| Henry Lewis Stimson | |
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| In office May 22, 1911 – March 4, 1913 July 10, 1940 – September 21, 1945 |
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| President | William Howard Taft (1911-1913) Franklin D. Roosevelt (July 10, 1940-April 12, 1945) Harry S. Truman (April 12, 1945-September 21, 1945) |
| Preceded by | Jacob M. Dickinson Harry H. Woodring |
| Succeeded by | Lindley M. Garrison Robert P. Patterson |
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| In office March 28, 1929 – March 4, 1933 |
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| President | Herbert Hoover |
| Preceded by | Frank B. Kellogg |
| Succeeded by | Cordell Hull |
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| Born | September 21, 1867 U.S. |
| Died | October 20, 1950 (aged 83) U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Mabel White Stimson |
| Profession | Lawyer, Diplomat, Administrator |
| Religion | Presbyterian |
Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, who served as Secretary of War, Governor-General of the Philippines, and Secretary of State. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs He was a conservative Republican, and a leading lawyer in New York City. He is best known as the civilian Secretary of War during World War II, chosen for his aggressive stance against Nazi Germany, with responsibility for the Army and Air Force. He managed the conscription and training of 12 million soldiers and airmen, the purchase and transportation to battlefields of 30 percent of the nation's industrial output, and the building and decision to use the atomic bomb. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.
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Career
Born to a wealthy New York family long involved in Republican politics, he was educated at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where a dormitory is named and dedicated to him, and Yale College (BA 1888), where he was elected to Skull and Bones, a secret society that afforded many contacts for the rest of his life. Phillips Academy (also known as Phillips Andover or PA or simply Andover) is a co-educational University preparatory school for boarding Andover is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Yale College was the official name of Yale University from 1718 to 1887 Skull and Bones is an elite Secret society based at Yale University, in New Haven Connecticut. He graduated Harvard Law School in 1890 and joined the prestigious Wall Street law firm of Root and Clark in 1891, becoming a partner two years later. Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional Graduate schools of Harvard University. Elihu Root, a future secretary of war and secretary of state, became a major influence and role model for Stimson. Elihu Root ( February 15, 1845 &ndash February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer and statesman and the 1912 recipient of the In 1893 Stimson married Mabel Wellington White, who was the great-great granddaughter of American founding father Roger Sherman and the sister of Elizabeth Selden Rogers; they had no children. Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Roger Sherman ( April 19, 1721 ( JC) April 30, 1721 ( GC) July 23, 1793) was an early Elizabeth Selden White Rogers ( July 23, 1868 - December 18, 1950) was a civic reformer working to improve the New York public schools and
In 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (S Here he made a distinguished record prosecuting antitrust cases. Stimson was defeated as Republican candidate for governor of New York in 1910. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting
Stimson was appointed Secretary of War in 1911 under President William Howard Taft. The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year William Howard Taft (September 15 1857 – March 8 1930 was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice He continued the reorganization of the Army begun by Elihu Root, improving its efficiency prior to its vast expansion in World War I. Elihu Root ( February 15, 1845 &ndash February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer and statesman and the 1912 recipient of the World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Following the outbreak of war, he was a leader in the American effort to aid the stricken people of Belgium. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Theodore Roosevelt selected Stimson as one of eighteen officers (others included: Seth Bullock, Frederick Russell Burnham, and John M. Parker) to raise a volunteer infantry division, Roosevelt's World War I volunteers, for service in France in 1917. Seth Bullock ( July 23, 1849 &ndash September 23, 1919) was a western sheriff hardware store owner and U Frederick Russell Burnham, DSO (May 11 1861 – September 1 1947 was an American scout and world traveling adventurer known for his service to the John Milliken Parker ( March 16, 1863 May 20, 1939) was an American Democratic politician from Louisiana, who In his book Foes of Our Own Household (1917 Theodore Roosevelt explains that he had authorization from Congress to raise four divisions to fight in France, similar This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [1] The U.S. Congress gave Roosevelt the authority to raise up to four divisions similar to the Rough Riders of 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment and to the British Army 25th (Frontiersmen) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers; however, as Commander-in-chief, President Woodrow Wilson refused to make use of the volunteers and the unit disbanded. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Rough Riders was the name bestowed by the American press on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment during the Spanish-American War The 25th (Frontiersmen Service Battalion Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment was a British Army unit that served during World War I. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. Stimson went on to serve the regular U. S. Army in France as an artillery officer, reaching the rank of Colonel in August 1918. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
In 1927, Stimson was sent by President Calvin Coolidge to Nicaragua for civil negotiations. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Stimson wrote that Nicaraguans "were not fitted for the responsibilities that go with independence and still less fitted for popular self-government. " Later, after he was appointed Governor-General of the Philippines (succeeding General Leonard Wood), an office he held from 1927 to 1929, he opposed Filipino independence for the same reason. Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish Leonard Wood (9 October 1860 &ndash 7 August 1927 was a Physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP
From 1929 to 1933 he served as Secretary of State under President Herbert Hoover. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 In 1929 he shut down MI-8, the State Department's cryptanalytic office, saying, "Gentlemen don't read each other's mail. The Black Chamber, otherwise known as MI-8 or Cipher Bureau, was America 's first peacetime Cryptanalytic organization and a forerunner " (He later reversed this attitude. )
From 1930 to 1931 Stimson was the Chairman of the U. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. S. delegation to the London Naval Conference. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. In the following year, he was the Chairman of the U. S. delegation to the Geneva Disarmament Conference. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Disarmament refers to the act of reducing limiting or abolishing Weapons. That same year, the United States issued the "Stimson Doctrine" as a result of the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria: the United States refused to recognize any situation or treaty that limited U. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7 1932 to Japan and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The invasion of Manchuria by the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan, beginning on September 19, 1931, immediately followed S. treaty rights or was brought about by aggression. Returning to private life at the end of Hoover's administration, Stimson was an outspoken advocate of strong opposition to Japanese aggression.
In 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt returned him to his old post at the head of the War Department, and he skillfully directed the rapid, tremendous expansion of the Army to a force of over 10,000,000 soldiers. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Department of War, sometimes also called the War Office, was the department of the United States government 's executive branch
Ten days before the Attack on Pearl Harbor, he entered in his diary the famous and much-argued statement - that he had met with President Roosevelt to discuss the evidence of impending hostilities with Japan, and the question was "how we should maneuver them [the Japanese] into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by " [2]
Stimson was the major decision-maker on the atomic bomb, with direct supervision over General Leslie Groves, head of the Manhattan Project. Lieutenant General Leslie Richard Groves ( August 17, 1896 &ndash July 13, 1970) was a United States Army Engineer The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb Both Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman followed his advice on every aspect of the bomb, and Stimson overruled the military when needed (for example, by taking the cultural center Kyoto, where he had spent his honeymoon, off the target list [1]). (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bombing destroyed Hiroshima. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's
Stimson strongly opposed the Morgenthau Plan to de-industrialize and partition Germany into several smaller states. The Morgenthau Plan was a plan for the occupation of Germany after World War II that advocated measures intended to remove Germany's ability to wage war Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. [2] The plan also envisioned the deportation and summary imprisonment of anybody suspected of responsibility for Nazi war crimes. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied Initially Roosevelt was sympathetic to this plan, but against Stimson's opposition, and due to the public outcry when the plan was leaked, he backtracked. Stimson thus retained overall control of the U. S. occupation zone in Germany, and the Morgenthau plan never went into effect per se, but did influence the early occupation. Stimson insisted to Roosevelt that ten European countries, including Russia, depended upon Germany's export-import trade and production of raw materials and that it was inconceivable that this "gift of nature," populated by peoples of "energy, vigor, and progressiveness," could be turned into a "ghost territory" or "dust heap. " What he most feared, however, was that too low a subsistence-level economy would turn the anger of the German people against the Allies and thereby "obscure the guilt of the Nazis and the viciousness of their doctrines and their acts. " Stimson pressed similar arguments on President Harry S. Truman in the spring of 1945. [3]
Stimson, a lawyer, insisted (against the initial wishes of both Roosevelt and Churchill) on proper judicial proceedings against leading war criminals. He and the United States Department of War drafted the first proposals for an International Tribunal, which soon received backing from the incoming President Truman. The United States Department of War, sometimes also called the War Office, was the department of the United States government 's executive branch Stimson's plan eventually led to the Nuremberg Trials of 1945-46, which have had a significant impact on the development of International Law. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards
The Henry L. Stimson Center in Washington, DC, a private research institute on international relations, is named for Stimson [3]. The Henry L Stimson Center is a not-for-profit institution focused on "practical creative non-partisan solutions to enduring and challenging problems of national and international The Benjamin Franklin-class ballistic missile submarine USS Henry L. Stimson (SSBN-655) was also named for Stimson. Boats (Boats marked with * indicate C-4 conversions * * * A ballistic missile submarine is a Submarine equipped to launch Ballistic missiles ( SLBMs) Prior to his death in 1950, Stimson had been the last surviving member of the Taft Cabinet.
References
- Larry G. Gerber. "Stimson, Henry Lewis"; http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00626.html;
American National Biography Online Feb. 2000.
- Larry G. Gerber, The Limits of Liberalism: Josephus Daniels, Henry Stimson, Bernard Baruch, Donald Richberg, Felix Frankfurter and the Development of the Modern American Political Economy (1983).
- Godfrey Hodgson, The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867-1950 (1990).
- Elting E. Morison, Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson (1960).
- David F. Schmitz. Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man (2000)
Primary Sources
- Stimson, Henry and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War. (1948), his memoirs
- ^ Roosevelt, Theodore (1917). Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The Foes of Our Own Household. New York: George H. Doran company, 347. LCCN 17025965.
- ^ Cumings, Bruce: "Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations" Duke 1999 p. 47
- ^ Arnold A. Offner, "Research on American-German Relations: A Critical View" in Joseph McVeigh and Frank Trommler, eds. America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990) v2 p. 176; see also Michael R. Beschloss, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941-1945 (2002)
See also
External links
- Obituary, New York Times, October 21, 1950
- Henry Stimson Center
- Hiroshima: diary excerpts
- Annotated bibliography for Henry Stimson from the Alsos Digital LIbrary
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Charles Evans Hughes |
Republican Nominee for Governor of New York 1910 |
Succeeded by Job Hedges |
| Preceded by Jacob M. Dickinson |
United States Secretary of War 1911 – 1913 |
Succeeded by Lindley M. Garrison |
| Preceded by Eugene Allen Gilmore |
Governor-General of the Philippines 1927 – 1929 |
Succeeded by Eugene Allen Gilmore |
| Preceded by Frank B. Kellogg |
United States Secretary of State 1929 – 1933 |
Succeeded by Cordell Hull |
| Preceded by Harry H. Woodring |
United States Secretary of War 1940 – 1945 |
Succeeded by Robert P. Patterson |
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