| Henry IV | |
| King of France and Navarre, co-Prince of Andorra, Lord of Béarn, and Donezan; Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent (more...) | |
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| Reign | 2 August 1589 – 14 May 1610 |
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| Coronation | 27 February 1594, Chartres |
| Full name | Known as The Great, 'The green gallant, or Good King Henry |
| Titles | Duke of Vendôme (1562 – 1589) King of Navarre (1572 – 1610) Dauphin of Viennois: as King of France (2 August 1589 – 27 September 1601) |
| Born | 13 December 1553 |
| Birthplace | Pau, France |
| Died | 14 May 1610 (aged 56) |
| Place of death | Paris, France |
| Buried | Saint Denis Basilica, France |
| Predecessor | Henry III |
| Successor | Louis XIII |
| Consort | Margaret of France (1553 – 1615) Marie de' Medici (1573 – 1642) |
| Issue | Louis XIII (1601 – 1643) Elisabeth, Queen of Spain (1602 – 1644) Christine, Duchess of Savoy (1606 – 1663) Nicholas Henri de France (1608 - 1611) Gaston, Duke of Orléans (1608 – 1660) Henrietta Maria, Queen of England and Scotland (1609 – 1669) |
| Royal House | House of Bourbon |
| Father | Anthony, Duke of Vendôme (1518 – 1562) |
| Mother | Jeanne III of Navarre (1528 – 1572) |
Henry IV (French: Henri IV) (13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and, as Henry III, King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610. The precise style of French Sovereigns varied over the years Currently there is no French sovereign three distinct traditions (the Legitimist the Orleanist and the Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Chartres is a town and commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in north-central France It is located 96 km southwest of Paris Count of Vendôme, and later Duke of Vendôme, were French titles of nobility This is a list of the kings of Pamplona ( Iruña in Basque), later Navarre. The Counts of Albon ( Comtes d'Albon) were minor French nobles in south-eastern France in the Rhône Alps region List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Pau is a town and ''commune'' in the Aquitaine ''région'' of This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Henry III of France (Henri III Henryk ( September 19 1551 – August 2, 1589) For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Marguerite de Valois ( May 14, 1553 &ndash May 27, 1615) " Queen Margot " ( La reine Margot) was Queen of Marie de' Medici ( April 26, 1575 &ndash July 3, 1642) was Queen consort of France. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Christine Marie de France (Maria Cristina di Francia Madama Reale ( February 10 1606 - December 27 1663) was Regent of Savoy between Nicholas Henri of France, duc d'Orléans, was the second son and fourth child of Henry IV of France and his Italian Queen Marie de' Gaston Jean-Baptiste de France, duc d'Orléans, ( April 25, 1608 &ndash February 2, 1660, Blois) was the third son of Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Antoine de Bourbon duc de Vendôme ( 22 April 1518 &ndash 17 November 1562) was head of the House of Bourbon from 1537 to 1562 Jeanne III or Joan III, known as Jeanne d'Albret (7 January 1528 – 9 June 1572 was Queen regnant of Navarre from 1555 to 1572 wife of French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below This is a list of the kings of Pamplona ( Iruña in Basque), later Navarre. He was the first monarch of the Bourbon branch of the Capetian dynasty in France. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. For the Direct Capetians, who ruled France 987&ndash1328 see the House of Capet. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. His parents were Jeanne III of Navarre and her husband, Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme. Jeanne III or Joan III, known as Jeanne d'Albret (7 January 1528 – 9 June 1572 was Queen regnant of Navarre from 1555 to 1572 wife of Antoine de Bourbon duc de Vendôme ( 22 April 1518 &ndash 17 November 1562) was head of the House of Bourbon from 1537 to 1562 Count of Vendôme, and later Duke of Vendôme, were French titles of nobility
As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the Wars of Religion before ascending to the throne in 1589. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The French Wars of Religion (1562 to 1598 between French Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots involved both civil infighting In 1598 he enacted the Edict of Nantes which guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants and thereby effectively ended the civil war. The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of Once crowned, he changed his faith from Calvinism to Catholicism to better serve the country. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described One of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time. He was murdered by a fanatical Catholic, François Ravaillac. François Ravaillac (1578 &ndash May 27, 1610) was a French Factotum in the courts of Angoulême and sometime tutor a religious Catholic zealot who murdered
Henry was nicknamed Henry the Great (Henri le Grand), and in France is sometimes called le bon roi Henri ("good king Henry") or le Vert galant ("the green gallant", a reference to his constant womanizing). This is a list of Monarchs (and other royalty and Nobility) sorted by Nickname. He also gave his name to the Henry IV style of architecture, which he patronised. The Henry IV style was the predominant Architectural idiom in France under the patronage of Henry IV (1589&ndash1610
Contents |
Life
Although baptized as a Roman Catholic, Henry was raised as a Protestant by his mother Jeanne d'Albret; Jeanne declared Calvinism the religion of Navarre. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the As a teenager, Henry joined the Huguenot forces in the French Wars of Religion. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The French Wars of Religion (1562 to 1598 between French Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots involved both civil infighting On 9 June 1572, upon Jeanne's death, he became King Henry III of Navarre. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits
On 18 August 1572, Henry married Marguerite de Valois, sister of King Charles IX. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Marguerite de Valois ( May 14, 1553 &ndash May 27, 1615) " Queen Margot " ( La reine Margot) was Queen of Charles IX (27 June 1550 &ndash 30 May 1574 born Charles-Maximilien, was King of France, ruling from 1560 until his death Henry's marriage was believed by most to be an effort to bring religious peace to the kingdom. However, leading Catholics (possibly including Catherine de' Medici, mother of the bride) secretly planned a massacre of Protestants gathered in Paris for the wedding, which served as the lure. Catherine de' Medici (April 13 1519 &ndash January 5 1589 was born in Florence, Italy as Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici. In the resulting Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, on 24 August, several thousand Protestants were killed in Paris and thousands more in the countryside. The St Bartholomew's Day massacre ( Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy in French) was a wave of Roman Catholic Mob violence against the Huguenots Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Henry narrowly escaped death by pretending to convert to Roman Catholicism. He was kept in confinement, but escaped in early 1576; on 5 February of that year, he abjured Catholicism at Tours and rejoined the Protestant forces in the military conflict. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Tours is a city in France the Préfecture (capital city of the Indre-et-Loire département, on the lower reaches of the river
Henri of Navarre became the legal heir to the French throne upon the death in 1584 of François, Duke of Alençon, brother and heir to the Catholic King Henri III, who had succeeded Charles IX in 1574. Henry III of France (Henri III Henryk ( September 19 1551 – August 2, 1589) Charles IX (27 June 1550 &ndash 30 May 1574 born Charles-Maximilien, was King of France, ruling from 1560 until his death Since Henry of Navarre was a descendant of King Louis IX, King Henry III had no choice but to recognize him as the legitimate successor. Salic law disinherited the king's sisters and all others who could claim descent by the distaff line. Salic law ( Lat Lex Salica) was an important body of traditional Law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the Early Middle Ages However, since Henry of Navarre was a Huguenot, this set off the War of the Three Henries phase of the French Wars of Religion. The third Henri, Duke Henri of Guise, pushed for complete suppression of the Huguenots, and had much support among Catholic loyalists. Henry I Prince of Joinville Duke of Guise Count of Eu ( January 31, 1550 – December 23, 1588, Château de Blois) sometimes This set off a series of campaigns and counter-campaigns culminating in the battle of Coutras In December 1588 Henri III had Henry of Guise murdered, along with his brother, Louis Cardinal de Guise. The Battle of Coutras, fought on October 20, 1587, was a major engagement in the Eighth and final war of the French Religious Wars between an army under This increased the tension further, and Henry III was assassinated shortly thereafter by a fanatic monk.
On the death of Henri III in 1589, Henri of Navarre nominally became the king of France. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Catherine of Navarre, also known as Catherine de Bourbon (1559 Paris &ndash 13 February 1604, Nancy) was the daughter of Antoine For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Christine Marie de France (Maria Cristina di Francia Madama Reale ( February 10 1606 - December 27 1663) was Regent of Savoy between Nicholas Henri of France, duc d'Orléans, was the second son and fourth child of Henry IV of France and his Italian Queen Marie de' Gaston Jean-Baptiste de France, duc d'Orléans, ( April 25, 1608 &ndash February 2, 1660, Blois) was the third son of Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Philippe I Duke of Orléans ( September 21, 1640 &ndash June 9, 1701) was the second son of Louis XIII of France and Anne Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Marie-Thérèse de France was the fourth child and third daughter of Louis XIV and his Queen Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche. List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 Marie Louise Élisabeth de France ( 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and Henriette-Anne de France ( 14 August 1727 at Versailles —- 10 February 1752 at Versailles was the twin sister of Marie Adélaïde de France ( 23 March 1732 - 27 February 1800) was a French Princess. Victoire Louise Marie Thérèse de France ( May 11, 1733 - June 7, 1799) was the seventh child and fifth daughter of King Louis XV of Sophie Philippine Élisabeth Justine ( 27 July 1734 - 2 March 1782) was a French princess See also Louise-Marie of France (1812-1850 Queen of the Belgians Life Early life She was the elder daughter of Louis Dauphin of France, the only son of King Louis XV, and the Dauphin's wife Princess Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France ( 19 December 1778 &ndash 19 October 1851) was the eldest child of King Louis XVI of France Ancestry Son of Marie Antoinette Louis XVII of France, also Louis VI of Navarre ( Versailles March 27 1785 – Paris June 8 1795) from birth Ancestry Louis XVII of France, also Louis VI of Navarre ( Versailles March 27 1785 – Paris June 8 1795) from birth Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated Louis-Antoine of France Dauphin of France and Duke of Angoulême (born Louis-Antoine of Artois; August 6, 1775 – June 3, 1844) Charles Ferdinand duc de Berry ( Charles Ferdinand d'Artois; January 24, 1778 – February 14, 1820) was the younger son of Charles Henri V of France and Navarre ( Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois de France – September 29, 1820 – August 24, 1883 Louise Marie Thérèse of France ( Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois; born September 21, 1819, Élysée-Bourbon Paris, France; died List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below But the Catholic League, strengthened by support from outside, especially from Spain, was strong enough to force him to the south, and he had to set about winning his kingdom by military conquest, aided by money and troops bestowed by Elizabeth I of England. The Catholic League of France, sometimes referred to by contemporary (and modern Roman Catholics as the Holy League, was formed by Duke Henry of Guise in The League proclaimed Henry's Catholic uncle Charles, the Cardinal de Bourbon, King as Charles X, but the Cardinal himself was Henry's prisoner. Charles de Bourbon was born on 22 September 1523. He died in the castle of Fontenay-le-Comte on 9 May 1590. Henri was victorious at Ivry and Arques, but failed to take Paris. The Battle of Ivry was fought on March 14, 1590, during the French Wars of Religion.
After the death of the old Cardinal in 1590, the League could not agree on a new candidate. While some supported various Guise candidates, the strongest candidate was probably Infanta Isabella, the daughter of Philip II of Spain, whose mother Elisabeth had been the eldest daughter of Henri II of France. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 The prominence of her candidacy hurt the League, which thus became suspect as agents of the foreign Spanish, but nevertheless Henry remained unable to take control of Paris.
With the encouragement of the great love of his life, Gabrielle d'Estrées, on 25 July 1593 Henri declared that Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a Mass") and permanently renounced Protestantism, thus earning the resentment of the Huguenots and his former ally, Queen Elizabeth. Gabrielle d'Estrées duchesse de Beaufort et Verneuil marquise de Monceaux ( Gabrielle of Estreés Duchess of Beaufort and Vernueil Marchioness of Monceaux) (1571–1599 Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler However, his entrance into the Roman Catholic Church secured for him the allegiance of the vast majority of his subjects, and he was crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Chartres on 27 February 1594. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation In 1598, however, he declared the Edict of Nantes, which gave circumscribed toleration to the Huguenots. The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth
| Monarchical Styles of King Henry IV Par la grâce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre |
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| Reference style | His Most Christian Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Most Christian Majesty |
| Alternative style | Monsieur Le Roi |
Henry's first marriage was not a happy one, and the couple remained childless. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below The two had separated, even before Henri had succeeded to the throne, in August, 1589 and Marguerite de Valois lived for many years in the chateau of Usson in Auvergne. Marguerite de Valois ( May 14, 1553 &ndash May 27, 1615) " Queen Margot " ( La reine Margot) was Queen of Auvergne ( Occitan: Auvèrnhe/Auvèrnha) was the name of an historically independent county in the center of France, as well as later a Province of After Henry had become king, various advisers impressed upon him the desirability of providing an heir to the French Crown, in order to avoid the problem of a disputed succession. Henri himself favored the idea of obtaining an annulment of his first marriage, and taking Gabrielle d'Estrées as a bride, who had already borne him three children. Gabrielle d'Estrées duchesse de Beaufort et Verneuil marquise de Monceaux ( Gabrielle of Estreés Duchess of Beaufort and Vernueil Marchioness of Monceaux) (1571–1599 Henry's councillors strongly opposed this idea, but the matter was resolved unexpectedly by Gabrielle d'Estrées' sudden death in April 1599, after she had given birth prematurely to a stillborn son. His marriage to Marguerite was annulled in 1599, and he then married Marie de Médicis in 1600. Marie de' Medici ( April 26, 1575 &ndash July 3, 1642) was Queen consort of France.
Henri IV proved to be a man of vision and courage. Instead of waging costly wars to suppress opposing nobles, Henri simply paid them off. As king, he adopted policies and undertook projects to improve the lives of all subjects, which made him one of the country's most popular rulers ever.
A declaration often attributed to him is:
- Si Dieu me prête vie, je ferai qu’il n’y aura point de laboureur en mon royaume qui n’ait les moyens d’avoir le dimanche une poule dans son pot!
- God willing, every working man in my kingdom will have a chicken in the pot every Sunday, at the least!
This egalitarian statement epitomizes the peace and relative prosperity Henry brought to France after decades of religious war, and demonstrates how well he understood the plight of the French worker or peasant farmer. Never before had a French ruler even considered the importance of a chicken or the burden of taxation on his subjects, nor would one again until the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an After generations of domination by the extravagant Valois dynasty, which had caused the French people to pay to the point of starvation for the royal family's luxuries and intrigue, Navarre's charisma won the day.
Henri's forthright manner, physical courage and military success also contrasted dramatically with the sickly, effete langour of the last tubercular Valois kings, as evinced by his blunt assertion that he ruled with "weapon in hand and arse in the saddle" (on a le bras armé et le cul sur la selle).
During his reign, Henri IV worked through his right-hand man, the faithful Maximilien de Bethune, duc de Sully (1560-1641), to regularize state finance, promote agriculture, drain swamps to create productive crop lands, undertake many public works, and encourage education, as with the creation of the College Royal Louis-Le-Grand in La Flèche (today Prytanée Militaire de la Flèche). Maximilien de Béthune Duke of Sully ( December 13, 1560 &ndash December 22, 1641) was the doughty soldier French minister staunch Huguenot The Prytanée National Militaire, originally Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand, is a French school managed by the military, offering regular high-school education He and Sully protected forests from further devastation, built a new system of tree-lined highways, and constructed new bridges and canals. He had a 1200 m canal built in the park at the Royal Château at Fontainebleau (which can be fished today), and ordered the planting of pines, elms and fruit trees. The Palace of Fontainebleau, located 345 miles from the centre of Paris, is one of the largest French royal Châteaux The palace as it is today is the work of many
The king renewed Paris as a great city, with the Pont Neuf, which still stands today, constructed over the River Seine to connect the Right and Left Banks of the city. Frans Pourbus the younger (1569 - 1622 was a Flemish painter, son of Frans Pourbus the Elder and grandson of Pieter Pourbus. The Pont Neuf, French for the "New Bridge" is the oldest standing Bridge across the river Seine in Paris. Henri IV also had the Place Royale built (since 1800 known as Place des Vosges), and added the Grande Galerie to the Louvre. The Place des Vosges is the oldest square in Paris. It is located in Le Marais, and is part of the 3rd and 4th arrondissements The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France More than 400 meters long and thirty-five meters wide, this huge addition was built along the bank of the Seine River, and at the time was the longest edifice of its kind in the world. King Henri IV, a promoter of the arts by all classes of peoples, invited hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the building’s lower floors. This tradition continued for another two hundred years, until Emperor Napoleon I banned it. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The art and architecture of his reign has since become known as the Henri IV style.
King Henri's vision extended beyond France, and he financed several expeditions of Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts and Samuel de Champlain to North America that saw France lay claim to Canada. Pierre du Gua de Monts, (c 1558 - 1628 was a French merchant explorer and colonizer Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
Assassination and aftermath
Although he was a man of kindness, compassion, and good humor, and was much loved by his people, he was the subject of many murder attempts (for example by Pierre Barrière and Jean Châtel). Pierre Barrière (died August 31 1593) was a would-be assassin of King Henry IV of France. Jean Châtel (1575 &ndash 29 December 1594) attempted to assassinate King Henry IV of France on 27 December, 1594. On 14 May 1610, King Henry IV was assassinated in Paris by a fanatically passionate Catholic, François Ravaillac, who stabbed the king to death while he rode in his coach. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the François Ravaillac (1578 &ndash May 27, 1610) was a French Factotum in the courts of Angoulême and sometime tutor a religious Catholic zealot who murdered Henry was buried at the Saint Denis Basilica. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French Henry's widow, Marie de Médicis, served as Regent to their 9-year-old son, Louis XIII, until 1617. Marie de' Medici ( April 26, 1575 &ndash July 3, 1642) was Queen consort of France. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643)
The reign of Henry IV made a lasting impact on the French people for generations after. A statue of Henry was built in his honour on the Pont Neuf in Paris in 1614, only four years after his death. The Pont Neuf, French for the "New Bridge" is the oldest standing Bridge across the river Seine in Paris. Although this statue - as well as those of all the other French kings - was destroyed during the French Revolution, it was the first to be rebuilt, in 1818, and it still stands today on the Pont Neuf. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an A cult surrounding the personality of Henri IV emerged during the Restoration. Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne The restored Bourbons were keen to downplay the contested reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI, and instead emphasized the reign of the benevolent Henry IV. Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre The song Vive Henri IV ("Long Live Henry IV") was used during the Restoration, as an unofficial anthem of France, played in the absence of the king. In addition, when Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies gave birth to a male heir to the throne of France, seven months after the assassination of her husband Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry by a Republican fanatic, the boy was conspicuously called Henri in reference to his forefather Henry IV (see Henri, comte de Chambord). The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. Charles Ferdinand duc de Berry ( Charles Ferdinand d'Artois; January 24, 1778 – February 14, 1820) was the younger son of Charles Henri V of France and Navarre ( Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois de France – September 29, 1820 – August 24, 1883 The boy was also baptized in the traditional way of Béarn/Navarre, with a spoon of Jurançon wine and some garlic, as had been done when Henry IV had been baptized in Pau, although this custom had not been followed by any Bourbon king after Henry IV. This article is about the former French province for the warship see French aircraft carrier Béarn Béarn ( Gascon: Bearn Pau is a town and ''commune'' in the Aquitaine ''région'' of
Genealogy
Henry IV was the son of Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendome and Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre. Henry IV of France's succession to the throne in 1589 was followed by a four-year war to establish his legitimacy Antoine de Bourbon duc de Vendôme ( 22 April 1518 &ndash 17 November 1562) was head of the House of Bourbon from 1537 to 1562 Jeanne III or Joan III, known as Jeanne d'Albret (7 January 1528 – 9 June 1572 was Queen regnant of Navarre from 1555 to 1572 wife of This is a list of the kings of Pamplona ( Iruña in Basque), later Navarre. He was born in the Château de Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the southwest of France (former province of Béarn). The Château de Pau ( English: Castle of Pau) is a castle in the center of Pau, the capital of Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Béarn Pyrénées-Atlantiques ( Gascon: Pirenèus-Atlantics; Basque: Pirinio-Atlantiarrak or Pirinio-Atlantikoak) is a department This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the former French province for the warship see French aircraft carrier Béarn Béarn ( Gascon: Bearn At the death of King Henry III of France, who had no son, the crown passed to Henry IV, in application of the Salic Law, as Henry was the descendant of the eldest surviving male line of the Capetian dynasty. Henry III of France (Henri III Henryk ( September 19 1551 – August 2, 1589) Salic law ( Lat Lex Salica) was an important body of traditional Law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the Early Middle Ages For the Direct Capetians, who ruled France 987&ndash1328 see the House of Capet. The new king, however, had to fight for some years to be recognized as the legitimate king of France by the Catholics, most of whom were opposed to his Protestant faith. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.
Ancestors
Marriage and children
On 18 August 1572 he married Marguerite de Valois, annulled in 1599, with no children. Margaret of Bourbon (1438-1483 was the daughter of Charles I Duke of Bourbon (1401-1456 and Agnes of Burgundy (1407-1476 who was the daughter of John the Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Marguerite de Valois ( May 14, 1553 &ndash May 27, 1615) " Queen Margot " ( La reine Margot) was Queen of
He subsequently married Marie de Médicis on December 17, 1600. Marie de' Medici ( April 26, 1575 &ndash July 3, 1642) was Queen consort of France. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila There were six children from this marriage:
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Louis XIII, King of France | September 27, 1601 | May 14, 1643 | Married Anne of Austria (1601 - 1666) in 1615. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the For the queen consort of Sigismund III of Poland see Anna of Austria (1573-1598 For the queen consort of Philip II of Spain see Anna of Austria Had issue. |
| Elizabeth, Queen of Spain | November 22, 1602 | October 6, 1644 | Married Philip IV, King of Spain (1605 - 1665) in 1615. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Philip IV (es ''Felipe IV'' pt ''Filipe III'' ( 8 April, 1605 &ndash 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and Had issue. |
| Christine Marie, Duchess of Savoy | February 12, 1606 | December 27, 1663 | Married Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (1587 - 1637) in 1619. Christine Marie de France (Maria Cristina di Francia Madama Reale ( February 10 1606 - December 27 1663) was Regent of Savoy between Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Victor Amadeus I ( Italian: Vittorio Amedeo I di Savoia, 8 May 1587 &ndash 7 October 1637) was the Duke of Savoy from 1630 Had issue. |
| Nicholas Henri de France, duc d'Orléans | April 16, 1607 | November 17, 1611 | Died young. Nicholas Henri of France, duc d'Orléans, was the second son and fourth child of Henry IV of France and his Italian Queen Marie de' Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers No issue. |
| Gaston, Duke of Orleans | April 25, 1608 | February 2, 1660 | Married (1) Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier (1605 - 1627) in 1626. Gaston Jean-Baptiste de France, duc d'Orléans, ( April 25, 1608 &ndash February 2, 1660, Blois) was the third son of Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Marie de Bourbon duchesse de Montpensier ( 15 October, 1605 &ndash 4 June, 1627) was a French noblewoman and one of the last members of the Had issue. Married (2) Margaret of Lorraine (1615 - 1672) in 1632. Had issue. |
| Henrietta Maria, Queen of England | November 25, 1609 | September 10, 1669 | Married Charles I, King of England (1600 - 1649) in 1625. Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Had issue. |
Illegitimate children
Additionally, Henry IV is believed to have had at least 11 illegitimate children. [2]
| Name | Birth | Legitimized | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| César de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme | 1594 | 1596 | 1665 | married Françoise of Mercoeur and had issue. Gabrielle d'Estrées duchesse de Beaufort et Verneuil marquise de Monceaux ( Gabrielle of Estreés Duchess of Beaufort and Vernueil Marchioness of Monceaux) (1571–1599 César of Bourbon-Vendôme (César I Duke of Vendôme Beaufort and Etampes ( Château de Coucy, 3 June 1594 &ndash Paris, 22 October In 1626, he participated in a plot against Cardinal Richelieu. This article is about a cardinal For information on the Russian also called The Red Eminence, see Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov. He was captured and held in prison for three years. In 1641 he was accused of conspiracy again and this time fled to England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland |
| Catherine-Henriette de Bourbon | 1596 | 1598 | 1663 | married Charles of Guise-Lorraine, Duke of Elbeuf. The Seigneurie of Elbeuf, later a marquisate and duchy was based on the territory of Elbeuf in the Vexin, ruled first by the Counts of Valois and then |
| Alexandre, Chevalier de Vendôme | 1598 | 1599 | 1629 |
By Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues, Marquise de Verneuil:
| Name | Birth | Legitimized | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaston Henri, Duc de Verneuil | 1601 | 1603 | 1682 | Married Charlotte Seguier, daughter of Pierre Séguier, Duc de Villemor. Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues Marquise de Verneuil (1579 &ndash 1633 was the favourite mistress of Henry IV of France after Gabrielle d'Estrées Gaston-Henri of Bourbon-Verneuil ( November 3 1601 – May 28 1682) was the bishop of Metz from 1612 to 1652 Pierre Séguier ( May 28, 1588 - January 28, 1672) was a French statesman chancellor of France from 1635 |
| Gabrielle Angelique, called Mademoiselle de Verneuil | 1603 | 1627 | Married Bernard de Nogaret de Foix, Duc de La Valette et d'Epernon. |
By Jacqueline de Bueil, Countess de Moret (1580-1651):
| Name | Birth | Legitimized | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antoine, Count de Moret | 1607 | 1608 | 1632 | Abbot of St. Etienne |
By Charlotte des Essarts, Countess de Romorantin:
| Name | Birth | Legitimized | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jeanne Baptiste | 1608 | 1608 | 1670 | Abbess of Fontevrault. Saint-Étienne ( Sant-Etiève in Arpitan) is a city in the central eastern part of France, 60 km (40 miles southwest of Lyon. Fontevraud Abbey (or Fontevrault Abbey) is located in the village of Fontevraud-l'Abbaye, near Chinon, in Anjou, France. |
| Marie Henriette | 1609 | 1629 | Abbess of Chelles. The Abbey of Chelles (Notre-Dame-des-Chelles was founded by Saint Balthild, widow of King Clovis II of Neustria Circa 658 |
Notes
- ^ Knecht, Renaissance France, genealogies; Baumgartner, genealogicl tables.
- ^ King HENRY IV "le Grand" of France (1589-1610) and Navarre (1562-1610)
Bibliography
- Baumgartner, Frederic J. France in the Sixteenth Century. London: Macmillan, 1995. ISBN 0333620887.
- Briggs, Robin. Early Modern France, 1560–1715. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. ISBN 0192890409.
- Bryson, David M. Queen Jeanne and the Promised Land: Dynasty, Homeland, Religion and Violence in Sixteenth-century France. Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill Academic, 1999. ISBN 9004113789.
- Buisseret, David. Henry IV, King of France. New York: Routledge, 1990. ISBN 0044456352.
- Cameron, Keith, ed. From Valois to Bourbon: Dynasty, State & Society in Early Modern France. Exeter: University of Exeter, 1989. ISBN 0859893103.
- Finley-Croswhite, S. Annette. Henry IV and the Towns: The Pursuit of Legitimacy in French Urban Society, 1589–1610. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0521620171. 196
- Frieda, Leonie. Catherine de Medici. Leonie Frieda (born 1956 is a Swedish -born former model translator and writer working and living in the United Kingdom London: Phoenix, 2005. ISBN 0173820390.
- Greengrass, Mark. France in the Age of Henri IV: The Struggle for Stability. London: Longman, 1984. ISBN 0582492513.
- Holt, Mack P. The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 9780521547505.
- Knecht, R. J. Catherine de' Medici. London and New York: Longman, 1998. ISBN 0582082412.
- Knecht, R. J. The French Religious Wars, 1562–1598. Oxford: Osprey, 2002. ISBN 1841763950.
- Knecht, R. J. The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483-1610. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. ISBN 0631227296.
- Lee, Maurice J. James I & Henri IV: An Essay in English Foreign Policy, 1603–1610. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970. ISBN 0252000846.
- LLoyd, Howell A. The State, France, and the Sixteenth Century. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1983. ISBN 0049400665.
- Lockyer, Roger. Habsburg and Bourbon Europe, 1470–1720. Harlow, UK: Longman, 1974. ISBN 0582350298.
- Love, Ronald S. (2001). Blood and Religion: The Conscience of Henri IV, 1553-1593. McGill-Queen's University Press.
- Major, J. Russell. From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy: French Kings, Nobles & Estates. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. ISBN 0801856310.
- Moote, A. Lloyd. Louis XIII, the Just. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. ISBN 0520075463.
- Mousnier, Roland. Roland Émile Mousnier ( September 7, 1907 &ndash February 8, 1993) was a French historian of the early modern period in France and The Assassination of Henry IV: The Tyrannicide Problem and the Consolidation of the French Absolute Monarchy in the Early Seventeenth Century. Translated by Joan Spencer. London: Faber and Faber, 1973. ISBN 0684133571.
- Pettegree, Andrew. Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002. ISBN 063120704X.
- Salmon, J. H. M. Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century. London: Ernest Benn, 1975. ISBN 0510263518.
- Sutherland, N. M. Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion, 1572–1596. 2 vols. Bristol: Elm Bank, 2002. ISBN 1841508462.
- Sutherland, N. M. The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980. ISBN 0300023286.
- Sutherland, N. M. The Massacre of St Bartholomew and the European Conflict, 1559–1572. London: Macmillan, 1973. ISBN 0333136292.
- Sutherland, N. M. Princes, Politics and Religion, 1547–1589. London: Hambledon Press, 1984. ISBN 0907628443.
External links
- Description of Henry IV's assassination (in Spanish).
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Henry IV of France
Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty
Born: 13 December 1533 Died: 14 May 1610 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Jeanne III |
King of Navarre as Henri III 9 June 1572 – 14 May 1610 |
Succeeded by Louis XIII |
| Co-Prince of Andorra 9 June 1572 – 14 May 1610 |
||
| Preceded by Henri III |
King of France 2 August 1589 – 14 May 1610 |
|
| French nobility | ||
| Preceded by Antoine de Bourbon |
Duke of Vendôme Duke of Beaumont Count of Marle Count of La Fère Count of Soissons 17 November 1562 – 1607 |
Merged into the crown |
| Preceded by Henri III |
Count of Diois 2 August 1589 – 27 September 1601 |
|
| Count of Provence and Forcalquier Count of Valentinois Dauphin of Viennois 2 August 1589 – 14 May 1610 |
||
| Navarrese royalty | ||
| Preceded by Jeanne III |
Duke of Albret Count of Limoges Count of Foix Count of Armagnac Count of Comminges Count of Bigorre Count of Périgord 9 June 1572 – 1607 |
Merged into the crown |
| Viscount of Béarn Lord of Donezan 9 June 1572 – 14 May 1610 |
||
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