Margaret of Burgundy and Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire), as he wanted to stop their support of the Pretender Perkin Warbeck. This paid off for Henry as the Magnus Intercursus was agreed in 1496 which helped to remove taxation for English merchants and significantly increase the wealth of England.
However, towards the end of Henry's reign, it can be argued that he became greedy. In 1506 he agreed the Treaty of Windsor with Philip of Netherlands which also resulted in the Malus Intercursus (the evil agreement). Again, from this treaty, Henry aimed to make English trade more profitable. However, France, Burgundy, The Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Hanciatic League became particularly annoyed with this and significantly reduced their trade with Henry. Philip also died shortly after the Treaty, which left Henry quite vulnerable and with debts of up to £30,000.
Law enforcement and Justices of the Peace
Henry's principal problem was to restore royal authority in a realm still recovering from the disorders of the Wars of the Roses. In Western cultures a death mask is a Wax or Plaster cast made of a person's face following Death. The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York There were too many powerful noblemen, and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (contracted men-at-arms masquerading as servants). Bastard feudalism is a term that has been used to describe feudalism in the Late Middle Ages, primarily in England.
He was content to allow the nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they themselves stayed within the law.
In other cases, he brought his over powerful subjects to heel by decree. He passed laws against 'livery' (flaunting one's adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and 'maintenance' (keeping too many male 'servants'). These were used very shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived a threat.
However, his principal weapon was the Court of Star Chamber. For the online trading card game see Star Chamber The Harbinger Saga. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a A prerogative court was one of the English provincial courts of Canterbury and York that had Jurisdiction over the estates of deceased persons Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were dealt with by the new Court.
Henry VII used Justices of the Peace (JPs) on a large, nationwide scale. They were appointed for every shire and served for a year at a time. Their chief task was to see that the laws of the country were obeyed in their area. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the Tudors, never more so than under Henry’s reign.
Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the Justices of the Peace as he did to the nobility. i. e. a similar system of bonds and recognisances to which applied to both the gentry (who were most likely to be appointed as Justices of the Peace) as well as the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials.
The enforcement of Acts of Parliament was overseen by the Justices of the Peace. For example, Justices of the Peace could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. They were also in charge of various administrative duties, such as the checking of weights and measures.
By 1509, Justices of Peace were the key enforcers of law and order for Henry VII. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a lesser tax bill to pay for a police force. Local gentry saw the office as one of local influence and prestige and were therefore willing to serve. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages.
Yet by 1509 it was one of Henry's most unpopular policies, as it had led to thirty-six of the state's sixty-two noble families being put under financial threat by the Justice of the Peace. In addition, only one duke was in his own position due to heritage, the rest having had their titles removed or changed. Most notable was the Duke of Norfolk (the second most powerful man in the country), who was declared a traitor and saw his lands confiscated. So unpopular was this policy that when the son Henry VIII came to power, he immediately distanced himself by releasing all noble families from any financial threat from the government; as well, he had executed Empson and Dudley, the two of his father's agents most closely linked with the most ruthless financial demands and the council of law.
Later years
In 1502, fate dealt Henry VII a blow from which he never fully recovered: his heir, the recently married Arthur, died in an epidemic at Ludlow Castle which made Henry VIII the new heir to the throne. Ludlow Castle is a large now partly ruined non-inhabited Castle which dominates the town of Ludlow in Shropshire, England. After Arthur died, he was followed in 1503 by Henry VII's queen, Elizabeth of York, in childbirth. Not wishing the negotiations that had led to the marriage of his elder son to Catherine of Aragon to go to waste, he arranged a Papal dispensation for his younger son to marry his brother's widow — normally a degree of relationship that precluded marriage in the Roman Catholic Church. Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described Also included in the dispensation was a proviso that would allow Henry VII himself to marry his widowed daughter-in-law. Henry VII obtained the dispensation from Pope Julius II (1503–13) but had second thoughts about the value of the marriage and did not allow it to take place during his lifetime. Pope Julius II (5 December 1443 &ndash 21 February 1513 born Giuliano Della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513 Although he made half-hearted plans to re-marry and beget more heirs, these never came to anything. On his death in 1509, he was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (1509–47). Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of He is buried at Westminster Abbey. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Popular lore suggests that Henry died of a broken heart following the deaths of his son and heir, Arthur, and his wife, Elizabeth of York. A broken Heart (or heartbreak) is a common Metaphor used to describe the intense emotional pain or Suffering one feels after losing
Ancestry
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16. Tudor ap Gronw | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
8. Maredudd ap Tudur |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
17. Margred ferch Thomas | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
4. Owen Tudor |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
18. Owain ap Mredydd (or Owen ap Meredith ap Tewdwr or Owen Tudur or Owen Tudor) (c Dafydd Fychan ap Dafydd Llwyd | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
9. Margaret ferch Dafydd |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
19. Nest ferch Ieuan ap Gruffudd | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
2. Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
20. Edmund Tudor 1st Earl of Richmond ( 1431 &ndash 1 November 1456 was the father of King Henry VII of England. Charles V of France | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
10. Charles V ( 21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380) called the Wise, was King of France from 1364 to his death and a member Charles VI of France |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
21. Charles VI (3 December 1368 &ndash 21 October 1422 called the Well-loved (le Bien-Aimé and the Mad (French le Fol or le Fou) was the Joanna of Bourbon | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
5. Joanna of Bourbon (Jeanne de Bourbon Vincennes, February 3, 1338 &ndash Paris, February 6, 1378) was consort Catherine of Valois |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
22. Catherine of Valois (27 October 1401 &ndash 3 January 1437 was the Queen consort of England from 1420 until 1422 Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
11. Duke Stephen III of Bavaria ( German, in full Stephan III der Kneißl Herzog von Bayern; 1337 — September 26, 1413, Niederschönfeld Isabeau of Bavaria |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
23. Isabeau de Bavière (also Isabella of Bavaria-Ingolstadt; c 1370 &ndash September 24, 1435) was a Queen Consort of France (1385-1422 Taddea Visconti | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
1. Henry VII of England |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
12. John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster (second creation 1st Duke of Aquitaine (6 March 1340 &ndash 3 February 1399 was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
25. John Beaufort 1st Earl of Somerset (1373 &ndash March 16, 1410) was the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster Katherine Swynford | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
6. Katherine Swynford (also spelled Synford) née (de Roet (also spelled (de Rouet or (de Roelt ( 25 November John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
26. John Beaufort 1st Duke of Somerset 3rd Earl of Somerset (baptised March 25, 1404 &ndash May 27, 1444) was an English noble and military commander Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
13. Thomas Holland 2nd Earl of Kent (1350&ndash April 25, 1397) was an English nobleman and a councillor of his half-brother Richard II. Margaret Holland |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
27. Margaret Beaufort ( née Holland) Countess of Somerset (1385&ndash 30 Dec 1439 was the daughter of Thomas Holland 2nd Earl of Kent Alice Fitzalan | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
3. Lady Margaret Beaufort |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
28. Lady Margaret Beaufort ( May 31, 1443 &ndash June 29, 1509) of the House of Lancaster was the mother of King Henry VII of Roger de Beauchamp, 2nd Lord Beauchamp | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
14. John de Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
29. Joan Clopton | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
7. Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
30. Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso ( 1 January 1405/6 &ndash August 8 1482) was the daughter of John Baron Beauchamp of Bletso. John Stourton | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
15. Edith Stourton |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
31. Joan Basset | |||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
Marriage
Henry and Elizabeth's children were:
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthur, Prince of Wales | September 20, 1486 | April 2, 1502 | Married Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536) in 1501. Arthur Tudor (19 or 20 September 1486 - 2 April 1502 was the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and therefore heir to the throne Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina |
| Margaret Tudor, Princess of England | November 28, 1489 | October 18, 1541 | Married (1) James IV, King of Scotland (1473–1513) in 1503. Margaret Tudor ( 28 November, 1489 &ndash 18 October 1541) was the elder of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid James IV ( 17 March 1473 &ndash 9 September 1513) was King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death Married (2) Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus (1489–1557) in 1514. Archibald Douglas 6th Earl of Angus (1490 &ndash January 1557 was a Scottish nobleman active during the reigns of James V and Mary Queen of Scots. |
| Henry VIII, King of England | June 28, 1491 | January 28, 1547 | Married (1) Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536) in 1509. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina Married (2) Anne Boleyn (1501–1536) in 1533. Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. Married (3) Jane Seymour (1503–1537) in 1536. Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. Married (4) Anne of Cleves (1515–1557) in 1540. Anne of Cleves Queen of England (22 September 1515&ndash16 July 1557 ( German: Anna von Jülich-Kleve-Berg) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII Married (5) Catherine Howard (1520–1542) in 1540. For other Catherine Howards see Catherine Howard (disambiguation Catherine Howard (between 1520 and 1525 – 13 February 1542 also called Married (6) Catherine Parr (1512–1548) in 1543. Catherine Parr ( c 1512 &ndash 5 September 1548 also known as Katherine or Katharine Parr(e, was the last of the six wives of Henry |
| Elizabeth Tudor, Princess of England | July 2, 1492 | September 14, 1495 | Died young. Elizabeth Tudor ( July 2, 1492 &ndash September 14, 1495) was the second daughter and fourth child of Henry VII of England and Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. |
| Mary Tudor, Princess of England | March 18, 1496 | June 25, 1533 | Married (1) Louis XII, King of France (1462–1515) in 1514. This article is about Mary Queen consort of France. For her niece and namesake Mary Tudor Queen regnant of England, see Mary I Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king Married (2) Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk (1484–1545) in 1515. Charles Brandon 1st Duke of Suffolk (c 1484 &ndash 22 August 1545) was the son of Sir William Brandon and Elizabeth Bruyn Mary was the grandmother to Lady Jane Grey). Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537&ndash 12 February 1554) also referred to as Queen Jane, a greatniece of Henry VIII of England, was a claimant |
| Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset | February 21, 1499 | June 19, 1500 | Died young. Edmund Tudor Duke of Somerset ( February 21, 1499 Greenwich Palace &ndash June 19, 1500) was the sixth child of Henry VII Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. |
| Katherine Tudor, Princess of England | February 2, 1503 | February 2, 1503 | Died young. Katherine Tudor may refer to Katherine Tudor Princess of England, daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York Katheryn of Berain Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Mother, Elizabeth of York, died as a result of Katherine's birth. |
An illegitimate son has also been attributed to Henry by "a Breton Lady":
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sir Roland de Velville or Veleville | 1474 | 25 June 1535 | He was knighted in 1497 and was Constable of Beaumaris Castle. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians If de Velville was in fact Henry's son, he was born during the period of Henry's exile in France. Roland de Velville's descendants included Katheryn of Berain, hence she is sometimes referred to as "Katherine Tudor". Katheryn of Berain ( Welsh, Catrin o Ferain) (1534– 27 August 1591) sometimes called Mam Cymru ("mother of Wales [1] |
Descendants
Henry VII's elder daughter Margaret was married first to James IV of Scotland (1488–1513), and their son became James V of Scotland (1513–42), whose daughter became Mary, Queen of Scots. Margaret Tudor ( 28 November, 1489 &ndash 18 October 1541) was the elder of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England James IV ( 17 March 1473 &ndash 9 September 1513) was King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death James V (10 April 1512 &ndash 14 December 1542 was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death By means of this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. The Auld Alliance (Vieille Alliance auld-alliansen refers to a series of treaties offensive and defensive in nature between Scotland and France aimed specifically Margaret Tudor's second marriage was to Archibald Douglas; their grandson, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley married Mary, Queen of Scots. Henry Stuart 1st Duke of Albany ( 7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567) commonly known as Lord Darnley, was a King Consort Their son, James VI of Scotland (1567–1625), inherited the throne of England as James I (1603–25) after the death of Elizabeth I. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Henry VII's other surviving daughter, Mary, first married the elderly King Louis XII of France (1498–1515) and then, when he died after only about 1 year of marriage, she married Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk without her brother's (now King Henry VIII) permission. This article is about Mary Queen consort of France. For her niece and namesake Mary Tudor Queen regnant of England, see Mary I Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king Charles Brandon 1st Duke of Suffolk (c 1484 &ndash 22 August 1545) was the son of Sir William Brandon and Elizabeth Bruyn Their daughter Frances married Henry Grey, and her children included Lady Jane Grey, in whose name her parents and in-laws tried to seize the throne after Edward VI of England (1537–53) died. Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537&ndash 12 February 1554) also referred to as Queen Jane, a greatniece of Henry VIII of England, was a claimant Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine
See also
References
Bibliography
- Henry VII by S. Henry VII of England has been depicted a number of times in popular culture Cestui que, Cestuy que, is an Anglo-French phrase of medieval English invention which appears in the legal phrases cestui que trust, cestui que use B. Chrimes & George Bernard (1972)
- Henry VII by Jocelyn Hunt & Carolyn Towle (1998)
- Henry VII by Roger Turvey & Caroline Steinsberg (2000)
- The Son of Prophecy: Henry Tudor's Road to Bosworth (1985) by David Rees (ISBN 0-85159-005-5) is a discussion of how Henry's return to Wales was regarded by some as the fulfilment of a Messianic prophecy.
- Ashley, Mike (2002). British Kings & Queens. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1104-3.
External links
- Henry VII Chronology World History Database
- Illustrated history of Henry VII
- Wars of the Roses Information on Henry and Bosworth
- Tudor Place page on Henry VII
- Dictionary of National Biography excerpt
|
Henry VII of England
Born: 28 January 1457 Died: 21 April 1509 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Richard III |
King of England Lord of Ireland 1485 – 1509 |
Succeeded by Henry VIII |
| Peerage of England | ||
| Preceded by Edmund Tudor |
Earl of Richmond 10th creation 1478 – 1485 |
Merged in Crown |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic