Henry James Jr.
Henry James in 1890
Born	April 15, 1843(1843-04-15) New York City
Died	February 28, 1916 (aged 72) London
Occupation	Novelist
Genres	Novel, Novella, Short Story
Literary movement	Realism, Psychological Realism
Notable work(s)	The Portrait of a Lady The Turn of the Screw
Influences Nathaniel Hawthorne Honoré de Balzac Ivan Turgenev Guy de Maupassant Gustave Flaubert
Influenced Edith Wharton Louis Auchincloss Colm Tóibín Joyce Carol Oates Tom Stoppard Philip Roth Alan Hollinghurst
Official website http://www.newpaltz.edu/~hathaway

Henry James, OM (April 15, 1843(1843-04-15) – February 28, 1916), son of theologian Henry James Sr., brother of the philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James, was an American-born British author. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The City of New York Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story A novella is a written, Fictional Prose Narrative longer than a Novelette but shorter than a Novel. The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation A psychological novel, also called psychological realism, is a work of Prose Fiction which places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior The Portrait of a Lady The Turn of the Screw Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev ( ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈgʲeɪvʲɪtɕ turˈgʲenʲɪf ( &ndash) was a Russian novelist and playwright Guy de Maupassant (gi də mopasɑ̃ (5 August 1850 &ndash 6 July 1893 was a popular 19th-century French Writer and considered one of the fathers of the modern Gustave Flaubert (gystaːv flobɛːʁ in French ( December 12, 1821 &ndash May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among Edith Wharton ( January 24 1862 &ndash August 11 1937) was an American Novelist, Short story Writer Louis Stanton Auchincloss (pronounced Awk-kin-claus; born September 27, 1917) is a prolific American novelist historian and essayist Colm Tóibín ( (born 1955 in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland) is an multi award winning Irish novelist and critic Joyce Carol Oates (born June 16 1938) is an American author and the Roger S Sir Tom Stoppard OM, CBE (born 3 July 1937 is a British Screenwriter playwright Philip Milton Roth (born March 19, 1933, Newark New Jersey) is an American novelist Alan Hollinghurst (born 26 May 1954) is an English Novelist and winner of the 2004 Booker Prize for The Line of Beauty The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Henry James Sr ( June 3, 1811, Albany New York - December 18, 1882, Boston Massachusetts) was an American theologian For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation William James (January 11 1842 – August 26 1910 was a pioneering Alice James ( August 7, 1848 &ndash March 6, 1892) was a US diarist. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created He is one of the founders and leaders of a school of realism in fiction; the fine art of his writing has led many academics to consider him the greatest master of the novel and novella form. He spent much of his life in England and became a British subject shortly before his death. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland In British nationality law, the term British subject has at different times had different meanings He is primarily known for a series of major novels in which he portrayed the encounter of America with Europe. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story His plots centered on personal relationships, the proper exercise of power in such relationships, and other moral questions. His method of writing from the point of view of a character within a tale allowed him to explore the phenomena of consciousness and perception, and his style in later works has been compared to impressionist painting. Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information.

James insisted that writers in Great Britain and America should be allowed the greatest freedom possible in presenting their view of the world, as French authors were. His imaginative use of point of view, interior monologue and unreliable narrators in his own novels and tales brought a new depth and interest to realistic fiction, and foreshadowed the modernist work of the twentieth century. Internal monologue, also known as inner voice, internal speech, or stream of consciousness is Thinking in Words It also refers In literature film theatre and music an unreliable narrator (a term coined by Wayne C An extraordinarily productive writer, in addition to his voluminous works of fiction he published articles and books of travel writing, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime with moderate success. Travel writing is a broad category of Writing concerned with various aspects of Travel. A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word His theatrical work is thought to have profoundly influenced his later novels and tales.

Contents 1 Life 2 Career in Letters 3 Psychological characterizations 4 Style and themes 5 Major novels 6 Shorter narratives 7 Nonfiction 8 Criticism, biographies and fictional treatments 9 Legacy 10 Notes 11 Notable works by James 11.1 Novels 11.2 Novellas and tales 11.3 Selected, "Definitive" Edition of James's Fiction 11.4 Travel writings 11.5 Literary criticism 11.6 Journals 11.7 Memoirs and Autobiography 11.8 Plays 11.9 Biography 11.10 Visual arts criticism 12 References 12.1 Biography 12.2 Letters 12.3 Editions 12.4 Criticism 12.5 General 13 External links

Life

Henry James (1843-1916), American-born writer, gifted with talents in literature, psychology, and philosophy. Henry James Sr ( June 3, 1811, Albany New York - December 18, 1882, Boston Massachusetts) was an American theologian The daguerreotype (original French daguerréotype) is an early type of Photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly Note that Mathew B Brady spelled his first name with only one "t" James wrote 20 novels, 112 stories, 12 plays and a number of works of literary criticism.

Henry James was born on April 15, 1843 in New York City into a wealthy family. His father, Henry James Sr. was one of the best-known intellectuals in mid-nineteenth-century America. In his youth James traveled back and forth between Europe and America. He studied with tutors in Geneva, London, Paris, Bologna and Bonn. At the age of 19 he briefly attended Harvard Law School, but preferred reading literature to studying law. James published his first short story, "A Tragedy of Errors" two years later, and devoted himself to literature. In 1866-69 and 1871-72 he was a contributor to the Nation and Atlantic Monthly.

From an early age James had read the classics of English, American, French and German literature and Russian classics in translation. His first novel, Watch And Ward (1871), was written while he was traveling through Venice and Paris. After living in Paris, where he was contributor to the New York Tribune, James moved to England, living first in London and then in Rye, Sussex. The small town of Rye, in East Sussex, England, stands at the confluence of two rivers although in medieval times as an important member of the Cinque Ports During his first years in Europe James wrote novels that portrayed Americans living abroad. In 1905 James visited America for the first time in twenty-five years, and wrote "Jolly Corner".

Among James' masterpieces are Daisy Miller (1879), where the young and innocent American, Daisy finds her values in conflict with European sophistication and The Portrait Of A Lady (1881) where again a young American woman becomes a victim of her provincialism during her travels in Europe. The Bostonians (1886) was set in the era of the rising feminist movement. What Maisie Knew (1897) depicted a preadolescent young girl, who must chose between her parents and a motherly old governess. In The Wings Of The Dove (1902) a heritage destroys the love of a young couple. James considered The Ambassadors (1903) his most 'perfect' work of art. James's most famous short story must be "The Turn of the Screw", a ghost story in which the question of childhood corruption obsesses a governess. Although James is best known for his novels, his essays are now attracting a more general audience.

Between 1906 and 1910 James revised many of his tales and novels for the New York edition of his complete works. His autobiography, A Small Boy And Others, appeared in 1913 and was continued in Notes Of A Son And Brother (1914). The third volume, The Middle Years, appeared posthumously in 1917. The outbreak of World War I was a shock for James and in 1915 he became a British citizen as a declaration of loyalty to his adopted country and in protest against the US's refusal to enter the war. James suffered a stroke on December 2, 1915. He died three months later in London on February 28, 1916. --Dr James Watson (talk) 18:47, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Career in Letters

James early formed the ambition of pursuing a career as a man of letters. His first published work was a review of a stage performance, "Miss Maggie Mitchell in Fanchon the Cricket," published in 1863,^[1] that reflected a life-long interest in the actor's art. From an early age James read, criticized, and learned from the classics of English, American, French, Italian, German and (in translation) Russian literature. The term English literature refers to Literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by Writers not necessarily from American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial America. This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the German literature comprises those literary texts written in the German language. This article is about literature from Russia For the song by Maxïmo Park, see Our Earthly Pleasures. In 1863, he anonymously published his first short story, A Tragedy of Error. Until his fiftieth year he supported himself by writing, principally by contributing extensively to illustrated monthly magazines in the United States and Great Britain, but after his sister's death in 1892 his royalties were supplemented by a modest income from the family's properties in Syracuse, New York. Syracuse (locally ˈsɛrəkjuːs sometimes ˈsɪrəkjuːs or /ˈsɪərəkjuːs/ by non-natives is a city in Central New York, USA. Until late in life his novels were serialized in magazines before book publication, and he wrote the monthly installments as they were due, allowing him little opportunity to revise the final work. To supplement his income he also wrote frequently for newspapers, and from 1863 to his death he maintained a strenuous schedule of publication in a variety of genres and media. In his criticism of fiction, the theater, and painting he developed ideas concerning the unity of the arts; he wrote two full-length biographies, two volumes of memoirs of his childhood and a long fragment of autobiography; 22 novels, including two left unfinished at his death, 112 tales of varying lengths, fifteen plays, and dozens of travel and topical essays. A play, or stageplay, is a form of Literature written by a Playwright, almost always consisting of Dialogue between Fictional characters An essay is usually a short piece of writing It is often written from an author's personal point of view. Biographers and critics have identified Henrik Ibsen, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Honoré de Balzac, and Ivan Turgenev as important influences. "Ibsen" redirects here For other people named Ibsen see Ibsen (disambiguation. Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev ( ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈgʲeɪvʲɪtɕ turˈgʲenʲɪf ( &ndash) was a Russian novelist and playwright ^[2] He heavily revised his major novels and many of his stories for a selected edition of his fiction, whose twenty-three volumes formed an artistic autobiography which he called "The New York Edition" to emphasize his continuing ties to the city of his birth. In his essay The Art of Fiction, and in prefaces to each volume of The New York Edition, James explained his views of the art of fiction, emphasizing the importance to him of realist portrayals of character as seen through the eyes and thoughts of an embodied narrator. Partial Portraits is a book of Literary criticism by Henry James published in 1888.

At several points in his career James wrote plays, beginning with one-act plays written for periodicals in 1869 and 1871^[3] and a dramatization of his popular story "Daisy Miller" in 1882. For the 1974 film adaptation of this novella see Daisy Miller. ^[4] From 1890 to 1892, he made a concerted effort to succeed commercially on the London stage, writing a half-dozen plays of which only one, a dramatization of his novel The American, was produced. This play was performed for several years by a touring repertory company, and had a respectable run in London, but did not earn very much money for James. His other plays written at this time were not produced. The effort was made avowedly to improve his finances, and after his sister Alice's death in 1892, as he had a modest independent income, he halted his theatrical efforts. In 1893, however, he responded to a request from actor-manager George Alexander for a serious play for the opening of his renovated St. James's Theatre, and James wrote a long drama, "Guy Domville", which Alexander produced. Guy Domville is a play by Henry James There was a noisy uproar on the opening night, January 5, 1895, with hissing from the gallery when James took his bow after the final curtain, and the author was considerably upset. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The incident was not repeated, the play received good reviews, and had a modest run of five weeks and was then taken off to make way for Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest", which Alexander thought would have better prospects for the coming Season. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of The Importance of Being Earnest is a play by Oscar Wilde. It premiered on February 14, 1895 at the St After the stresses and disappointment of this effort James insisted that he would write no more for the theater, but within weeks had agreed to write a curtain-raiser for Ellen Terry. This became the one-act "Summersoft", which he later rewrote into a short story, "Covering End", and then expanded into a full-length play, "The High Bid", which had a brief run in London in 1907, when James made another concerted effort to write for the stage. He wrote three new plays, two of these were in production when the death of Edward VII May 6, 1910 plunged London into mourning and the theaters were closed. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Discouraged by failing health and the stresses of theatrical work, James did not renew his efforts in the theater, but recycled his plays as successful novels. The Outcry was a best-seller in the United States when it was published in 1911. The Outcry is a Novel by Henry During the years 1890-1893 when he was most engaged with the theater, James wrote a good deal of theatrical criticism and assisted Elizabeth Robins and others in translating and producing Henrik Ibsen for the first time on the London stage. ^[5]

Biographer Leon Edel was the first to call attention to the importance of the "theatrical years" 1890-1895 for James's later work. Following the commercial failure of his novel The Tragic Muse, in 1890, James renounced novel writing and dedicated himself to short fiction and plays, which he described as related forms. The Tragic Muse is a Novel Between 1890 and 1895, he sketched in his notebooks plots and themes of nearly all his later novels, which he first conceived as short stories or plays. The structure of his late novels was "scenic" in James's special sense, in that they followed the scene-by-scene structure of a French play in the classical mode, and he freely translated short stories into plays and vice versa. The use of an observer's consciousness and the sense of the action as a performance became most marked in James's fiction in and after the 1890s. Failing to make a commercial success on the stage, however, and finding that the stresses of theatrical work were difficult for him to sustain, he returned to the writing of long, serialized novels, which again became the mainstay of his income. With his new private income as well, he was able to maintain a country house and rooms in London.

Leon Edel argued in his psychoanalytic biography that James was deeply traumatized by the opening night uproar that greeted "Guy Domville", and that it plunged him into a prolonged depression. The successful later novels, in Edel's view, were the result of a kind of self-analysis, expressed in James's fiction, which partly freed him from his fears. Other biographers and scholars have not accepted this account, however; the more common view being that of F. O. Matthiessen, who wrote: "Instead of being crushed by the collapse of his hopes [for the theater]. . . he felt a resurgence of new energy. "^[6]

James returned to the United States in 1904-1905 for a lecture tour to recoup his finances and to visit his family. His essays describing that visit, published as The American Scene, were perhaps his most important work of social commentary. The American Scene is a In them he described the rise of commerce and democracy, the impact of free immigration on American culture, and his agonized sense that his deeply felt American nationality was threatened by these upheavals.

Psychological characterizations

James was never married, and after settling in London he proclaimed himself "a bachelor" and regularly rejected suggestions that he marry. After his death, critics speculated on the cause of his bachelorhood. F. W. Dupee, in several well-regarded volumes on the James family, originated the theory that James had been in love with his cousin Mary ("Minnie") Temple, but that a neurotic fear of sex kept him from admitting such affections: "James invalidism . . . was itself the symptom of some fear of or scruple against sexual love on his part. " Dupee used an episode from James's memoir A Small Boy and Others, recounting a dream of a Napoleonic images in the Louvre, to exemplify James's romanticism about Europe, a Napoleonic fantasy into which he fled. ^[7]This analysis seemed to support literary critics like Van Wyck Brooks and Vernon Parrington who had condemned James's expatriation, and who criticized his work as effeminate and deracinated. Van Wyck Brooks (b Plainfield New Jersey, February 16 1886; d Vernon Louis Parrington (1871&ndash1929 was an American historian and football coach Leon Edel used it as the premise of his own masterly biography, which held the field for many years. Dupee had not been given access to the James family papers, however, and had worked principally from James's published memoir of his older brother, and the limited collection of letters edited by Percy Lubbock, which was heavily weighted toward James's last years. Dupee's account, perhaps as a result, portrayed James as a man moving directly from childhood, when he trailed after his older brother, to an elderly invalidism.

As more material became available to scholars, including the diaries of contemporaries and hundreds of affectionate and sometimes erotic letters written by James to younger men, the picture of neurotic celibacy gave way to a portrait of a closeted homosexual. As author Terry Eagleton has stated, ". Terence Francis Eagleton (born 22 February, 1943, Salford then in Lancashire) is regarded by many as Britain's most influential living Literary . . gay critics debate exactly how repressed his (probable) homosexuality was. . . "^[8]James's letters to expatriate American sculptor Hendrik Christian Andersen have attracted particular attention. Hendrik Christian Andersen ( Bergen, April 7 1872 -- Rome, December 19 1940) was a Norwegian-American sculptor James met the 27-year-old Andersen in Rome in 1899, when James himself was 56, and appears to have fallen in love, resulting in letters to Andersen that are intensely emotional: "I hold you, dearest boy, in my innermost love, & count on your feeling me—in every throb of your soul". In a letter of May 6, 1904 to his brother William, James referred to himself as "always your hopelessly celibate even though sexagenarian Henry". Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings ^[9] How accurate that description might have been is the subject of contention among James's biographers,^[10] but the letters to Andersen were occasionally quasi-erotic: "I put, my dear boy, my arm around you, & feel the pulsation, thereby, as it were, of our excellent future & your admirable endowment. "^[11] To his homosexual friend Howard Overing Sturgis, James could write: "I repeat, almost to indiscretion, that I could live with you. Meanwhile I can only try to live without you,"^[12] and it is only in letters to young gay men that James refers to himself as their "lover". To young men who are now thought to have been homosexual or bisexual, who made up a large fraction of his close male friends, James wrote heavily erotic messages before and after their over-night visits to Lamb House. In a letter to Howard Sturgis, for instance, following a long visit, James refers jocularly to their "happy little congress of two"^[13]. In letters to Hugh Walpole, James pursues involved jokes and puns about their relationship, referring to himself as an elephant who "paws you oh so benevolently" and winds about Walpole his "well meaning old trunk". Sir Hugh Seymour Walpole ( March 13, 1884 - June 1, 1941) was an English Novelist Biography He was born ^[14] The privately printed letters to Walter Berry have long been celebrated for their lightly veiled eroticism. Walter Van Rensselaer Berry ( July 29, 1859 - 1927 was an American lawyer diplomat Francophile and friend of several great writers ^[15]

James was capable of equally emotional language in letters to his female friends, although without the erotic undertones. Thus he wrote to fellow-novelist Lucy Clifford: "Dearest Lucy! What shall I say? when I love you so very, very much, and see you nine times for once that I see Others! Therefore I think that—if you want it made clear to the meanest intelligence—I love you more than I love Others. Lucy Clifford ( 2 August 1846 - 21 April 1929) better known as Mrs "^[16] In another example he wrote to his New York friend Mary Cadwalader Jones:

“

Dearest Mary Cadwalader. I yearn over you, but I yearn in vain; & your long silence really breaks my heart, mystifies, depresses, almost alarms me, to the point even of making me wonder if poor unconscious & doting old Célimare [Jones' pet name for James] has "done" anything, in some dark somnambulism of the spirit, which has. . . given you a bad moment, or a wrong impression, or a "colourable pretext". . . However these things may be, he loves you as tenderly as ever; nothing, to the end of time, will ever detach him from you, & he remembers those Eleventh St. matutional intimes hours, those telephonic matinées, as the most romantic of his life. . . [17]

”

His long friendship with American novelist Constance Fenimore Woolson, in whose house he lived for a number of weeks in Italy in 1887, and his shock and grief over her suicide in 1894, are discussed in detail in Leon Edel's biography and play a central role in a study by Lyndall Gordon. Constance Fenimore Woolson ( March 5, 1840 &ndash January 24, 1894) was an American novelist and Short story Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Joseph Leon Edel ( 9 September Lyndall Gordon is a South African academic known for her literary biographies. Edel conjectured that Woolson was in love with James and killed herself in part because of his coldness. Gordon builds on Edel's account and adds her own speculation that James felt guilt at having sabotaged Woolson's work. Woolson's biographers have strongly objected to Edel's account, however,^[18], and have generally portrayed James as a friend who advanced Woolson's career. Novick in his more recent account argues that the available evidence shows that James suffered strong emotions prompted by the apparent suicide of a friend and colleague, but that there is no evidence Woolson was in love with him or that he was the cause of her death. ^[19]

Style and themes

James is one of the major figures of trans-Atlantic literature. John Singer Sargent (January 12 1856 &ndash April 14 1925 was the most successful portrait painter of his era During his career he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than The term transatlantic refers to something occurring all the way across the Atlantic Ocean. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter His works frequently juxtapose characters from the Old World (Europe), embodying a feudal civilization that is beautiful, often corrupt, and alluring, and from the New World (United States), where people are often brash, open, and assertive and embody the virtues -- freedom and a more highly evolved moral character -- of the new American society. The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans Asians and Africans in the 15th century The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. Assertiveness is a Trait taught by many Personal development experts and psychotherapists and the subject of many popular Self-help books James explores this clash of personalities and cultures, in stories of personal relationships in which power is exercised well or badly. His protagonists were often young American women facing oppression or abuse, and as his secretary Theodora Bosanquet remarked in her monograph Henry James at Work:

“

When he walked out of the refuge of his study and into the world and looked around him, he saw a place of torment, where creatures of prey perpetually thrust their claws into the quivering flesh of doomed, defenseless children of light… His novels are a repeated exposure of this wickedness, a reiterated and passionate plea for the fullest freedom of development, unimperiled by reckless and barbarous stupidity. Freedom, or the idea of being free is a broad concept that [20]

”

Critics have jokingly described three phases in the development of James's prose: "James the First, James the Second, and The Old Pretender"^[21] and observers do often group his works of fiction into three periods. In his apprentice years, culminating with the masterwork The Portrait of a Lady, his style was simple and direct (by the standards of Victorian magazine writing) and he experimented widely with forms and methods, generally narrating from a conventionally omniscient point of view. The Portrait of a Lady Plots generally concern romance, except for the three big novels of social commentary that conclude this period. In the second period, as noted above, he abandoned the serialized novel and from 1890 to about 1897, he wrote short stories and plays. Finally, in his third and last period he returned to the long, serialized novel. Beginning in the second period, but most noticeably in the third, he increasingly abandoned direct statement in favor of frequent double negatives, and complex descriptive imagery. Single paragraphs began to run for page after page, in which an initial noun would be succeeded by pronouns surrounded by clouds of adjectives and prepositional clauses, far from their original referents, and verbs would be deferred and then preceded by a series of adverbs. The overall effect could be a vivid evocation of a scene as perceived by a sensitive observer. In its intense focus on the consciousness of his major characters, James's later work foreshadows extensive developments in 20th century fiction. ^[22] Then and later many readers find the late style difficult and unnecessary; his friend Edith Wharton, who admired him greatly, said that there were passages in his work that were all but incomprehensible. Edith Wharton ( January 24 1862 &ndash August 11 1937) was an American Novelist, Short story Writer ^[23] H.G. Wells harshly portrayed James as a hippopotamus laboriously attempting to pick up a pea that has got into a corner of its cage. Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political ^[24] Some critics have claimed that the more elaborate manner was a result of James taking up the practice of dictating to a secretary. He was afflicted with a stutter and compensated by speaking slowly and deliberately. The late style does become more difficult in the years when he dictates, but James also was able to revise typewritten drafts more extensively, and his few surviving drafts show that the later works are more heavily revised and redrafted. In some cases this leads critics to prefer the earlier, unrevised versions of some works because the older style is thought to be closer to the original conception and spirit of the work, Daisy Miller being a case in point: most of the current reprints of this novel contain the unrevised text. On the other hand, the late revision of the early novel The Portrait of a Lady is generally much preferred to the first edition, even by those who dislike the late style, because of the power of the imagery and the depth of characterization, while his shorter late fiction, such as The Turn of the Screw, is considered highly accessible and remains popular with readers. The Turn of the Screw

More important for his work overall may have been his position as an expatriate, and in other ways an outsider, living in Europe. An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing While he came from middle-class and provincial belongings (seen from the perspective of European polite society) he worked very hard to gain access to all levels of society, and the settings of his fiction range from working class to aristocratic, and often describe the efforts of middle-class Americans to make their way in European capitals. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations He confessed he got some of his best story ideas from gossip at the dinner table or at country house weekends. ^[25] He worked for a living, however, and lacked the experiences of select schools, university, and army service, the common bonds of masculine society. He was furthermore a man whose tastes and interests were, according to the prevailing standards of Victorian era Anglo-American culture, rather feminine, and who was shadowed by the cloud of prejudice that then and later accompanied suspicions of his homosexuality. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities ^[26]. Edmund Wilson famously compared James's objectivity to Shakespeare's:

“

One would be in a position to appreciate James better if one compared him with the dramatists of the seventeenth century—Racine and Molière, whom he resembles in form as well as in point of view, and even Shakespeare, when allowances are made for the most extreme differences in subject and form. Jean Racine ( ( December 22, 1639 &ndash April 21, 1699) was a French Dramatist, one of the "big three" of Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, also known by his Stage name, Molière, ( January 15, 1622 – February 17 1673) was a French William Shakespeare ( baptised These poets are not, like Dickens and Hardy, writers of melodrama — either humorous or pessimistic, nor secretaries of society like Balzac, nor prophets like Tolstoy: they are occupied simply with the presentation of conflicts of moral character, which they do not concern themselves about softening or averting. Thomas Hardy OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928 was an English novelist Short story writer and poet of the naturalist movement though he saw Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded They do not indict society for these situations: they regard them as universal and inevitable. They do not even blame God for allowing them: they accept them as the conditions of life. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. [27]

”

It is also possible to see many of James's stories as psychological thought-experiments. The Portrait of a Lady may be an experiment to see what happens when an idealistic young woman suddenly becomes very rich. In many of his tales, characters seem to exemplify alternate futures and possibilities, as most markedly in "The Jolly Corner", in which the protagonist and a ghost-doppelganger live alternate American and European lives; and in others, like The Ambassadors, an older James seems fondly to regard his own younger self facing a crucial moment. The Jolly Corner is a Short story by Henry James first published in The English Review in December 1908 The Ambassadors is a 1903 novel by ^[28]

Major novels

Although any selection of James's novels as "major" must inevitably depend to some extent on personal preference, the following books have achieved prominence among his works in the views of many critics. John Singer Sargent (January 12 1856 &ndash April 14 1925 was the most successful portrait painter of his era During his career he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than ^[29]

The first period of James's fiction, usually considered to have culminated in The Portrait of a Lady, concentrated on the contrast between Europe and America. The Portrait of a Lady The style of these novels is generally straightforward and, though personally characteristic, well within the norms of 19th century fiction. Roderick Hudson (1875) is a Künstlerroman that traces the development of the title character, an extremely talented sculptor. Roderick Hudson is a Novel A Künstlerroman (/ˈkʏnstlɐroˌmaːn/ German: "artist's novel" is a specific sub-genre of Bildungsroman; it is a novel about an Artist 's Although the book shows some signs of immaturity—this was James's first serious attempt at a full-length novel — it has attracted favorable comment due to the vivid realization of the three major characters: Roderick Hudson, superbly gifted but unstable and unreliable; Rowland Mallet, Roderick's limited but much more mature friend and patron; and Christina Light, one of James's most enchanting and maddening femmes fatale. The pair of Hudson and Mallet has been seen as representing the two sides of James's own nature: the wildly imaginative artist and the brooding conscientious mentor. The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating

Although Roderick Hudson featured mostly American characters in a European setting, James made the Europe–America contrast even more explicit in his next novel. In fact, the contrast could be considered the leading theme of The American (1877). The American is a Novel This book is a combination of social comedy and melodrama concerning the adventures and misadventures of Christopher Newman, an essentially good-hearted but rather gauche American businessman on his first tour of Europe. Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Melodrama refers to theatre in which music is used to increase the spectator's emotional response or to suggest character types Newman is looking for a world different from the simple, harsh realities of 19th century American business. He encounters both the beauty and the ugliness of Europe, and learns not to take either for granted.

James did not set all of his novels in Europe or focus exclusively on the contrast between the New World and the Old. Set in New York City, Washington Square (1880) is a deceptively simple tragicomedy that recounts the conflict between a dull but sweet daughter and her brilliant, domineering father. Washington Square is a short Novel by Henry James. Originally published in 1880 as a serial in Cornhill Magazine and Tragicomedy is Fictional work that blend aspects of the Genres of Tragedy and Comedy. The book is often compared to Jane Austen's work for the clarity and grace of its prose and its intense focus on family relationships. Jane Austen (16 James was not particularly enthusiastic about Jane Austen, so he might not have regarded the comparison as flattering. In fact, James was not enthusiastic about Washington Square itself. He tried to read it over for inclusion in the New York Edition of his fiction (1907–09) but found that he could not. The New York Edition of Henry So he excluded the novel from the edition. But other readers have enjoyed the book enough to make it one of the more popular works in the entire Jamesian canon.

In The Portrait of a Lady (1881) James concluded the first phase of his career with a novel that remains to this day his most popular long fiction, if the Amazon. The Portrait of a Lady com sales rankings are any indication. This impressive achievement is the story of a spirited young American woman, Isabel Archer, who "affronts her destiny" and finds it overwhelming. She inherits a large amount of money and subsequently becomes the victim of Machiavellian scheming by two American expatriates. The narrative is set mainly in Europe, especially in England and Italy. Generally regarded as the masterpiece of his early phase, The Portrait of a Lady is not just a reflection of James's absorbing interest in the differences between the New World and the Old, but a profound meditation on the themes of personal freedom, moral responsibility, betrayal, and sexuality.

In the 1880s James began to explore new areas of interest besides the Europe–America contrast and the "American girl". In particular, he began writing on explicitly political themes. The Bostonians (1886) is a bittersweet tragicomedy that centers on an odd triangle of characters: Basil Ransom, an unbending political conservative from Mississippi; Olive Chancellor, Ransom's cousin and a zealous Boston feminist; and Verena Tarrant, a pretty protege of Olive's in the feminist movement. The Bostonians.JPG see image description page at http//enwikipedia Conservatism in the United States includes a variety of political ideologies including Fiscal conservatism, Supply-side economics, Social conservatism Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States The story line concerns the contest between Ransom and Olive for Verena's allegiance and affection, though the novel also includes a wide panorama of political activists, newspaper people, and quirky eccentrics.

The political theme turned darker in The Princess Casamassima (1886), the story of an intelligent but confused young London bookbinder, Hyacinth Robinson, who becomes involved in far left politics and a terrorist assassination plot. The Princess Casamassima The book is something of a lone sport in the Jamesian canon for dealing with such a violent political subject. But it is often paired with The Bostonians, which is concerned with political issues in a less tragic manner.

Just as James was beginning his ultimately disastrous attempt to conquer the stage, he wrote The Tragic Muse (1890). The Tragic Muse is a Novel This novel offers a wide, cheerful panorama of English life and follows the fortunes of two would-be artists: Nick Dormer, who vacillates between a political career and his efforts to become a painter, and Miriam Rooth, an actress striving for artistic and commercial success. A huge cast of supporting characters help and hinder their pursuits. The book reflects James's consuming interest in the theater and is often considered to mark the close of the second or middle phase of his career in the novel.

After the failure of his "dramatic experiment" James returned to his fiction with a deeper, more incisive approach. He began to probe his characters' consciousness in a more insightful manner, which had been foreshadowed in such passages as Chapter 42 of The Portrait of a Lady. His style also started to grow in complexity to reflect the greater depth of his analysis. The Spoils of Poynton (1897), considered the first example of this final phase, is a half-length novel that describes the struggle between Mrs. The Spoils of Poynton Gereth, a widow of impeccable taste and iron will, and her son Owen over a houseful of precious antique furniture. The story is largely told from the viewpoint of Fleda Vetch, a young woman in love with Owen but sympathetic to Mrs Gereth's anguish over losing the antiques she patiently collected.

James continued the more involved, psychological approach to his fiction with What Maisie Knew (1897), the story of the sensitive daughter of divorced and irresponsible parents. What Maisie Knew is a Novel by Henry James, first published as a serial in the Chap Book and (revised and abridged in the New Review The novel has great contemporary relevance as an unflinching account of a wildly dysfunctional family. The book is also a notable technical achievement by James, as it follows the title character from earliest childhood to precocious maturity. Child article read through the various talk pages for the debate -- it's been put on and removed twice

The third period of James's career reached its most significant achievement in three novels published just after the turn of the century. Critic F. O. Matthiessen called this "trilogy" James's major phase, and these novels have certainly received intense critical study. Francis Otto Matthiessen ( 1902 - April 1, 1950) was a Historian and Literary critic influential in the creation of the field of Although it was the second-written of the books, The Wings of the Dove (1902) was the first published. This is the article about the novel For the film adapted from James' novel see The Wings of the Dove (film. This novel tells the story of Milly Theale, an American heiress stricken with a serious disease, and her impact on the people around her. "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. Some of these people befriend Milly with honorable motives, while others are more self-interested. James stated in his autobiographical books that Milly was based on Minny Temple, his beloved cousin who died at an early age of tuberculosis. He said that he attempted in the novel to wrap her memory in the "beauty and dignity of art".

The next published of the three novels, The Ambassadors (1903), is a dark comedy that follows the trip of protagonist Lewis Lambert Strether to Europe in pursuit of his widowed fiancée's supposedly wayward son. The Ambassadors is a 1903 novel by Lewis Lambert Strether is the Protagonist of Henry James 's 1903 Novel The Ambassadors. Strether is to bring the young man back to the family business, but he encounters unexpected complications. The third-person narrative is told exclusively from Strether's point of view. In his preface to the New York Edition text of the novel, James placed this book at the top of his achievements, which has occasioned some critical disagreement. The New York Edition of Henry The Golden Bowl (1904) is a complex, intense study of marriage and adultery that completes the "major phase" and, essentially, James's career in the novel. The Golden Bowl is a 1904 novel by The book explores the tangle of interrelationships between a father and daughter and their respective spouses. The novel focuses deeply and almost exclusively on the consciousness of the central characters, with sometimes obsessive detail and powerful insight.

Shorter narratives

James was particularly interested in what he called the "beautiful and blest nouvelle", or the longer form of short narrative. Lamb House is an 18th-century house situated in Rye, East Sussex, England, and in the ownership of the National Trust. The small town of Rye, in East Sussex, England, stands at the confluence of two rivers although in medieval times as an important member of the Cinque Ports East Sussex is a county in South East England. It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the Still, he produced a number of very short stories in which he achieved notable compression of sometimes complex subjects. The following narratives are representative of James's achievement in the shorter forms of fiction. ^[30]

Just as the contrast between Europe and America was a predominant theme in James's early novels, many of his first tales also explored the clash between the Old World and the New. In "A Passionate Pilgrim" (1871), the earliest fiction that James included in the New York Edition, the difference between America and Europe erupts into open conflict, which leads to a sadly ironic ending. A Passionate Pilgrim is a Novella by Henry James, first published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1871 The New York Edition of Henry Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or The story's technique still seems somewhat inexpert, with passages of local color description occasionally interrupting the flow of the narrative. But James manages to craft an interesting and believable example of what he would call the "Americano-European legend".

James published many stories before what would prove to be his greatest success with the readers of his time, "Daisy Miller" (1878). For the 1974 film adaptation of this novella see Daisy Miller. This story portrays the confused courtship of the title character, a free-spirited American girl, by Winterbourne, a compatriot of hers with much more sophistication. Courtship is the traditional dating period before engagement and marriage His pursuit of Daisy is hampered by her own flirtatiousness, which is frowned upon by the other expatriates they meet in Switzerland and Italy. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Her lack of understanding of the social mores of the society she so desperately wishes to enter ultimately leads to tragedy.

As James moved on from studies of the Europe-America clash and the American girl in his novels, his shorter works also explored new subjects in the 1880s. "The Aspern Papers" (1888) is one of James's best-known and most acclaimed longer tales. The Aspern Papers is a Novella The storyline is based on an anecdote that James heard about a Shelley devotee who tried to obtain some valuable letters written by the poet. Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4 1792 – July 8 1822 ˈpɝːsɪ ˈbɪʃ ˈʃɛlɪ was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among Set in a brilliantly described Venice, the story demonstrates James's ability to generate almost unbearable suspense while never neglecting the development of his characters. Another fine example of the middle phase of James's career in short narrative is "The Pupil" (1891), the story of a precocious young boy growing up in a mendacious and dishonorable family. The Pupil is a Short story by Henry James, first published in Longman's Magazine in 1891 He befriends his tutor, who is the only adult in his life that he can trust. James presents their relationship with sympathy and insight, and the story reaches what some have considered the status of classical tragedy.

"The Altar of the Dead", first published in James's collection Terminations in 1895 after the story failed of magazine publication, is a fable of literally life and death significance. "The Altar of the Dead" is a Short story by Henry James, first published in his collection Terminations in 1895 A fable is a succinct story in prose or verse that features Animals Plants inanimate objects, or forces of nature which are Personal life (or everyday life or human existence) is the course of an individual Human 's life especially when viewed as the sum of personal choices Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific The story explores how the protagonist tries to keep the remembrance of his dead friends, to save them from being forgotten entirely in the rush of everyday events. He meets a woman who shares his ideals, only to find that the past places what seems to be an impassable barrier between them. In Psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store retain and subsequently retrieve information Although James was not religious in any conventional sense, the story shows a deep spirituality in its treatment of mortality and the transcendent power of unselfish love. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection.

The final phase of James's short narratives shows the same characteristics as the final phase of his novels: a more involved style, a deeper psychological approach, and a sharper focus on his central characters. Probably his most popular short narrative among today's readers, "The Turn of the Screw" (1898) is a ghost story that has lent itself well to operatic and film adaptation. The Turn of the Screw A ghost story may be any piece of Fiction, or Drama, that includes a Ghost, or simply takes as a Premise the possibility of ghosts or the belief Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto With its possibly ambiguous content and powerful narrative technique, the story challenges the reader to determine if the protagonist, an unnamed governess, is correctly reporting events or is instead an unreliable neurotic with an overheated imagination. Ambiguity (Am-big-u-i-ty is the property of being ambiguous, where a Word, term notation sign Symbol, Phrase, sentence, or any A governess is a female employee of a family who teaches children within their home This article describes the term in psychology For the experimental metal band see Neurosis (band. Imagination is the ability to form Mental images/sounds/feelings or the ability to Spontaneously Generate images/sounds/feelings within one's own Mind To further muddy the waters, her written account of the experience—a frame tale—is being read many years later at a Christmas house party by someone who claims to have known her. A frame story (also frame tale, frame narrative, etc is a narrative technique whereby an introductory main story is composed at least in part for the purpose of

"The Beast in the Jungle" (1903) is almost universally considered one of James's finest short narratives, and has often been compared with The Ambassadors in its meditation on experience or the lack of it. The Beast in the Jungle is a 1903 Novella by Henry James, first published as part of the collection The Better Sort. The Ambassadors is a 1903 novel by Experience as a general concept comprises Knowledge of or skill in or Observation of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or The story also treats other universal themes: loneliness, fate, love and death. Loneliness is an Emotional state in which a Person experiences a powerful feeling of Emptiness and isolation. Destiny refers to a predetermined course of events It may be conceived as a predetermined future whether in general or of an individual Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific The parable of John Marcher and his peculiar destiny speaks to anyone who has speculated on the worth and meaning of human life. Among his last efforts in short narrative, "The Jolly Corner" (1908) is usually held to be one of James's best ghost stories. The Jolly Corner is a Short story by Henry James first published in The English Review in December 1908 The tale describes the adventures of Spencer Brydon as he prowls the now-empty New York house where he grew up. Brydon encounters a "sensation more complex than had ever before found itself consistent with sanity".

Nonfiction

Beyond his fiction, James was one of the more important literary critics in the history of the novel. In his classic essay The Art of Fiction (1884), he argued against rigid proscriptions on the novelist's choice of subject and method of treatment. Partial Portraits is a book of Literary criticism by Henry James published in 1888. He maintained that the widest possible freedom in content and approach would help ensure narrative fiction's continued vitality. James wrote many valuable critical articles on other novelists; typical is his insightful book-length study of his American predecessor Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne is a book of Literary Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer When he assembled the New York Edition of his fiction in his final years, James wrote a series of prefaces that subjected his own work to the same searching, occasionally harsh criticism. The New York Edition of Henry ^[31]

For most of his life James harbored ambitions for success as a playwright. He converted his novel The American into a play that enjoyed modest returns in the early 1890s. The American is a Novel In all he wrote about a dozen plays, most of which went unproduced. His costume drama Guy Domville failed disastrously on its opening night in 1895. Guy Domville is a play by Henry James James then largely abandoned his efforts to conquer the stage and returned to his fiction. In his Notebooks he maintained that his theatrical experiment benefited his novels and tales by helping him dramatize his characters' thoughts and emotions. James produced a small but valuable amount of theatrical criticism, including perceptive appreciations of Henrik Ibsen. "Ibsen" redirects here For other people named Ibsen see Ibsen (disambiguation. ^[32]

With his wide-ranging artistic interests, James occasionally wrote on the visual arts. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Perhaps his most valuable contribution was his favorable assessment of fellow expatriate John Singer Sargent, a painter whose critical status has improved markedly in recent decades. John Singer Sargent (January 12 1856 &ndash April 14 1925 was the most successful portrait painter of his era During his career he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than James also wrote sometimes charming, sometimes brooding articles about various places he visited and lived in. His most famous books of travel writing include Italian Hours (an example of the charming approach) and The American Scene (most definitely on the brooding side). Italian Hours is a book of Travel The American Scene is a ^[33]

James was one of the great letter-writers of any era. More than ten thousand of his personal letters are extant, and over three thousand have been published in a large number of collections. A complete edition of James's letters began publication in 2006 with two volumes covering the 1855–1872 period, edited by Pierre Walker and Greg Zacharias. James's correspondents included celebrated contemporaries like Robert Louis Stevenson, Edith Wharton and Joseph Conrad, along with many others in his wide circle of friends and acquaintances. Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850–3 December 1894 was a Scottish novelist poet and travel writer, and a representative of Neo-romanticism in Edith Wharton ( January 24 1862 &ndash August 11 1937) was an American Novelist, Short story Writer Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist The letters range from the "mere twaddle of graciousness"^[34] to serious discussions of artistic, social and personal issues. Very late in life James began a series of autobiographical works: A Small Boy and Others, Notes of a Son and Brother, and the unfinished The Middle Years. A Small Boy and Others is a book of Autobiography by Henry James published in 1913 Notes of a Son and Brother is a book of Autobiography by Henry James published in 1914 The Middle Years is an incomplete book of Autobiography by Henry James, posthumously published in 1917. These books portray the development of a classic observer who was passionately interested in artistic creation but was somewhat reticent about participating fully in the life around him. ^[35]

Criticism, biographies and fictional treatments

James's work has remained steadily popular with the limited audience of educated readers to whom he spoke during his lifetime, and remained firmly in the British canon, but after his death American critics, such as Van Wyck Brooks, expressed hostility towards James's long expatriation and eventual naturalization as a British citizen. ^[36] Other critics like E.M. Forster complained about what they saw as James's squeamishness in the treatment of sex and other possibly controversial material, or dismissed his style as difficult and obscure, relying heavily on extremely long sentences and excessively latinate language. Edward Morgan Forster OM, CH (1 January 1879–7 June 1970 was an English novelist Short story writer Essayist, and Librettist Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. ^[37] Vernon Parrington, composing a canon of American literature, condemned James for having cut himself off from America. Vernon Louis Parrington (1871&ndash1929 was an American historian and football coach Although these criticisms have by no means abated completely, James is now widely valued for his psychological and moral realism, his masterful creation of character, his low-key but playful humor, and his assured command of the language. In his 1983 book, The Novels of Henry James, Edward Wagenknecht offers an assessment that echoes Theodora Bosanquet's:

“

"To be completely great," Henry James wrote in an early review, "a work of art must lift up the heart," and his own novels do this to an outstanding degree… More than sixty years after his death, the great novelist who sometimes professed to have no opinions stands foursquare in the great Christian humanistic and democratic tradition. Edward (Charles Wagenknecht Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Christian Humanism is the belief that human freedom and individualism are intrinsic (natural parts of or are at least compatible with Christian doctrine and practice Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system The men and women who, at the height of World War II, raided the secondhand shops for his out-of-print books knew what they were about. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including For no writer ever raised a braver banner to which all who love freedom might adhere. [38]

”

Early biographies of James echoed the unflattering picture of him drawn in early criticism. F. W. Dupee, as noted above, characterized James as neurotically withdrawn and fearful, and although Dupee lacked access to primary materials his view has remained persuasive in academic circles, partly because Leon Edel's massive five-volume work, published from 1953 to 1972, seemed to butress it with extensive documentation. Joseph Leon Edel ( 9 September Michael Anesko, Fred Kaplan, and Sheldon Novick, working from primary materials have disputed the factual basis of Dupee's and Edel's accounts. Other critics and biographers have disputed Edel's interpretations and conclusions. James has also figured in at least a half-dozen novels. Colm Tóibín used an extensive list of biographies of Henry James and his family for his widely admired 2004 novel, The Master, which is a third person narrative with James as the central character, and deals with specific episodes from his life during the period between 1895 and 1899. Colm Tóibín ( (born 1955 in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland) is an multi award winning Irish novelist and critic The Master is a novel by Irish writer Colm Tóibín. It is his fifth novel and it was shortlisted for the 2004 Booker Prize and received The third-person narrative is a Narrative mode applying the third person. Author, Author, a novel by David Lodge published in the same year, was based on James's efforts to conquer the stage in the 1890s. This article is about the David Lodge novel For the similar Author! Author!, see the disambiguation page David John Lodge CBE, (born January 28, 1935 at Brockley London, England) is a British author In 2002 Emma Tennant published Felony: The Private History of The Aspern Papers, a novel that fictionalized the relationship between James and American novelist Constance Fenimore Woolson and the possible effects of that relationship on The Aspern Papers. Emma Christina Tennant (born October 20 1937) is a British novelist and editor. Constance Fenimore Woolson ( March 5, 1840 &ndash January 24, 1894) was an American novelist and Short story The Aspern Papers is a Novella

The published criticism of James's work has reached enormous proportions. The volume of criticism of The Turn of the Screw alone has become extremely large for such a brief work. The Turn of the Screw The Henry James Review, published three times a year, offers criticism of James's entire range of writings, and many other articles and book-length studies appear regularly. Some guides to this extensive literature can be found on the external sites listed below.

Legacy

Perhaps the most prominent examples of James's legacy in recent years have been the film versions of several of his novels and stories. Three of James's novels were filmed by the team of Ismail Merchant and James Ivory: The Europeans (1978), The Bostonians (1984) and The Golden Bowl (2000). Merchant Ivory Productions (1961-) is a film company founded by director James Ivory and producer Ismail Merchant. This page is about the book For other entries The Bostonians.JPG see image description page at http//enwikipedia The Golden Bowl is a 1904 novel by The Iain Softley-directed version of The Wings of the Dove (1997) was successful with both critics and audiences. Iain Softley, born November 30 1956 is an English Film director. The Wings of the Dove is an Academy Award -nominated 1997 American / British Drama film directed by Iain Softley Helena Bonham Carter received an Academy Award nomination as Best Actress for her memorable portrayal of Kate Croy. Helena Bonham Carter (born 26 May 1966 is an Oscar and Golden Globe -nominated English actress. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. This is the article about the novel For the film adapted from James' novel see The Wings of the Dove (film. Agnieszka Holland's Washington Square (1997) was well received by critics, and Jane Campion tried her hand with The Portrait of a Lady (1996) but with much less success. Agnieszka Holland (born November 28 1948 is an award-winning Polish film and TV director and screenwriter Washington Square is a 1997 American Drama film directed by Agnieszka Holland. Jane Campion (born 30 April 1954 in Wellington, New Zealand is an Academy Award -winning Film maker. The Portrait of a Lady is a 1996 Film adaptation of Henry James 's novel The Portrait of a Lady directed by Jane Campion In earlier times Jack Clayton's The Innocents (1961) brought The Turn of the Screw to vivid life on film, and William Wyler's The Heiress (1949), adapted from Washington Square, won four Academy Awards, including a Best Actress award for Olivia de Havilland as Catherine Sloper. Jack Clayton ( 1 March, 1921 &ndash 26 February, 1995) was a British Film director who specialised in bringing literary The Innocents is a 1961 Horror film based on the novella The Turn of the Screw by Henry The Turn of the Screw William Wyler ( July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was a four-time Academy Award -winning motion picture director The Heiress is a 1949 American Drama film directed by William Wyler. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Olivia Mary de Havilland (born July 1, 1916) is a two-time Academy Award -winning actress.

Most of James's work has remained continuously in print since its first publication, and he continues to be a major figure in realist fiction, influencing generations of novelists. Testifying to his importance, a character named "Henry James" appears in at least a half-dozen novels, as noted above, the best-known of which is The Master by Colm Toibin^[39]. Colm Tóibín ( (born 1955 in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland) is an multi award winning Irish novelist and critic Such disparate writers as Joyce Carol Oates with Accursed Inhabitants of the House of Bly (1994), Louis Auchincloss with The Ambassadress (1950), Tom Stoppard with The Real Thing (1982), and Alan Hollinghurst with The Line of Beauty (2004) were explicitly influenced by James's works. Joyce Carol Oates (born June 16 1938) is an American author and the Roger S Louis Stanton Auchincloss (pronounced Awk-kin-claus; born September 27, 1917) is a prolific American novelist historian and essayist Sir Tom Stoppard OM, CBE (born 3 July 1937 is a British Screenwriter playwright Alan Hollinghurst (born 26 May 1954) is an English Novelist and winner of the 2004 Booker Prize for The Line of Beauty The Line of Beauty is a 2004 Booker Prize -winning novel by Alan Hollinghurst. James was definitely out of his element when it came to music, but Benjamin Britten's operatic version of "The Turn of the Screw" (1954) has become one of the composer's most popular works. Edward Benjamin Britten Baron Britten, OM CH (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976 was an English Composer, conductor, The Turn of the Screw is a 20th century English Chamber opera composed by Benjamin Britten with a libretto by Myfanwy Piper, based William Tuckett converted the story into a ballet in 1999. Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance

Even when the influence is not so obvious, James can cast a powerful spell. In 1954, when the shades of depression were thickening fast, Ernest Hemingway wrote an emotional letter where he tried to steady himself as he thought James would: "Pretty soon I will have to throw this away so I better try to be calm like Henry James. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. Did you ever read Henry James? He was a great writer who came to Venice and looked out the window and smoked his cigar and thought. " The odd, perhaps subconscious or accidental allusion to "The Aspern Papers" is striking. The Aspern Papers is a Novella And there are the real oddities, like the Rolls-Royce ad which used Strether's famous words: "Live all you can; it's a mistake not to. For the present day company see Rolls-Royce plc. For other uses see Rolls-Royce (disambiguation. " That's more than a little ironic, considering The Ambassadors' sardonic treatment of the "great new force" of advertising. The Ambassadors is a 1903 novel by ^[40]

Notes

Notable works by James

Novels

Watch and Ward (1871) Roderick Hudson (1875) The American (1877) The Europeans (1878) Confidence (1879) Washington Square (1880) The Portrait of a Lady (1881) The Bostonians (1886)

The Princess Casamassima (1886) The Reverberator (1888) The Tragic Muse (1890) The Other House (1896) The Spoils of Poynton (1897) What Maisie Knew (1897) The Awkward Age (1899) The Sacred Fount (1901)

The Wings of the Dove (1902) The Ambassadors (1903) The Golden Bowl (1904) The Whole Family (collaborative novel with eleven other authors, 1908) The Outcry (1911) The Ivory Tower (unfinished, published posthumously 1917) The Sense of the Past (unfinished, published posthumously 1917)

Novellas and tales

A Passionate Pilgrim (1871) Madame de Mauves (1874) Daisy Miller (1878) A Bundle of Letters (1879) The Author of Beltraffio (1884) The Aspern Papers (1888) A London Life (1888) The Pupil (1891)

The Real Thing (1892) The Middle Years (1893) The Death of the Lion (1894) The Coxon Fund (1894) The Next Time (1895) The Altar of the Dead (1895) The Figure in the Carpet (1896) The Turn of the Screw (1898) In the Cage (1898)

Europe (1899) Paste (1899) The Great Good Place (1900) Mrs. Medwin (1900) The Birthplace (1903) The Beast in the Jungle (1903) The Jolly Corner (1908)

Selected, "Definitive" Edition of James's Fiction

• New York Edition (1907–1909)

Travel writings

A Little Tour in France (1884) English Hours (1905)

The American Scene (1907) Italian Hours (1909)

Literary criticism

French Poets and Novelists (1878) Partial Portraits (1888) Essays in London and Elsewhere (1893)

Notes on Novelists (1914)

Journals

• Notebooks (various, published posthumously)

Memoirs and Autobiography

A Small Boy and Others (1913) Notes of a Son and Brother (1914)

The Middle Years (unfinished, published posthumously 1917)

Plays

Theatricals (1894) Theatricals: Second Series (1895)

Guy Domville (1895)

Biography

• Hawthorne (1879)
• William Wetmore Story and His Friends (1903)

Visual arts criticism

• Picture and Text (1893)

References

Biography

Letters

Editions

Criticism

General

External links

• Works by Henry James at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML editions)
• Works by Henry James at Internet Archive (scanned illustrated first editions etc. Robert B Pippin (born 1948) is an American philosopher He is the Evelyn Stefansson Nef Distinguished Service Professor in the Committee on Social Thought and Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and . )
• The Henry James Scholar's Guide to Web Sites
• The Ladder — a Henry James Web Site
• Henry James at the Internet Movie Database
• Quotes
• Free Audiobook (An International Episode) from Librivox
• Henry James on Find-A-Grave
• Henry James Timeline
• The Madonna of the Future Free mp3 downloads Narrated by Michael Scott of ThoughtAudio.com
• Works by or about Henry James in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Free to read on a cell phone - Henry James works. WorldCat is a Union catalog which itemizes the collections of more than 10000 libraries which participate in the OCLC global cooperative
• Sheldon Novick's Henry James Page
• A review of Henry James's Permanent Adolescence by John R Bradley

Persondata
NAME	James, Henry
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American-born, later British, author and literary critic. Novelist, short story writer, biographer, autobiographer, travel writer, playwright.
DATE OF BIRTH	April 5, 1843
PLACE OF BIRTH	New York City, New York, United States
DATE OF DEATH	February 28, 1916
PLACE OF DEATH	London, England

Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

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