Henry Kissinger
56th United States Secretary of State
In office September 22, 1973 – January 20, 1977
President	Richard Nixon Gerald Ford
Deputy	Kenneth Rush Robert S. Ingersoll Charles W. Robinson
Preceded by	William P. Rogers
Succeeded by	Cyrus Vance
8th United States National Security Advisor
In office 1969 – 1975
President	Richard Nixon Gerald Ford
Preceded by	Walt Rostow
Succeeded by	Brent Scowcroft
Born	May 27, 1923 (1923-05-27) (age 85) Fürth, Bavaria, Germany
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Ann Fleisher 1949-1964 Nancy Maginnes 1974-present
Profession	Diplomat Academician
Religion	Judaism

Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German-born American bureaucrat, diplomat, and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Robert S Ingersoll (born 1914 is an American businessman and former diplomat Charles W Robinson (born September 7, 1919) is an American Entrepreneur who has been involved with many successful business adventures in the William Pierce Rogers ( June 23, 1913 &ndash January 2, 2001) was an American politician who served as a Cabinet officer Cyrus Roberts Vance ( Clarksburg West Virginia, March 27, 1917 &ndash January 12, 2002) was the United States Secretary of State The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Walt Whitman Rostow (also known as Walt Rostow or WW Rostow) ( October 7 1916 – February 13 2003) was an American Brent Scowcroft (born March 19 1925 in Ogden Utah) was the United States National Security Advisor under Presidents Gerald Ford and Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The city of Fürth is located in northern Bavaria, Germany in the district of Middle Franconia. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nancy Kissinger (Nancy Maginnes (photo) is a philanthropist who is married to former U Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states The title Academician denotes a Full Member of an art literary or scientific Academy. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor In English, the word laureate has come to signify eminence or association with Literary or Military glory He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the Richard Nixon administration. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Kissinger emerged unscathed from the Watergate scandal, and maintained his powerful position when Gerald Ford became President. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by

A proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. Realpolitik ( German: de real “realistic” “practical” or “actual” and de Politik “politics” refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily The foreign policy of the United States is highly influential on the world stage as it is a Superpower. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s

During his time in the Nixon and Ford administrations he cut a flamboyant figure, appearing at social occasions with many celebrities. His foreign policy record made him a nemesis to both the anti-war left and the anti-communist right alike. The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics

Personal background

Kissinger was born in Fürth, Bavaria, Germany, as Heinz Alfred Kissinger to Jewish parents Louis Kissinger (1887-1982), a schoolteacher, and Paula Stern (1901-1998). The city of Fürth is located in northern Bavaria, Germany in the district of Middle Franconia. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut His surname refers to the city of Bad Kissingen and was first taken by his great-great-grandfather, Meyer Löb, in 1817. Bad Kissingen is a Spa town in the Bavarian region of Lower Franconia and is the capital of the district Bad Kissingen. ^[1] In 1938, fleeing Nazi persecution, his family moved to New York. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The City of New York Kissinger was naturalized a U. Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born S. citizen on June 19, 1943, while in military training at Camp Croft in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Spartanburg is the largest city in and the County seat of Spartanburg County, South Carolina, United South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America.

He spent his high school years in the Washington Heights section of upper Manhattan, but never lost his pronounced German accent, perhaps due to childhood shyness which made him hesitant to speak^[2]. Washington Heights is a New York City neighborhood in the northern reaches of the borough of Manhattan. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. In Linguistics, an accent is a manner of Pronunciation of a language Henry Kissinger attended George Washington High School at night and worked in a shaving-brush factory during the day. George Washington High School was a Public high school located in the Fort George neighborhood of the Washington Heights section of Manhattan in While attending City College of New York, in 1943, he was drafted into the U. The City College of The City University of New York (known more commonly as the City College of New York or simply City College, CCNY, or colloquially as S. Army, trained at Clemson College in South Carolina, and became a German interpreter for the 970th Counter Intelligence Corps, with the rank of sergeant.

Henry Kissinger received his B.A. degree summa cum laude at Harvard College in 1950, where he studied under William Yandell Elliott. Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an Academic degree was earned Harvard College is the undergraduate section and oldest school of Harvard University, a Private university in the United States founded in 1636 by the Massachusetts William Yandell Elliott (1896-1979 was an American historian and political advisor to six U ^[3] He received his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees at Harvard University in 1952 and 1954, respectively. A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. In 1952, while still at Harvard, he served as a consultant to the Director of the Psychological Strategy Board. The Psychological Strategy Board was a committee of the United States executive formed to coordinate and plan for Psychological operations. ^[4] His doctoral dissertation was "Peace, Legitimacy, and the Equilibrium (A Study of the Statesmanship of Castlereagh and Metternich). Robert Stewart 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, KG, GCH, PC (18 June 1769 in Dublin &ndash 12 August 1822 at Loring Hall, Kent "

Kissinger remained at Harvard as a member of the faculty in the Department of Government and at the Center for International Affairs. He became Associate Director of the latter in 1957. In 1955, he was a consultant to the National Security Council's Operations Coordinating Board. The Operations Coordinating Board was a committee of the United States Executive created in 1953 by President Eisenhower 's Executive Order 10483 ^[4] During 1955 and 1956, he was also Study Director in Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations. The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at He released his Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy the following year. ^[5] From 1956 to 1958 he worked for the Rockefeller Brothers Fund as director of their Special Studies Project. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF ( Philanthropy for an Interdependent World) is an international philanthropic organisation created and run by members of the Rockefeller The Special Studies Project was a study funded by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and conceived by its then president Nelson Rockefeller, to 'define the major problems ^[4] He was Director of the Harvard Defense Studies Program between 1958 and 1971. He was also Director of the Harvard International Seminar between 1951 and 1971. Outside of academia, he served as a consultant to several government agencies, including the Operations Research Office, the Rand Corporation, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and the Department of State. The Operations Research Office (ORO was a civilian military research center founded in 1948 by the United States Army. The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis The US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA was established as an independent agency by the Arms Control and Disarmament Act (75 Stat ^[4]

A liberal Republican and keen to have a greater influence on American foreign policy, Kissinger became a supporter of, and advisor to, Nelson Rockefeller, Governor of New York, who sought the Republican nomination for President in 1960, 1964 and 1968. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth The Governor of New York is the head of the Executive branch of New York 's government and the Commander-in-chief of the state's military After Richard Nixon won the presidency in 1968, he made Kissinger National Security Advisor. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA

With his first wife, Ann Fleischer, he had two children, Elizabeth and David. He lives with his second wife, Nancy Maginnes, in Kent, Connecticut. Nancy Kissinger (Nancy Maginnes (photo) is a philanthropist who is married to former U Kent is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, alongside the border with New York. He is the head of Kissinger Associates, a consulting firm. Kissinger Associates Inc, founded in 1982 is a New York City -based international consulting firm founded and run by Henry Kissinger.

He had triple coronary bypass heart surgery in May 1982.

He has a brother, Walter, who is one year younger.

Kissinger is a fan of the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team. The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball team based in Los Angeles California, USA Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each A life long soccer fan, Kissinger is a supporter and honorary member of the German soccer club Spielvereinigung Greuther Fürth from his hometown, where he was a member in his youth. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered SpVgg Greuther Fürth is a German football club based in Fürth, Bavaria. ^[6] During the 1970s, Kissinger was among the many celebrity fans of the New York Cosmos. The New York Cosmos (1971–1985 known simply as the Cosmos for the 1977 and 1978 seasons was a soccer franchise based in New York City and its suburbs that operated

Foreign policy

Kissinger being sworn in as Secretary of State by Chief Justice Warren Burger, September 22, 1973. Kissinger's mother, Paula, holds the Bible upon which he was sworn in while President Nixon looks on.

Kissinger served as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under President Richard Nixon, and continued as Secretary of State under Nixon's successor Gerald Ford. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President ^[7]

A proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. Realpolitik ( German: de real “realistic” “practical” or “actual” and de Politik “politics” refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily The foreign policy of the United States is highly influential on the world stage as it is a Superpower. In that period, he extended the policy of détente. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s This policy led to a significant relaxation in U. S. -Soviet tensions and played a crucial role in 1971 talks with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Zhou Enlai ( (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976 was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 until his death in January 1976 The talks concluded with a rapprochement between the United States and the People's Republic of China, and the formation of a new strategic anti-Soviet Sino-American alliance. In International relations a rapprochement', which comes from the French word rapprocher ("to bring together" is a re-establishment He was awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to establish a ceasefire and U. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor A ceasefire (or truce) is a temporary stoppage of a War or any Armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees S. withdrawal from Vietnam. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The ceasefire, however, was not durable. ^[8]

Kissinger favored the maintenance of friendly diplomatic relationships with anti-Communist military dictatorships in the Southern Cone and elsewhere in Latin America, and approved of covert intervention in Chilean politics. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the He has been accused of complicity and encouragement in the atrocities committed by the Argentine military junta. The National Reorganization Process (in Spanish, Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, often simply El Proceso) was the name used by its leaders Spanish judge Baltasar Garzon requested that Kissinger answer questions about matters relating to these humans rights abuses, but the U.S. State Department rejected this petition. Baltasar Garzón Real (born October 26, 1955 in Torres, Jaén, Spain) is a Judge in Spain. ^[9]

With the recent declassification of Nixon and Ford administration documents relating to U. S. policy toward South America and East Timor, Kissinger has come under fire from journalists and human rights advocacy groups, both in the U. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled S. and abroad. Following the release of those documents, officials in France, Brazil, Chile, Spain, and Argentina have sought him for questioning in connection with Operation Condor, hindering his travel abroad. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign ^[10]

Détente and the opening to China

Kissinger, shown here with Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong, negotiated rapprochement with the People's Republic of China. Zhou Enlai ( (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976 was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 until his death in January 1976 Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led In International relations a rapprochement', which comes from the French word rapprocher ("to bring together" is a re-establishment

As National Security Advisor under Nixon, Kissinger pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, seeking a relaxation in tensions between the two superpowers. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 As a part of this strategy, he negotiated the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (culminating in the SALT I treaty) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty ( ABM Treaty or ABMT) was a treaty between the United States of America and the Soviet Union on the limitation The General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( First Secretary in 1953-1966 was the title synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union after Negotiations about strategic disarmament were originally supposed to start under the Johnson Administration but were postponed in protest to the invasion by Warsaw Pact troops of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. The Prague Spring ( Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

He sought to place diplomatic pressure on the Soviet Union; facilitated by Pakistan, he made two trips to the People's Republic of China in July and October 1971 (the first of which was made in secret) to confer with Premier Zhou Enlai, then in charge of Chinese foreign policy. This paved the way for the groundbreaking 1972 summit between Nixon, Zhou, and Communist Party of China Chairman Mao Zedong, as well as the formalization of relations between the two countries, ending 23 years of diplomatic isolation and mutual hostility. The 1972 Nixon visit to China was the first step in formally normalizing relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led The result was the formation of a tacit strategic anti-Soviet alliance between China and the United States. While Kissinger's diplomacy led to economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides and the establishment of Liaison Offices in the Chinese and American capitals, full normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China would not occur until 1979 as Watergate overshadowed the latter years of the Nixon presidency and the United States continued to recognize the Republic of China government on Taiwan. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Republic of China (ROC, whose jurisdiction is now constituted by the islands of Taiwan, Pescadores, Kinmen, the Matsu Islands and some other

Vietnam War

See also: Vietnam War

Kissinger's involvement in Indochina started prior to his appointment as National Security Adviser to Nixon. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. While still at Harvard he had worked as a consultant on foreign policy to both the White House and State Department and, in the summer of 1967, had acted as one of a series of intermediaries between Washington and Hanoi in a peace initiative codenamed "Pennsylvania. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam " In the autumn of 1968, he used his contacts with the Johnson administration to tip off the Nixon camp about an anticipated breakthrough in the Paris talks, which Nixon feared could cost him the campaign. The Paris Peace Accords (or Paris Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam) were signed on January 27, 1973 by the governments of the

Kissinger is updated on the latest situation in South Vietnam on April 29, 1975. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Nixon had been elected in 1968 on the promise of achieving "peace with honor" and ending the Vietnam War. In office, and assisted by Kissinger, Nixon implemented a policy of Vietnamization that aimed to gradually withdraw U. The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began soon after the Second World War and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War (1956-1975 S. troops while expanding the combat role of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) so that it would be capable of independently defending South Vietnam against the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam and North Vietnamese army (Vietnam People's Army or PAVN). The Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN) was a military component of the armed forces of the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia The Vietnam People's Army ( VPA) (Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam is the official name of the Armed forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Kissinger played a key role in a secret American bombing campaign of Cambodia to target PAVN and Viet Cong units launching raids against South Vietnam from within Cambodia's borders and resupplying their forces by using the Ho Chi Minh trail and other routes, as well as the 1970 Cambodian Incursion and subsequent widespread bombing of Cambodia. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East The Ho Chi Minh trail was a logistical system that ran from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam to the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam through The Cambodian Campaign (also known as the Cambodian Incursion) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia during the late spring and summer Some argue that the bombing campaign inadvertently contributed to the chaos of the Cambodian Civil War, which saw the forces of dictator Lon Nol unable to defeat the growing Khmer Rouge insurgency that would emerge victorious in 1975. The Cambodian Civil War was a conflict that pitted the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (known as the Khmer Rouge) and their allies the Democratic Republic of Lon Nol (​ November 13, 1913 - November 17, 1985) was a Cambodian Politician and Soldier who served as Prime The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed

Kissinger was awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize along with North Vietnam diplomatic representative Le Duc Tho for their work in negotiating the ceasefires contained in the Paris Peace Accords on "Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam," even though the terms of the agreement were quickly broken. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam Lê Ðức Thọ ( ( October 14, 1911  &ndash October 13, 1990) was a Vietnamese Revolutionary, General The Paris Peace Accords (or Paris Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam) were signed on January 27, 1973 by the governments of the The conflict would continue for two more years after the American withdrawal. ^[8] Tho declined the award, stating that his country was still not at peace; Kissinger accepted the award "with humility" but, having recently been appointed Secretary of State, did not collect the award in person, citing pressure of work, and it was accepted on his behalf by United States Ambassador to Norway Thomas R. Byrne. ^[11][12] The conflict continued until an invasion of the South by North Vietnam resulted in a North Vietnamese victory in 1975 and the subsequent rise to power of Pathet Lao in Laos and the more independent Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. The Fall of Saigon (in Vietnamese: Sự kiện 30 tháng 4 - April 30 Incident; Giải phóng miền Nam - The liberation of the south The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed

1971 Indo-Pakistan War

Main article: Indo-Pakistan War

Kissinger has been criticized for his role during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan. Despite reports of atrocities in East Pakistan, and despite being told—most notably in the Blood telegram—of "genocidal" activities being perpetrated by Pakistani forces, Kissinger and President Richard Nixon did nothing to discourage Pakistani President Yahya Khan and the Pakistan Army. Beginning with the start of Operation Searchlight on 25 March 1971 and continuing throughout the Bangladesh War of Independence, there were widespread violations Archer Kent Blood (1923-2004 was an American diplomat in Bangladesh. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan ( February 4 1917 &ndash August 10 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971 following the resignation The Pakistan Army ( Urdu:) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders the security of administered Between 500,000 and 3,000,000 Bangladeshi lives were believed to have been lost because of the war. Kissinger was particularly concerned about Soviet expansion into South Asia as a result of a treaty of friendship that had recently been signed between India and the Soviet Union, and sought to demonstrate to the People's Republic of China the value of a tacit alliance with the United States. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ^[13]

In recent years, Kissinger came under fire for comments he made in private with Nixon during the Indo-Pakistan War in which he described Indians as "bastards" and then-Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as a "bitch. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the "^[14] Kissinger has since expressed his regret over the comments. ^[15]

1973 Yom Kippur War

Main article: Yom Kippur War

In 1973, Kissinger negotiated the end to the Yom Kippur War, which had begun with an attack against Israel by Egyptian and Syrian forces. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية According to Kissinger, if Israel had initiated the war, they would not have received "so much as a nail" in aid from the United States. Kissinger has published lengthy and dramatic telephone transcripts of his activities during this period in the 2002 book Crisis. With Kissinger's support — which was reluctant at first — the U. S military conducted the largest military airlift in history. American action contributed to the 1973 OPEC embargo against the United States and its Western European allies, which was lifted in March 1974. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of

On October 31, 1973, Egyptian foreign minister Ismail Fahmi meets with Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger about a week after fighting ends in the Yom Kippur War. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Ismail Fahmy (Born 1922 - Died 1997 was an Egyptian diplomat and politician The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום

Israel regained the territory it lost in the early fighting and gained new territories from Syria and Egypt, including land in Syria east of the previously captured Golan Heights, and additionally on the western bank of the Suez Canal, although they did lose some territory on the eastern side of the Suez Canal that had been in Israeli hands since the end of the Six Day War. Borders of Israel The Golan Heights ( الجولان al-Jawlān, הגולן ha-Golan) is a strategic Plateau and mountainous The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt Kissinger pressured the Israelis to cede some of the newly captured land back to the Arabs, contributing to the first phases of lasting Israeli-Egyptian peace. Most broadly cession (to cede) is the assignment of Property to another entity The move saw a warming in U. S. –Egyptian relations, bitter since the 1950s, as the country moved away from its former pro-Soviet stance and into a close partnership with the United States. The peace was finalized in 1978 when U. S. president Jimmy Carter mediated the Camp David Accords, during which Israel returned the Sinai in exchange for an Egyptian agreement to recognize Israeli statehood and end hostility. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء

1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus

In 1974 the junta which then ruled Greece staged an abortive coup against the president Archibishop Makarios III and Turkey launched an invasion "to restore constitutional order" on Cyprus. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Makarios III (Μακάριος Γ born Mihail Christodoulou Mouskos (Greek Μιχαήλ Χριστοδούλου Μούσκος) on August 13, Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía

In a White House memorandum of a conversation from February 20, 1975, Kissinger said: “In all the world the things that hurt us the most are the CIA business and Turkey aid. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ”^[16] According to The Raw Story the context and the time period suggests Kissinger had supported illegal financial and military aid to Turkey for the 1974 Cyprus invasion. ^[17]

Latin American policy

The United States continued to recognize and maintain relationships with anti-Communist and non-Communist governments, democratic and authoritarian alike. John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress was ended in 1973. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of The Alliance for Progress initiated by US President John F Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between North and South America In 1974, negotiations about new settlement over Panama Canal started. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the They eventually led to Torrijos-Carter Treaties and handing the Canal over to Panamanian control. The Torrijos-Carter Treaties (sometimes referred to in the singular as the Torrijos-Carter Treaty) are two treaties signed by the United States Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America.

Kissinger initially supported the normalization of U. S. –Cuban relations, broken since 1961 (all U. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la S. –Cuban trade was blocked in February 1962, a few weeks after the exclusion of Cuba from the Organization of American States under U. The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered S. pressure). However, he quickly changed his mind and followed Kennedy's policy. After Fidel Castro's involvement in the struggle in Angola and Mozambique, Kissinger made it clear that unless Cuba withdrew its forces relations would not be normalized. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa

See also: Cuba-United States relations

Intervention in Chile

Chilean Socialist presidential candidate Salvador Allende was elected by a narrow plurality in 1970, causing serious concern in Washington due to his openly Marxist and pro-Cuban politics. Cuba and the United States of America have had an interest in one another since well before either of their independence movements The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish Partido Socialista de Chile or PS is part of the ruling Coalition of Parties for Democracy coalition Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Nixon administration authorized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to instigate a military coup that would prevent Allende's inauguration and presumably call new elections, but the plan was not successful. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all ^[18] The extent of Kissinger's involvement in or support of these plans is a subject of controversy. ^[19]

U. S. –Chilean relations remained frosty during Salvador Allende's tenure; following the complete nationalization of the partially U. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government S. -owned copper mines and the Chilean subsidiary of the U. S. -based ITT Corporation, as well as other Chilean businesses. ITT Corporation, is a global diversified manufacturing company with 2007 revenues of $9 The U. S. implemented partial economic sanctions, claiming that the Chilean government had greatly undervalued fair compensation for the nationalization by subtracting what it deemed "excess profits. " The CIA provided funding for the mass anti-government strikes in 1972 and 1973; during this period, Kissinger made several controversial statements regarding Chile's government, stating that "the issues are much too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for themselves" and "I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go Communist due to the irresponsibility of its people. " These remarks sparked outrage among many commentators, who considered them patronizing and disparaging of Chile's sovereignty. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself

In September 1973, Allende committed suicide during a military coup launched by Army Commander-in-Chief Augusto Pinochet, who became President. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November ^[20]

Meeting between General Augusto Pinochet and U. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (1974).

While it is not fully established, and probably never will be, the big majority of witness reports from that day hold that Allende died from his own hand and not at the orders of the coup leaders. This intervention was triggered by the Resolution of the Chamber of Deputies of August 22, 1973 denouncing Allende's repeated violations of the Chilean Constitution. The Economist in an editorial of September 15, 1973 stated that the coup was the "complete responsibility of Dr. Allende and his followers who violated the Constitution" and was not promoted by the United States.

U. S. –Chilean relations significantly improved until Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter defeated President Gerald Ford in 1976 and implemented a tough stance against any state that violated human rights, regardless of its friendliness toward America. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party.

In July 2001, the Chilean high court granted investigating judge Juan Guzmán the right to question Kissinger about the 1973 killing of American journalist Charles Horman at the hands of the Chilean military following the coup. Juan Salvador Guzmán Tapia (b April 22, 1939) is a retired Chilean judge who became famous internationally for being the first judge to prosecute former Charles Horman ( May 15, 1942 &ndash September 20, 1973) an American journalist was one of the victims of the Chilean coup The judge’s questions were relayed to Kissinger via diplomatic routes but went unanswered.

Intervention in Argentina

Kissinger took a similar line as he had toward Chile when the Argentine military, led by Jorge Videla, toppled the democratic government of Isabel Perón in 1976 and consolidated power, launching brutal reprisals and "disappearances" against political opponents. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes Buenos Aires) was the dictator and President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981 María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from Public view either by Murder or by simple Sequestration. During a meeting with Argentine foreign minister César Augusto Guzzetti, Kissinger assured him that the United States was an ally, but urged him to "get back to normal procedures" quickly before the U.S. Congress reconvened and had a chance to consider sanctions. Admiral César Augusto Guzzetti (* 1925 - 1988) was President Jorge Rafaél Videla 's Foreign minister, during Argentina The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses

See also: Dirty War

Africa

In 1974 a leftist military coup overthrew the Caetano government in Portugal in the Carnation Revolution. This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. Marcelo José das Neves Alves Caetano, GCTE, GCC, also spelled Marcello Caetano (mɐɾˈsɛlu kɐiˈtɐnu Lisbon, August 17 Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon The National Salvation Junta, the new government, quickly granted Portugal's colonies independence. The National Salvation Junta ( Portuguese: Junta de Salvação Nacional, pron. Cuban troops in Angola supported the Marxist-Leninist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in it's fight against anti-Communist UNITA and FNLA rebels during the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002). Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Party of Labour (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola - Partido do Trabalho is an Angolan political party Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola) is the second-largest Political party in Angola. The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola is a militant organization that fought for Angolan independence from Portugal The Angolan Civil War began in Angola after the end of the war for independence from Portugal in 1975 Kissinger supported UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi, the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) insurgencies, as well as the CIA-supported invasion of Angola by South African troops. Jonas Malheiro Savimbi ( August 3, 1934 &ndash February 22, 2002) led UNITA, an anti-Communist rebel group that fought against The Mozambican National Resistance ( RENAMO; Portuguese: Resistência Nacional Moçambicana) is a conservative Political party in Mozambique In 1976 South African troops withdrew due to U. S. Congressional opposition.

In September 1976 Kissinger was actively involved in negotiations regarding the Rhodesian Bush War. The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Second Chimurenga or the Zimbabwe Liberation Struggle, was a war which lasted from July 1964 to 1979 and Kissinger, along with South Africa's Prime Minister John Vorster, pressured Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith to hasten the transition to black majority rule in Rhodesia. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Balthazar Johannes Vorster (13 December 1915 - 10 September 1983 better known as John Vorster ("FOUR-stir" served as the Prime Minister of South Africa Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence Ian Douglas Smith GCLM ID ( 8 April 1919 &ndash 20 November 2007) served as the Prime Minister of the British With FRELIMO in control of Mozambique and even South Africa withdrawing its support, Rhodesia's isolation was nearly complete. The Liberation Front of Mozambique, better known by the acronym FRELIMO, from the Portuguese Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (IPA /fɾeˈlimo/ According to Smith's autobiography, Kissinger told Smith of Mrs. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" Kissinger's admiration for him, but Smith stated that he thought Kissinger was asking him to sign Rhodesia's "death certificate. " Kissinger, bringing the weight of the United States, and corralling other relevant parties to put pressure on Rhodesia, hastened the end of minority-rule.

East Timor and support of Suharto

The Portuguese decolonization process also brought American attention to the small but densely populated and newly-independent former Portuguese colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Indonesian president Suharto was a strong American ally in the Pacific and began to mobilize his army, preparing to annex the nascent state, which had become increasingly dominated by the popular leftist and Chinese-supported FRETILIN party. Suharto, also spelled Soeharto (June 8 1921 &ndash January 27 2008 was an Indonesian military leader and the second President of Indonesia, holding The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor ( Portuguese: Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente or FReTiLIn) is a In December 1975, Suharto discussed the invasion plans during a meeting with Kissinger and President Ford in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Both Ford and Kissinger made clear that U. S. relations with Indonesia would remain strong and that it would not object to the proposed annexation. U. S. arms sales to Indonesia continued, and Suharto went ahead with the annexation plan, meeting fierce resistance from the native East Timorese. The Indonesian army responded with indiscriminate massacres; it is said that some 200,000 East Timorese lost their lives during the 24-year occupation, due to starvation and army massacres. The Armed Forces of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI, formerly Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, best known by The Indonesian government's recognition of East Timor as the province of Timor Timur was not accepted internationally. Repression on the part of the military and its collaborators was especially intense during the initial invasion and following a United Nations–supervised East Timorese vote for independence in March 1999. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security East Timor achieved independence in late 1999. The U. S. maintained friendly diplomatic ties with Suharto during the 1990s, but with the end of the Cold War, felt more free to criticize the regime for its actions in East Timor. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the

Accusations of war crimes and legal difficulties

The Trial of Henry Kissinger

A revival of interest in Henry Kissinger came during the new millennium, when journalist Christopher Hitchens wrote The Trial of Henry Kissinger, a scathing critique of Kissinger's policy that accused him of war crimes, particularly for his policy toward Vietnam, Cyprus, Cambodia, Chile and East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh). Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949) is a British Author, Journalist, Literary critic and American The Trial of Henry Kissinger (2001 is Christopher Hitchens ' brief examination of the alleged war crimes of Henry Kissinger, the National Security Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Kissinger became a focal point of criticism from the political Left and certain human rights NGOs. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled According to the book, his foreign policy was chiefly concerned with attaining allies that had valuable geographical and strategic locations, such as Turkey and Pakistan, and turned a blind eye when these allies attacked democracies and murdered countless innocent people.

The book was later adapted into a documentary entitled The Trials of Henry Kissinger. The Trials of Henry Kissinger ( 2002) is a Documentary film inspired by Christopher Hitchens ' 2001 book The Trial of Henry Kissinger The film focused on Kissinger's policies towards Vietnam, Cambodia, East Timor, and Chile.

Involvement in Operation Condor

Main articles: Operation Condor and United States intervention in Chile

On May 31, 2001, French judge Roger Le Loire requested a summons served on Kissinger while he was staying at the Ritz Hotel in Paris ^[21]. For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign The United States intervention in Chilean's politics started during the War of Chilean Independence. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Loire wanted to question Kissinger for alleged U. S. involvement in Operation Condor—a mid-1970s campaign of kidnapping and murder coordinated among the intelligence and security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay—as well as the death of five French nationals under the Chilean junta ^[21]. For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America Kissinger left Paris that evening, and Loire's inquiries were directed to the U. S. State Department.

In August 2001, Argentine Judge Rodolfo Canicoba sent a letter rogatory to the U. A Letter Rogatory or Letter of Request is a formal request from a Court to a foreign court for some type of judicial assistance S. State Department, in accordance with the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT), requesting a deposition by Kissinger to aid the judge's investigation of Operation Condor. A mutual legal assistance treaty is an Agreement between two Foreign Countries for the purpose of gathering and exchanging Information in an ^[22]

On September 10, 2001, a civil suit was filed in a Washington, DC, federal court by the family of Gen. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. René Schneider, former Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army, asserting that Kissinger gave the order for the elimination of Schneider because he had refused to endorse plans for a military coup. General René Schneider Chereau ( December 31, 1913 - October 25, 1970) was the Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army ^[21][23][24] Schneider was killed by coup-plotters loyal to General Roberto Viaux in a botched kidnapping attempt,^[24] As a part of the suit, Schneider’s two sons are attempting to sue Kissinger and then-CIA director Richard Helms for US$3 million. General Roberto Viaux Marambio ( 1917 - September 5, 2005) was a Chilean Army General and the primary planner in two failed Coup d'état Richard McGarrah Helms ( March 30, 1913 &ndash October 23, 2002) was the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI from 1966 to 1973 ^[24]

On September 11, 2001, the 28th commemorations of the Pinochet coup, Chilean human rights lawyers filed a criminal case against Kissinger along with Augusto Pinochet, former Bolivian general and president Hugo Banzer, former Argentine general and dictator Jorge Rafael Videla, and former Paraguayan president Alfredo Stroessner for alleged involvement in Operation Condor. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Hugo Banzer Suárez ( May 10, 1926 &ndash May 5, 2002) was a politician military general and President of Bolivia. Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes Buenos Aires) was the dictator and President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981 Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda, whose name is also spelled Strössner or Strößner (November 3 1912 Encarnación - August 16 2006 Brasília ^[25] The case was brought on behalf of some fifteen victims of Operation Condor, ten of whom were Chilean.

In late 2001, the Brazilian government cancelled an invitation for Kissinger to speak in São Paulo because it could no longer guarantee his immunity from judicial action. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world ^[23][21]

Kenneth Maxwell's review, in Foreign Affairs November/December 2003, of Peter Kornbluh's book The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, discussed Kissinger's relationship with Augusto Pinochet's regime, in particular concerning operation Condor and Orlando Letelier's assassination, in Washington, DC, in 1976. Kenneth R Maxwell (born 1941 is a British historian who specializes in Iberia and Latin America. Foreign Affairs is an influential American Journal on International relations published by the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR Peter Kornbluh is director of the National Security Archive 's Chile Documentation Project and of the Cuba Documentation Project Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar ( April 13, 1932 - September 21, 1976) was a Chilean economist Political figure,

A 1978 cable released in 2000 shows that the South American intelligence chiefs involved in Condor "[kept] in touch with one another through a U. S. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which [covered] all of Latin America". Robert E. White, the U. Robert White served as US ambassador under different administrations S. ambassador to Paraguay, was concerned that the U. S. connection to Condor might be revealed during the then ongoing investigation into the 1976 assassination of Letelier. ^[26] Kornbluh and Maxwell both draw the conclusion from this and other materials that the U. S. State Department, on Kissinger's watch, had foreknowledge of the assassination.

Asia

In 2002, during a brief visit to the UK, a petition for Kissinger's arrest was filed in the High Court in London based on Indochinese civilian casualties and environmental damage resulting from U. S. bombing campaigns in North Vietnam and Cambodia in the period between 1969 and 1975. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East ^[21] Noam Chomsky commented about this accusations:^[27]

"On May 27, the New York Times published one of the most incredible sentences I’ve ever seen. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political They ran an article about the Nixon-Kissinger interchanges. Kissinger fought very hard through the courts to try to prevent it, but the courts permitted it. You read through it, and you see the following statement embedded in it. Nixon at one point informs Kissinger, his right-hand Eichmann, that he wanted bombing of Cambodia. And Kissinger loyally transmits the order to the Pentagon to carry out "a massive bombing campaign in Cambodia. Anything that flies on anything that moves. " That is the most explicit call for what we call genocide when other people do it that I’ve ever seen in the historical record. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group Right at this moment there is a prosecution of Milošević going on in the international tribunal, and the prosecutors are kind of hampered because they can’t find direct orders, or a direct connection even, linking Milošević to any atrocities on the ground. Suppose they found a statement like this. Suppose a document came out from Milošević saying, "Reduce Kosovo to rubble. Anything that flies on anything that moves. " They would be overjoyed. The trial would be over. He would be sent away for multiple life sentences - if it was a U. S. trial, immediately the electric chair. "

Simultaneously, Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, who had engaged in a failed attempt to get Pinochet extradited from the United Kingdom for questioning, requested that Interpol detain Kissinger for questioning. Baltasar Garzón Real (born October 26, 1955 in Torres, Jaén, Spain) is a Judge in Spain. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The International Criminal Police Organization, better known by its telegraphic address Interpol is an organization facilitating international police cooperation ^[21] British authorities refused his request.

East Timor Action Network (ETAN) activists have repeatedly sought to question Kissinger during his book tours for his role in the Ford administration in supporting Suharto and the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. Suharto, also spelled Soeharto (June 8 1921 &ndash January 27 2008 was an Indonesian military leader and the second President of Indonesia, holding Transcripts of Ford and Kissinger's endorsement of the invasion are available on the National Security Archive. The National Security Archive is a 501(c(3 non-governmental non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in ^[28]

Kissinger had knowledge of the 1971 atrocities committed by the Pakistani army and its allies during the war (see above), but did not advise President Nixon to put pressure on the Pakistani government to stop them.

Public perception

Kissinger, like the rest of the Nixon administration, was extremely unpopular with the anti-war political left, particularly after the congressionally-unauthorized and secret U. S. bombing of Cambodia was revealed. However, few doubted his intellect and diplomatic skill, and he became one of the better-liked members of the Nixon administration, which some Americans grew to view as cynical and self-serving. Kissinger was not connected with the Watergate scandal that would eventually ruin Nixon and many of his closest aides, and this greatly increased Kissinger's reputation as he became known as the "clean man" of the bunch. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's

At the height of his popularity, he was even regarded as something of a sex symbol, earning him the nickname "Henry the Kiss. A sex symbol is a famous person of either gender typically an Actor, Musician, model, Teen idol, or Sports star "^[29] He was seen dating such starlets as Jill St. John, Marlo Thomas,^[30] Shirley MacLaine, and Candice Bergen. Jill St John (born August 19, 1940) is an American Film and Television actress. Margaret Julia “Marlo” Thomas (born November 21, 1937) is an American actress, who first achieved fame on the TV series That Shirley MacLaine (born April 24, 1934) is an American Academy Award -winning Film and Theater Actress, well-known Candice Patricia Bergen (born May 9, 1946) is an Academy Award -nominated and Golden Globe - and Emmy Award -winning American He was quoted as saying "Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac". ^[31] There was even discussion of ending the requirement that a U. S. president be born in America by amending the U.S. Constitution so that Kissinger could have a chance to run. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. ^[32]

In 1992 Jornal do Brasil published an unflattering photo of Henry Kissinger on the front page. Jornal do Brasil, widely known as JB, is a daily Newspaper published by Editora JB in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Kissinger's lawyer sent a cease and desist letter threatening to sue them if they sold the photo. The newspaper refused and one of the buyers was the advertising agency Woolward & Partners who were also threatened with legal action, after using it in an advertisement for computer equipment. The photo was featured in the 1996 book Washington Babylon by Alexander Cockburn and Ken Silverstein. Alexander Claud Cockburn (ˈkoʊbɚn koh-burn born 6 June 1941 is an Irish-American political Journalist. Ken Silverstein is the Washington Editor for Harper's Magazine. ^[33]

The musical satirist Tom Lehrer says that "political satire became obsolete when Henry Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Prize. Thomas Andrew "Tom" Lehrer (born April 9 1928)is an American Singer-songwriter, satirist, Pianist, and mathematician " ^[34]

In a 1999 radio interview with BBC news presenter Jeremy Paxman, ostensibly to promote the latest volume of his memoirs, Dr Kissinger reportedly walked out after being asked some tough questions about the U. Jeremy Dixon Paxman (born 11 May 1950) is an English Journalist, Author and Television presenter. S. role in the bombing of Cambodia. ^[35] However, BBC sources claim he was late for another appointment and merely had to leave early.

Later roles

Business interests and public service

Kissinger speaking during Gerald Ford's funeral, January 2007. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President

In 1977, Kissinger was appointed to Georgetown University's Center for Strategic and International Studies. Georgetown University is a Jesuit Private university located in Georgetown Washington D The Center for Strategic and International Studies is a Washington D ^[36]

In 1989, Kissinger founded a consulting firm, Kissinger Associates, and is a partner in affiliate Kissinger McLarty Associates with Mack McLarty, former chief of staff to President Bill Clinton. Kissinger Associates Inc, founded in 1982 is a New York City -based international consulting firm founded and run by Henry Kissinger. Kissinger Associates Inc, founded in 1982 is a New York City -based international consulting firm founded and run by Henry Kissinger. Thomas F "Mack" McLarty III (born June 14, 1946) is a prominent Arkansas business and political leader and former White House Chief of Staff The White House Chief of Staff is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States ^[37] He also serves on board of directors of Hollinger International, a Chicago-based newspaper group,^[38] and as of March 1999, he also serves on board of directors of Gulfstream Aerospace. Sun-Times Media Group (until recently Hollinger International) is the Holding company of a Chicago based Newspaper group Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation is a producer of several models of jet Aircraft. ^[39]

From 1995 to 2001, he served on the board of directors for Freeport-McMoRan, a multinational copper and gold producer with significant mining and milling operations in Papua, Indonesia. Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc, (FMCG) often called simply Freeport, is the world's lowest-cost Copper producer and one of the world's largest producers Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers Papua is the largest province of Indonesia, comprising a majority part of the western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands (see also ^[40] In February 2000, then-president of Indonesia Abdurrahman Wahid appointed Kissinger as a political advisor. Abdurrahman Wahid (also known as Gus Dur) (born September 7 1940 is an Indonesian Muslim religious and political leader who served as the President He also serves as an honorary advisor to the United States-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South A chamber of commerce (also referred to in some circles as a board of trade) is a form of Business network.

Kissinger served for many years as a director of Hollinger International, the chief executive officer of which was disgraced by media tycoon Conrad Black. Sun-Times Media Group (until recently Hollinger International) is the Holding company of a Chicago based Newspaper group Conrad Moffat Black Baron Black of Crossharbour PC, KCSG, OC, (born 25 August 1944, in Montreal, Quebec) is Hollinger's board is widely viewed to have not exercised sufficient oversight, enabling Black and other senior executives to defraud the company.

In 1998, Kissinger became an honorary citizen of Fürth, Germany, his hometown. The city of Fürth is located in northern Bavaria, Germany in the district of Middle Franconia. He has been a life-long supporter of the Spielvereinigung Fürth football club and is now an honorary member. SpVgg Greuther Fürth is a German football club based in Fürth, Bavaria.

He served as Chancellor of the College of William and Mary from February 10, 2001 to the Summer of 2005. The College of William and Mary (officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia, also known as William & Mary or W&M) is a Public university Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Kissinger delivered eulogies during the state funeral of former President Richard Nixon and Gerald R. A eulogy is a speech or writing in Praise of a person or thing Ford in 1994 and 2007 respectively.

Role in U. S. foreign policy

Kissinger left office when a Democrat, former Governor of Georgia and "Washington outsider" Jimmy Carter, defeated Republican, Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential elections. Colonial governors James Oglethorpe, Resident Trustee, 1733 - 1743 ( Oglethorpe County) William Stephens, James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 During the campaign, Carter criticized Kissinger, arguing he was "single-handedly" managing all of America's foreign relations. Through the 1980s and early 1990s, Kissinger's role in U. S. government and policy was minimized, as the neoconservatives who rose to dominance in the Republican Party under the Reagan administration beginning in 1981 considered Nixonian détente to be a policy of unwise accommodation with the Soviet Union. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism The United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Reagan Administration, was a Republican administration headed by Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s Kissinger continued to participate in policy groups, such as the Trilateral Commission, and to maintain political consulting, speaking, and writing engagements. The Trilateral Commission is a private organization established to foster closer cooperation between America Europe and Japan He would often appear as a foreign-policy commentator on American broadcast networks.

In 2002, President George W. Bush appointed Kissinger to chair a committee to investigate the events of the September 11 attacks. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 This led to criticism from Congressional Democrats who accused Kissinger of being secretive and not supportive of the public's right to know. Leading Democrats insisted that Kissinger file financial disclosures to reveal any conflicts of interest. Both Bush and Kissinger claimed that Kissinger did not need to file such forms, since he would not be receiving a salary. However, following continual Democratic pressure, Kissinger stepped down as chairman on December 13, 2002. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Kissinger and Iraq

In 2006, it was reported in the book State of Denial by Bob Woodward that Kissinger was meeting regularly with President George W. "State of Denial" redirects here For the documentary film about AIDS see State of Denial (film. Robert "Bob" Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney to offer advice on the War in Iraq. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign ^[41] Kissinger confirmed in recorded interviews with Woodward^[42] that the advice was the same as he had given in an August 12, 2005 column in The Washington Post: "Victory over the insurgency is the only meaningful exit strategy. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D "^[43]

In a November 19, 2006 BBC Sunday AM interview, when asked whether there is any hope left for a clear military victory in Iraq, Kissinger said, "If you mean by 'military victory' an Iraqi Government that can be established and whose writ runs across the whole country, that gets the civil war under control and sectarian violence under control in a time period that the political processes of the democracies will support, I don't believe that is possible. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. . . I think we have to redefine the course. But I don't believe that the alternative is between military victory as it had been defined previously, or total withdrawal. "^[44]

Kissinger has endorsed Senator John McCain in his bid for the presidency in 2008.

Quotes

• Military men are just dumb stupid animals to be used as pawns in foreign policy. ^[45]
• If everybody is your enemy, then you are not paranoid.
• Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac. ^[31]
• A leader does not deserve the name unless he is willing occasionally to stand alone.
• Any fact that needs to be disclosed should be put out now or as quickly as possible, because otherwise the bleeding will not end.
• Corrupt politicians make the other ten percent look bad.
• High office teaches decision making, not substance. It consumes intellectual capital; it does not create it. Most high officials leave office with the perceptions and insights with which they entered; they learn how to make decisions but not what decisions to make.
• Most foreign policies that history has marked highly, in whatever country, have been originated by leaders who were opposed by experts. ^[46]
• While we should never give up our principles, we must also realize that we cannot maintain our principles unless we survive.
• The illegal we do immediately. The unconstitutional takes a little longer. ^[47]
• It [The New World Order] cannot happen without U. S. participation, as we are the most significant single component. Yes, there will be a New World Order, and it will force the United States to change its perceptions. Just like Zishan says. ^[48]
• Control oil and you control nations; control food and you control the people; control money and you control the world.
• America doesn't have friends, America only has interests.
• I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist because of the irresponsibility of its own people. ^[49]

See also

• National Security Council
• Council on Foreign Relations
• Trilateral Commission
• Bilderberg Group
• David Rockefeller
• Nelson Rockefeller
• Realism in international relations
• Realpolitik

Footnotes

Further reading

• Foreign policy
  • Taiwan Expendable? Nixon and Kissinger Go to China by Nancy Bernkopf Tucker (2005) ISSN 0021-8723
  • Rescuing the World: The Life and Times of Leo Cherne by Andrew F. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. Smith, Henry A. Kissinger (2002) ISBN 0-7914-5379-0
  • Does America Need a Foreign Policy?: Toward a Diplomacy for the 21st Century (2001) ISBN 0-684-85567-4
  • Diplomacy (1994) ISBN 0-671-65991-X
  • On Men and Power: A Political Memoir by Helmut Schmidt, Henry Kissinger (1990) ISBN 0-224-02715-8
  • Observations: Selected Speeches and Essays 1982-1984 (1985) ISBN 0-316-49664-2
  • The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, by Seymour Hersh, 1983, Summit Books, ISBN 0671506889. Diplomacy is a 1994 book written by former National Security Advisor and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Seymour (Sy Myron Hersh (born April 8, 1937) is an American Pulitzer Prize winning investigative Journalist and Author
  • For the Record: Selected Statements 1977-1980 (1981) ISBN 0-316-49663-4
  • Uncertain Greatness: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy, by Roger Morris (American writer). Roger Morris (American writer, born 1937 is an American Public servant, Historian, and political Writer.
  • A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace, 1812-22 (1973) ISBN 0-395-17229-2
  • American Foreign Policy: Three essays, (1969) ISBN 0-297-17933-0
  • The Troubled Partnership: A Re-Appraisal of the Atlantic Alliance (1965) ISBN 0-07-034895-2
  • The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy (1961) ISBN 0-06-012410-5
  • Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (1957) (ISBN 0-865-31745-3 (1984 edition))

• Memoirs
  • Crisis: The Anatomy of Two Major Foreign Policy Crises: Based on the Record of Henry Kissinger's Hitherto Secret Telephone Conversations (2003) ISBN 0-7432-4910-0
  • Vietnam: A Personal History of America's Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War (2002) ISBN 0-7432-1916-3
  • Years of Renewal (1999) ISBN 0-684-85571-2
  • Years of Upheaval (1982) ISBN 0-316-28591-9
  • The White House Years (1979) ISBN 0-316-49661-8

• Biographies
  • Kissinger: A Biography, by Walter Isaacson, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992, (updated, 2005), ISBN 0-671-66323-2
  • The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy, by Jussi M. A World Restored Metternich Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822 is a book by Henry Kissinger. Walter Isaacson (born May 20 1952, in New Orleans Louisiana) is the President and CEO of the Aspen Institute. Hanhimaki (2004) ISBN 0-19-517221-3
  • The Nixon-Kissinger Years: Reshaping of America's Foreign Policy, by Richard C. Thornton (1989) ISBN 0-88702-051-8
  • The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, by Seymour Hersh (1983) ISBN 0-671-44760-2
  • Kissinger, by Marvin L. Seymour (Sy Myron Hersh (born April 8, 1937) is an American Pulitzer Prize winning investigative Journalist and Author Kalb, Bernard Kalb (1974) ISBN 0-316-48221-8
  • Kissinger on the Couch, by Phyllis Schlafly (1974) ISBN 0-87000-216-3
  • Kissinger: Portrait of a Mind, by Stephen Richards Graubard (1973) ISBN 0-393-05481-0
  • The Trial of Henry Kissinger, by Christopher Hitchens (2002) ISBN 1-85984-631-9
  • Die Kissinger-Saga, by Evi Kurz (2007) ISBN 973-3-940405-70-8

• Historiography
  • Larry Berman: No peace, no honor. The Trial of Henry Kissinger (2001 is Christopher Hitchens ' brief examination of the alleged war crimes of Henry Kissinger, the National Security Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949) is a British Author, Journalist, Literary critic and American Nixon, Kissinger, and Betrayal in Vietnam New York, NY u. a. : Free Press 2001. ISBN 0-684-84968-2.
  • Jussi M. Hanhimäki, 'Dr. Kissinger' or 'Mr. Henry'? Kissingerology, Thirty Years and Counting, in: Diplomatic History Vol. 27, Issue 5, pp. 637-76.
  • Holger Klitzing: The Nemesis of Stability. Henry A. Kissinger's Ambivalent Relationship with Germany. Trier: WVT 2007, ISBN 3-88476-942-3.
  • Robert D. Schulzinger: Henry Kissinger. Doctor of diplomacy. New York: Columbia Univ. Pr. 1989, ISBN 0-231-06952-9.

• Other
  • Kissinger Transcripts: The Top Secret Talks With Beijing and Moscow by Henry Kissinger, William Burr (1999) ISBN 1-56584-480-7
  • Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia by William Shawcross, (Revised edition October 25, 2002) ISBN 0-8154-1224-X
  • Dallek, Robert (2007). Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power. HarperCollins. ISBN 0060722304.  

External links

• Official Website of Henry A. Kissinger

• Linkage and Arms Control. Interview conducted on November 26, 1986 for the War and Peace in the Nuclear Age series. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) War and Peace in the Nuclear Age is a 1989 PBS Television series focusing on the effect of Nuclear weapons development on International relations
• Henry Kissinger speaks at the Asia Society, NYC, February, 2007
• Kissinger's political donations*NPR: Kissinger Speech at National Press Club. Towards the end [55:55], he responds to Hitchens.
• Transcript: Charlie Rose interviews Zbigniew Brzezinski, Henry Kissinger and Brent Scowcroft (International Herald Tribune) June 18, 2007.
• The BCCI Affair A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, by Senator John Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, December 1992 102d Congress 2d Session Senate Print 102-140. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator George Hanks "Hank" Brown (born February 12, 1940) is a former Republican politician and Senator from Colorado who served
• Kissinger Associates, BNL, and Iraq Henry B. Gonzalez speech in Congress, May 2, 1991. Henry Barbosa González ( May 3, 1916 &ndash November 28, 2000) was a Democratic Politician from the state
• The National Security Archive: The Kissinger Telcons
• The National Security Archive:The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971
• Kissinger's political donations
• Marcus Gee. "Is Henry Kissinger a War Criminal?", Globe and Mail (Toronto, Canada), June 11, 2002. The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities
• The Kissinger Saga. Henry and Walter: Two Brothers from Fuerth/Germany. Documentary, 90 min. (unabridged version), first time aired: Bayerischer Rundfunk (Bavarian Broadcasting Network), January 21, 2007. Summary
• Henry Kissinger at the Internet Movie Database
• Producer of 'The Kissinger-Saga, Walter and Henry Kissinger - Two Brothers from Fuerth/Germany'
• Award for Excellence in Diplomacy - Annenberg Foundation
• "The Jewish key to Henry Kissinger": an article in the TLS by Niall Ferguson, May 28, 2008