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Facsimile of the first page of The Life of King Henry the Eighth from the First Folio, published in 1623
Facsimile of the first page of The Life of King Henry the Eighth from the First Folio, published in 1623

The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eighth was written by the English playwright William Shakespeare, based on the life of Henry VIII of England. Mr William Shakespeares Comedies Histories & Tragedies is the first published collection of William Shakespeare 's plays England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland William Shakespeare ( baptised Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of An alternative title, All is True, is recorded in contemporary documents, the title Henry VIII not appearing until the play's publication in the First Folio of 1623. Mr William Shakespeares Comedies Histories & Tragedies is the first published collection of William Shakespeare 's plays Stylistic evidence indicates that the play was written by Shakespeare in collaboration with, or revised by, his successor, John Fletcher. John Fletcher (1579 &ndash 1625 was a Jacobean Playwright. Following William Shakespeare as house playwright for the King's Men, he was It is also somewhat characteristic of the late romances in its structure. The late romances, often simply called the romances, are a grouping of what many scholars believe to be William Shakespeare 's later plays including Pericles

During a performance of Henry VIII at the Globe Theatre in 1613, a cannon shot employed for special effects ignited the theatre's thatched roof, burning the original building to the ground. The Globe Theatre was a Theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare.

Contents

Sources

As usual in his history plays, Shakespeare relied primarily on Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles for historical background. Raphael Holinshed (died c 1580 was an English Chronicler whose work commonly known as Holinshed's Chronicles, was one of the major sources used by This reliance was seconded by reference to other works, like John Foxe's Acts and Monuments, John Stow's Summary of English Chronicles, and John Speed's History of Great Britain. John Foxe (1517 &ndash April 18, 1587) martyrologist is remembered as the author of what is popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs The Book of Martyrs, by John Foxe, is an Apocalyptically oriented English Protestant account of the Persecutions of John Stow (c 1525&ndash 6 April 1605) was an English Historian and Antiquarian. John Speed (1542–1629 was a Historian, now best remembered as the Cartographer whose maps of English counties are often found framed in homes throughout the The idea of writing a play about Henry VIII (Shakespeare had abandoned the history-play genre more than a decade earlier) may have come from the publication of the second quarto of Samuel Rowley's play about Henry VIII, When You See Me You Know Me, in 1613. Samuel Rowley was a 17th century English Dramatist and Actor. When You See Me You Know Me is an early Jacobean history play about Henry VIII, written by Samuel Rowley and first published in 1605 [1] (Though conversely, it has been suggested that the reprint of Rowley's play may have been a move to capitalise on the notoriety of the Shakespearean play. )[2]

Shakespeare manipulates historical facts in Henry VIII even more than usual in his histories, to achieve his dramatic ends and to accommodate official sensitivities over the materials involved. [3] Shakespeare not only telescoped events that occurred over a span of two decades, but jumbled their actual order. The play implies, but doesn't actually say, that the treason charges against the Duke of Buckingham were false and trumped up; and it maintains a comparable ambiguity about other sensitive issues. Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham ( 3 February 1478 &ndash 17 May 1521) was an English nobleman The disgrace and beheading of Anne Boleyn is carefully avoided, and no indication of the succeeding four wives of Henry VIII can be found in the play. Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England.

Date and Performances

Dame Ellen Terry as Katherine of Aragon
Dame Ellen Terry as Katherine of Aragon

Most leading 18th and 19th century scholars, including Samuel Johnson, Lewis Theobald, George Steevens, Edmund Malone and James Halliwell-Philips, dated the play's composition to before 1603, claiming that the pro-Tudor nature of the play makes it highly unlikely it would appear during the reign of King James, whose mother was beheaded by the Tudors. Dame Ellen Terry GBE ( 27 February 1847 &ndash 21 July 1928) was an English stage actress. Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina Samuel Johnson (often referred to as Dr Johnson) (18 September Lewis Theobald (baptised April 2, 1688 &ndash September 18, 1744) British textual editor and author was a landmark figure both George Steevens ( May 10, 1736 &ndash January 22, 1800) was an English Shakespearean commentator Edmond Malone ( October 4, 1741 - April 25, 1812) was an Irish Shakespearean scholar and editor of the works of (See: Chronology of Shakespeare's Plays - Oxfordian. The precise Chronology of Shakespeare's plays as they were first written is impossible to determine as there is no authoritative record and many of the plays were performed many years )[4] However, plays offering positive portrayals of major Tudor figures like Henry VIII (When You See Me You Know Me, 1605) and Queen Elizabeth (If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody, also 1605) were in fact performed, published, and re-published throughout the Stuart era. The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody is a two-part play by Thomas Heywood, depicting the life and reign of Elizabeth I of England, written very soon after [5]

Henry VIII is one of the twenty or so Shakespearean plays for which an actual performance can be precisely dated. [6] In the case of Henry VIII, the performance is especially noteworthy because of the fire that destroyed the Globe Theatre during the performance, as described in several contemporary documents. These confirm that the fire took place on June 29, 1613. While some scholars believe the play to have been relatively new at the time of the fire (one contemporary report states that it "had been acted not passing 2 or 3 times before"),[7] the value of this has been questioned, since London diarist Samuel Pepys also referred to Henry VIII as "new" in 1663, when the play was at least 50 years old. Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703 was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for [8]

Fifteen years to the day after the fire, on June 29, 1628, The King's Men performed the play again at the Globe. The performance was witnessed by George Villiers, the contemporary Duke of Buckingham, who left halfway through, once the play's Duke of Buckingham was executed. George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham ( 28 August 1592 &ndash 23 August 1628) (surname ˈvɪlɚz ("villers" was the Favourite (A month later, Villiers was assassinated. )[9]

One often reported tradition associated with the play involves John Downes, promptor of the Duke of York's Company from 1662 to 1706. In his Roscius Anglicanus (1708),[10] Downes claims that the role of Henry VIII in this play was originally performed by John Lowin, who "had his instructions from Mr. John Lowin (baptized 9 December 1576 &ndash buried 16th/ 18 March 1659) was an English actor born in the St Giles-without-Cripplegate Shakespeare himself. "[11] However, the personal involvement of "Mr. Shakespeare" has not been substantiated by any contemporary source.

During the Restoration era, Sir William Davenant staged a production, starring Thomas Betterton, that was seen by Pepys. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored Sir William Davenant (baptised 3 March, 1606 &ndash April 7, 1668) also spelled D'Avenant, was an English Poet Thomas Patrick Betterton (ca 1635 &ndash 28 April 1710) English Actor, son of an under-cook to King Charles I, was born in Subsequent stagings of the play by David Garrick, Charles Kean, Henry Irving (1888, with Ellen Terry), and Herbert Beerbohm Tree grew ever more elaborate in their exploitation of the play's pageantry. David Garrick (born 19 February 1717 in Hereford &ndash 20 January 1779) was an English Actor, Playwright, Charles John Kean ( January 18, 1811 - January 22, 1868) was born at Waterford Ireland, the son of the Actor Edmund Sir Henry Irving ( February 6 1838 &ndash October 13 1905) born John Henry Brodribb was an English stage actor in the Victorian era Dame Ellen Terry GBE ( 27 February 1847 &ndash 21 July 1928) was an English stage actress. Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree ( 17 December 1852 – 2 July 1917) was an English Actor -manager [12]

Since the nineteenth century, however, the play has fallen from favour, and productions of it remain extremely rare. The positive critical response to a recent production (1996-1997) by the Royal Shakespeare Company, however, indicates that the play may be more stageworthy than its current reputation suggests. The Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC is a British Theatre company

Authorship

The play is generally believed to be a collaboration between Shakespeare and John Fletcher, the writer who replaced him as the principal playwright of the King's Men. The King's Men was the company of actors to which William Shakespeare (1564&ndash1616 belonged through most of his career There is no contemporary evidence for this; the evidence lies in the style of the verse, which in some scenes appears closer to Fletcher's typical style than Shakespeare's. It is also not known whether Fletcher's involvement can be characterized as collaboration or revision. Collaboration is a recursive process where two or more people or organizations work together toward an intersection of common goals — for example an intellectual ReVision A Journal of Consciousness and Transformation is a Peer-reviewed Interdisciplinary Quarterly journal issued by Heldref Publications

The possibility of collaboration with Fletcher was first raised by James Spedding, an expert on Francis Bacon, in 1850. James Spedding ( June 28, 1808 - March 9, 1881) was an English Author, chiefly known as the editor of the works of Francis Bacon 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 was an English Philosopher, Statesman, and author [13] Spedding and other early commentators relied on a range of distinctive features in Fletcher's style and language preferences, which they saw in the Shakespearean play. For the next century the question of dual authorship was controversial, with more evidence accumulating in favor of the collaborative hypothesis. In 1966, Erdman and Fogel could write that "today a majority of scholars accept the theory of Fletcher's partial authorship, though a sturdy minority deny it. "[14]

The most important stylistic or stylometric study is that of Cyrus Hoy, who in 1962 divided the play between Shakespeare and Fletcher based on their distinctive word choices, for example Fletcher's uses of ye for you and 'em for them. Stylistics is the study of varieties of Language whose properties position that language in context. Stylometry is the application of the study of linguistic style, usually to written language Cyrus Hoy is a contemporary literary scholar who has taught at the University of Virginia and Vanderbilt University, and is currently the John B Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [15] Hoy's division is generally accepted, although subsequent studies have questioned some of its details. [16]

The most common delineation of the two poets' shares in the play is this:

Shakespeare — Act I, scenes i and ii; II,iii and iv; III,ii, lines 1-203 (to exit of King); V,i.
Fletcher — Prologue; I,iii; II,i and ii; III,i, and ii, 203-458 (after exit of King); IV,i and ii; V ii–v; Epilogue. [17]

The play features one stage direction unusually specific for Shakespeare. It occurs in the very first scene of the play:

Enter CARDINAL WOLSEY, the purse borne before him, certain of the Guard, and two Secretaries with papers. CARDINAL WOLSEY in his passage fixeth his eye on BUCKINGHAM, and BUCKINGHAM on him, both full of disdain.

The detail is unusual because Shakespeare generally did not give directions on how a character was to be portrayed.

Stage History

Henry VIII is believed to have been first performed as part of the ceremonies celebrating the marriage of Princess Elizabeth in 1612-1613, although the first recorded performance was on June 29, 1613, when cannon fire called for in Act III, Scene 4 set fire to the thatched roof of the Globe Theatre and burned it to the ground. Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 The Globe Theatre was a Theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. Thomas Betterton played Henry in 1664, and Colley Cibber revived it frequently in the 1720s. Thomas Patrick Betterton (ca 1635 &ndash 28 April 1710) English Actor, son of an under-cook to King Charles I, was born in Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Colley Cibber (ˈkɒli ˈsɪbɚ (11 June 1671 &ndash 12 November 1757 was a British actor-manager playwright and Poet Laureate. The play's spectacle made it very popular with audiences of the nineteenth century, with Charles Kean staging a particularly elaborate revival in 1815, and Henry Irving counting Cardinal Wolsey amongst his greatest characterizations. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Charles John Kean ( January 18, 1811 - January 22, 1868) was born at Waterford Ireland, the son of the Actor Edmund Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Sir Henry Irving ( February 6 1838 &ndash October 13 1905) born John Henry Brodribb was an English stage actor in the Victorian era Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c1470–1471 – November 28 or November 29 1530 who was born in Ipswich Suffolk England was an English Statesman and a cardinal The play's popularity has waned in the twentieth century, although Charles Laughton played Henry at Sadler's Wells Theatre in 1933 and Margaret Webster directed it as the inaugural production of her American Repertory Company on Broadway in 1946 with Walter Hampden as Wolsey and Eva Le Gallienne as Katherine. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Charles Laughton ( 1 July, 1899 &ndash 15 December, 1962) was an English Academy Award -winning stage and Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Sadler's Wells Theatre is the name of six theatres that have been built since 1683 at a site on Rosebery Avenue Clerkenwell in the London Borough of Islington Margaret Webster (1905 - 1972 was an American -born Theater Actress, producer and director. Margaret Webster (1905 - 1972 was an American -born Theater Actress, producer and director. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Walter Hampden is the Artist name of Walter Hampden Dougherty (born June 30, 1879 in Brooklyn; died June 11, 1955 Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c1470–1471 – November 28 or November 29 1530 who was born in Ipswich Suffolk England was an English Statesman and a cardinal Eva Le Gallienne ( January 11, 1899 – June 3, 1991) was a well-known Actress, producer, and director, John Gielgud played Wolsey, Harry Andrews the king and Edith Evans Katharine at Stratford in 1959. Sir Arthur John Gielgud, OM, CH ( 14 April, 1904 – 21 May 2000) known as Sir John Gielgud, was an Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c1470–1471 – November 28 or November 29 1530 who was born in Ipswich Suffolk England was an English Statesman and a cardinal Major Harry Fleetwood Andrews, CBE (born 10 November, 1911 - 6 March, 1989) was an English Actor Dame Edith Mary Evans DBE ( 8 February 1888 &ndash 14 October 1976) was an actress who had a long and distinguished career on the "Shakespeare Theatre" redirects here For the theatre of that name in Newcastle see Shakespeare Theatre (Newcastle; for Shakespeare's original theatre see The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The longest Broadway run the play has had is Herbert Beerbohm Tree's 1916 production in which Lyn Harding played Henry and Tree played Wolsey, running 63 performances. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree ( 17 December 1852 – 2 July 1917) was an English Actor -manager Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Lyn Harding ( 12 October 1867 – 26 December 1952) (real name David Llewellyn Harding) was a Welsh actor who spent Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree ( 17 December 1852 – 2 July 1917) was an English Actor -manager Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c1470–1471 – November 28 or November 29 1530 who was born in Ipswich Suffolk England was an English Statesman and a cardinal

Dramatis personae

Synopsis

The play opens with a Prologue, (a figure otherwise unidentified), who stresses that the audience will see a serious play, and appeals to the audience members, "The first and happiest hearers of the town," to "Be sad, as we would make ye. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c1470–1471 – November 28 or November 29 1530 who was born in Ipswich Suffolk England was an English Statesman and a cardinal Lorenzo Cardinal Campeggio (1471 or 1472 &ndash 1539 was an Italian cardinal and politician Eustace Chapuys (1489–1556 served as the Imperial ambassador to England from 1529 until 1545 and is best known for his extensive and detailed correspondence Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk (1443 &ndash 21 May 1524) was an English soldier and statesman and son of John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham ( 3 February 1478 &ndash 17 May 1521) was an English nobleman Charles Brandon 1st Duke of Suffolk (c 1484 &ndash 22 August 1545) was the son of Sir William Brandon and Elizabeth Bruyn Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk (1473 – 25 August 1554) was a prominent Tudor politician. The Lord Chamberlain or Lord Chamberlain of the Household is one of the chief officers of the Royal Household in the United Kingdom, and is to be distinguished For the British architect see Stephen Gardiner (architect. Stephen Gardiner (c John Longland (died 1547 was the English Bishop of Lincoln from 1521 to his death in 1547 George Nevill 5th and de jure 3rd Baron Bergavenny KG, PC (c 1469 &ndash 28 September 1535) held the office of Lord Warden William Sandys 1st Baron Sandys of the Vyne ( 1470 - December 4, 1540) was an English Tudor Diplomat, Lord Chamberlain Sir Thomas Lovell was Speaker of the House of Commons and Secretary to the Treasury. Sir Anthony Denny ( 16 January 1501 &ndash 10 September 1549) was a Confidant of Henry VIII of England. Nicholas Vaux 1st Baron Vaux of Harrowden (c 1460 - 14 May 1523) was a soldier and courtier in England and an early member of the House Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl of Essex (c 1485 &ndash 28 July 1540) was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII 's chief minister Sir William Butts (c 1486 &ndash 22 November, 1545) was a member of King Henry VIII of England 's court and served as the King's physician Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. "

Act I opens with a conversation between the Dukes of Norfolk and Buckingham and Lord Abergavenny. Their speeches express their mutual resentment over the ruthless power and overweening pride of Cardinal Wolsey. Wolsey passes over the stage with his attendants, and expresses his own hostility toward Buckingham. Later Buckingham is arrested on treason charges— Wolsey's doing.

The play's second scene introduces King Henry VIII, and shows his reliance on Wolsey as his favorite. Queen Katherine enters to protest Wolsey's abuse of the tax system for his own purposes; Wolsey defends himself, but when the King revokes the Cardinal's measures, Wolsey spreads a rumor that he himself is responsible for the King's action. Katherine also challenges the arrest of Buckingham, but Wolsey defends the arrest by producing the Duke's Surveyor, the primary accuser. After hearing the Surveyor, the King orders Buckingham's trial to occur.

At a banquet thrown by Wolsey, the King and his attendants enter in disguise as masquers. The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment which flourished in sixteenth and early seventeenth century Europe though it was developed earlier in Italy The King dances with Anne Bullen.

Two anonymous Gentlemen open Act II, one giving the other an account of Buckingham's treason trial. Buckingham himself enters in custody after his conviction, and makes his farewells to his followers and to the public. After his exit, the two Gentlemen talk about court gossip, especially Wolsey's hostility toward Katherine. The next scene shows Wolsey beginning to move against the Queen, while the nobles Norfolk and Suffolk look on critically. Wolsey introduces Cardinal Campeius and Gardiner to the King; Campeius has come to serve as a judge in the trial Wolsey is arranging for Katherine.

Anne Bullen is shown conversing with the Old Lady who is her attendant. Anne expresses her sympathy at the Queen's troubles; but then the Lord Chamberlain enters to inform her that the King has made her Marchioness of Pembroke. Once the Lord Chamberlain leaves, the Old Lady jokes about Anne's sudden advancement in the King's favor.

A lavishly-staged trial scene portrays Katherine's hearing before the King and his courtiers. Katherine reproaches Wolsey for his machinations against her, and refuses to stay for the proceedings. But the King defends Wolsey, and states that it was his own doubts about the legitimacy of their marriage that led to the trial. Campeius protests that the hearing cannot continue in the Queen's absence, and the King grudgingly adjourns the proceeding. Wolsey and Campeius confront Katherine among her ladies-in-waiting; Katherine makes an emotional protest about her treatment.

Norfolk, Suffolk, Surrey, and the Lord Chamberlain are shown plotting against Wolsey. A packet of Wolsey's letters to the Pope have been re-directed to the King; the letters show that Wolsey is playing a double game, opposing Henry's planned divorce from Katherine to the Pope while supporting it to the King. The King shows Wolsey his displeasure, and Wolsey for the first time realizes that he has lost Henry's favor. The noblemen mock Wolsey, and the Cardinal sends his follower Cromwell away so that Cromwell will not be brought down in Wolsey's fall from grace.

The two Gentlemen return to observe and comment upon the lavish procession for Anne Bullen's coronation as Queen, which passes over the stage in their presence. Afterward they are joined by a third Gentleman, who updates them on more court gossip — the rise of Thomas Cromwell in royal favor, and plots against Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Katherine is shown, ill; she has a vision of dancing spirits. Cardinal Campeius visits her; Katherine expresses her continuing loyalty to the King despite their divorce, and wishes the new Queen well.

The King summons a nervous Cranmer to his presence, and expresses his support; later, when Cranmer is shown disrespect by the King's Council, Henry reproves them and displays his favor of the churchman. Anne Bullen gives birth to a daughter, the future Queen Elizabeth. In the play's closing scenes, the Porter and his Man complain about trying to control the massive and enthusiastic crowds that attend the infant Elizabeth's christening; another lush procession is followed by a prediction of the glories of the new born princess's future reign, and the play's Epilogue.

Notes

  1. ^ Geoffrey Bullough, Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare, Vol. 4; New York, Columbia University Press, 1962; pp. 435-51.
  2. ^ E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923; Vol. Sir Edmund Kerchever Chambers (1866&ndash1954 was an English literary critic and Shakespearean scholar 3, p. 472.
  3. ^ G. Blakemore Evans, general editor, The Riverside Shakespeare, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1974; p. 977.
  4. ^ Anderson, Shakespeare by Another Name. 2004, pgs 403-04
  5. ^ Chambers, Vol. 3, pp. 342, 472.
  6. ^ The Tempest, The Winter's Tale, King Lear, etc. The Tempest is a comedy written by William Shakespeare. It is generally dated to 1610-11 and accepted as the last play written solely by him although The Winter's Tale is a play by William Shakespeare, first published in the First Folio in 1623 King Lear is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1603 and 1606 and is considered one of his greatest works ; see the Performance data on the individual plays.
  7. ^ Gordon McMullan, ed. Henry VIII (London: Thomson, 2000), pp. 57-60.
  8. ^ Anderson, referencing Samuel Pepys' entry of Dec. 26, 1663. Also at http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.jsp?articleId=281474976776589
  9. ^ Halliday, F. E. A Shakespeare Companion 1564-1964, Baltimore, Penguin, 1964; pp. Frank Ernest Halliday (February 10 1903 &ndash March 26 1982 was a twentieth-century English academic and author 74-5.
  10. ^ Downes' Roscius Anglicanus is an important source of information on the Restoration stage and the traditions it preserved from the early Stuart era. Halliday, p. 140.
  11. ^ Halliday, pp. 218-19.
  12. ^ Halliday, p. 219.
  13. ^ Spedding, James. "Who Wrote Henry VIII?" Gentleman's Magazine, 178 / new series 34, August 1850, pp. 115-23.
  14. ^ Erdman, David V. , and Ephraim G. Fogel, eds. Evidence for Authorship: Essays on Problems of Attribution. Ithaca, N. Y. , Cornell University Press, 1966; p. 457. For a summary of scholarship to that date, see: pp. 457-78.
  15. ^ Hoy, Cyrus. "The Shares of Fletcher and his Collaborators in the Beaumont and Fletcher Canon. " Studies in Bibliography 15 (1962); pp. 71-90.
  16. ^ Hope, Jonathan. The Authorship of Shakespeare's Plays. (CUP, 1994) pp. 67-83.
  17. ^ Erdman and Fogel, p. 457.

Further reading

See also

External links

Henry VIII is an Opera in four acts by Camille Saint-Saëns, from a Libretto by Léonce Détroyat and Armand Silvestre Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
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