| Henry Harley Arnold | |
|---|---|
| June 25, 1886–January 15, 1950 (aged 63) | |
 General Henry "Hap" Arnold |
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| Nickname | Hap |
| Place of birth | Gladwyne, Pennsylvania |
| Place of death | Sonoma, California |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1907—1946 |
| Rank |  General of the Army General of the Air Force |
| Commands held | Army Air Forces |
| Battles/wars | World War I World War II |
| Awards | Distinguished Svc. Medal (3) Legion of Merit Distinguished Flying Cross Air Medal Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur (France) Grand Cross, Order of the Aztec Eagle (Mexico) Order of the Sun (Peru)) |
General of the Air Force Henry Harley "Hap" Arnold GCB (June 25, 1886 – January 15, 1950) was an aviation pioneer and Chief of the United States Army Air Corps (from 1938), Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Forces (from 1941 until 1945) and the first and only General of the Air Force (in 1949). Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gladwyne is a suburban community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. Sonoma is a historically significant city in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County California, USA. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. General of the Army (GA is a five-star General officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. General of the Air Force (GOAF is a five-star General officer rank and is the highest possible rank in the United States Air Force. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Distinguished Service Medal is the highest non-valorous military and civilian decoration of the United States of America military which is issued for exceptionally meritorious The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces that is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding The Distinguished Flying Cross is a medal awarded to any officer or enlisted member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself in The Air Medal is a military decoration of the United States which was established by Executive Order 9158 signed by Franklin D The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Order of the Aztec Eagle (Orden del Águila Azteca is the highest decoration awarded to foreigners in Mexico. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Order of the Sun ( La Orden El Sol del Peru) is the highest award bestowed by the nation of Peru to commend notable civil and military merit Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. General of the Air Force (GOAF is a five-star General officer rank and is the highest possible rank in the United States Air Force. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC was the predecessor of the U The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. General of the Air Force (GOAF is a five-star General officer rank and is the highest possible rank in the United States Air Force. He is also the only American to achieve five-star rank in two of its armed services. [1]
Instructed to fly by the Wright Brothers, Arnold was one of the first military pilots worldwide, and the second rated pilot in the history of the United States Air Force. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout US Air Force aeronautical ratings are military aviation skill standards established and awarded by the United States Air Force for commissioned officers participating in aerial He overcame a fear of flying that resulted from his experiences with early flight, oversaw the expansion of the Air Service during World War I, and became a protegé of Gen. Fear of flying is a fear of being on a plane while in flight It is also sometimes referred to as aerophobia, aviatophobia, aviophobia or pteromechanophobia The United States Army Air Service was a forerunner of the United States Air Force. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Billy Mitchell, all of which at times nearly ended his aeronautical career. For other people with the same name see Billy Mitchell (disambiguation.
Arnold became a powerful advocate for creation of an independent Air Force and played a key role in the political struggles over it with the hierarchies of the United States Army and United States Navy. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. He rose to command the Army Air Forces immediately prior to U. S. entry into World War II and directed its expansion into the largest and most powerful air force in the world. An advocate of research and development, Arnold's tenure saw the development of the intercontinental bomber, the jet fighter, the extensive use of radar, global airlift, and atomic warfare as mainstays of modern airpower. The phrase research and development (also R and D or more often R&D) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships
Contents |
Early life and career
Born June 25, 1886, in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania, Arnold was the son of a strong-willed physician also serving in the Pennsylvania National Guard. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Gladwyne is a suburban community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health For the National Guard of a State and other countries' National Guard see National Guard. The family was Baptist in religious belief, but had strong Anglican ties. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Arnold attended Lower Merion High School in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, graduating in the class of 1903. Lower Merion High School, is an American public high school in Ardmore, a community on the Pennsylvania Main Line. Ardmore is an Unincorporated community in the US state of Pennsylvania. The Athletic fields at Lower Merion are now named after him. Arnold took the competitive examination for entrance into West Point after his brother Thomas (already a student at Pennsylvania State University) refused to do so, but placed second on the list. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, The Pennsylvania State University (commonly known as Penn State) is a state-related, land-grant, space grant public research University He received a delayed appointment when the nominated cadet confessed to being married, which was against academy regulations.
Arnold entered the United States Military Academy in the summer of 1903 at age 17. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, At the academy he helped found the "Black Hand", a cadet group of pranksters. This article refers to the general definition of cadet A Cadet may also be a member of the Cadets, a historical Russian Political party. He wanted to join the cavalry but an inconsistent demerit record and an academic class standing of 66th out of 111 cadets resulted in his being commissioned on June 14, 1907 as a Second Lieutenant, Infantry, an assignment he initially protested but was persuaded to accept (there was no commissioning requirement for USMA graduates in 1907). The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists His first posting was to the 29th Infantry Regiment (United States) in the Philippines. History Establishment & Early Missions The first 29th Infantry was constituted on 29 January 1813, and saw service in the War of 1812. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP
There, disliking the infantry, Arnold volunteered to assist Captain Arthur S. Cowan of the Signal Corps in a military cartography detail, mapping the entire island of Luzon. Luzon is the largest and most economically and politically important Island in the Philippines and one of the three island groups in the country with Visayas Cowan returned to the United States in January 1909, to become chief of the newly-created Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps and to recruit two lieutenants to become pilots. The Aeronautical Division US Signal Corps (1907-1914 was the first Progenitor of the United States Air Force, and as such is the first military air organization Cowan contacted Arnold, who cabled his interest in a transfer to the Signal Corps but heard nothing in reply for two years.
In June 1909, the 29th Infantry relocated to Fort Jay, New York. Fort Jay is a harbor fortification and the name of the former Army post located on Governors Island in New York Harbor. In 1911, Arnold applied for transfer to the Ordnance Department because it offered an immediate promotion to 1st Lieutenant. While awaiting the results of the competitive examination he had taken for the position, he learned that his interest in aeronautics had not been forgotten. He immediately sent a letter requesting a transfer to the Signal Corps, and on April 21, 1911, received Special Order 95, detailing him and 2nd Lt. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Thomas D. Milling of the 15th Cavalry, to Dayton, Ohio, for a course in flight instruction at the Wright brothers' aviation school at Simms Station, Ohio. Thomas DeWitt Milling ( July 31, 1887 - November 26, 1960) was a pioneer of military aviation and a brigadier general in the U Dayton is a city in southwestern Ohio, United States. It is the County seat and largest city of Montgomery County. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Huffman Prairie, also known as Huffman Prairie Flying Field or Huffman Field is part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Beginning instruction on May 3, Arnold made his first solo flight May 13 after three hours and forty-eight minutes of flying lessons (Milling had already soloed on May 8 with just two hours of flight time). Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen In June he and Milling completed their instruction. Arnold received Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) pilot certificate No. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI is the world governing body for Air sports and Aeronautics and Astronautics world records 29 on July 6, 1911, and Military Aviator Certificate No. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year 2 a year later. He also received a Military Aviation badge. This was the original suspended eagle design. While it was soon replaced by the more familiar aviator wings, as can be seen on the photograph above, Arnold wore both types throughout his career.
Arnold and Milling were sent to the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps at College Park, Maryland as the Army's first flight instructors on June 14. The Aeronautical Division US Signal Corps (1907-1914 was the first Progenitor of the United States Air Force, and as such is the first military air organization College Park is a city in Prince George's County Maryland, USA. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the There Arnold set an altitude record of 3,260 feet (990 m) on July 7 and twice broke it (August 18, 1911 to 4,167 feet (1,270 m); and June 1, 1912, 6,540 feet). Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting In August 1911, he experienced his first crash, trying to take off from a farm field after getting lost. In September Arnold became the first U. S. pilot to carry mail, flying a bundle of letters five miles (8 km) on Long Island, New York. Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects wherein written Documents typically enclosed in Envelopes and also Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches
The flight school moved by train to Augusta, Georgia, in November 1911, hoping to continue flying there during the winter, but their flying was limited by rain and flooding, and they returned to Maryland in April 1912. Augusta Georgia is a city in Richmond County, Georgia, United States. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Arnold accepted delivery of the Army's first plane with a propeller and engine mounted on the front on June 26, but crashed into the bay at Plymouth, Massachusetts, trying to take off. A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by converting Rotational motion into Thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such as an Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Arnold began to develop a phobia about flying, intensified by the earlier fatal crash of the Wright Company instructor who had taught him to fly, Allan L. Welch, at College Park on June 12. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Another fatal crash occurred at College Park on September 18, involving an academy classmate of Arnold's, 2d Lt. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Lewis Rockwell.
In October, Arnold and Milling were ordered to enter the competition for the first MacKay Trophy for "the most outstanding military flight of the year. The Mackay Trophy was donated in 1911 by Clarence H Mackay who was then head of the Postal Telegraph-Cable Company and the Commercial Cable Company " Arnold won when he located a company of cavalry from the air and returned safely, despite high turbulence. As a result he and Milling were sent to Fort Riley, Kansas, to experiment with spotting for the field artillery. Fort Riley is a United States Army installation located in Northeast Kansas, on the Kansas River, between Junction City Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Field artillery is a category of mobile Artillery used to support armies in the field On November 5 his plane stalled, went into a spin, and he narrowly avoided a fatal crash. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) He immediately grounded himself voluntarily and applied for a leave of absence. Flying was considered so dangerous that no stigma was attached for refusing to fly and his request was granted (five of the Army's 14 aviators transferred out during 1913). During his leave of absence he renewed an acquaintance with Eleanor "Bee" Pool, the daughter of a banker and one of his father's patients.
On December 1, Arnold took a staff assignment as assistant in the Office of the Chief Signal Officer in Washington, D.C. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D with the task of closing down the flying school at College Park. Although promoted to 1st lieutenant on April 10, 1913, Arnold was unhappy and requested a transfer to the Philippines. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In August, after his first request had been denied for lack of a vacancy, he returned to the infantry.
On September 10, 1913, he married Eleanor Pool, with Lt. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Milling acting as his best man. Participants in wedding ceremonies, also known as the wedding party, include the bride and groom (or bridegroom) the maid of honor Sent back to the Philippines in January 1914, he was quartered next door to 1st Lt. George Catlett Marshall, who became his mentor, friend and life-long supporter. George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of Soon after their arrival Bee miscarried, but on January 17, 1915, their first child, Lois Elizabeth Arnold, was born at Fort McKinley, Manila. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year See also Military history of the Philippines, Military history of the United States Fort William McKinley was a US military facility in the Philippines The City of Manila In January 1916, completing a two-year tour with the 13th Infantry, Arnold was transferred to the 3rd U.S. Infantry and returned to the United States. En route, he received a telegram in Hawaii from Major William L. Mitchell, whom he had met in 1912 at College Park and who was now executive officer of the Air Service, offering him the rank of captain if he volunteered for a return to aviation. For other people with the same name see Billy Mitchell (disambiguation. While executive officer literally refers to a person responsible for the performance of duties involved in running an Organization, the exact meaning of the role is variable On May 20, 1916, Arnold was promoted to Captain (temporary) and reported to Rockwell Field (named for his academy classmate, Lewis Rockwell) for duty as a supply officer with the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Rockwell Field, located on Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego California, was originally called the Signal Corps Aviation School The Aviation Section US Signal Corps, was the name of the military aviation service of the United States Army from 1914 to 1918 and a direct ancestor of the United States
Between October 18 and December 16, 1916, Arnold, encouraged by former associates, worked to overcome his fear of flying with voluntary extra duty flying fifteen to twenty minutes a day. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year On November 26, he flew solo for the first time in four years, and on December 16 he performed aerobatics. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Before he could be reassigned to flying duties, however, he was involved as a witness in a controversial incident. A senior officer at Rockwell had authorized an unofficial excursion flight for a non-aviator that resulted in the loss of the airplane. After testifying to army investigators, Arnold was transferred to Panama by the officer he testified against, one day after the birth of his second child, Henry H. Arnold, Jr. , on January 29, 1917. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
Arnold was ordered to find a suitable location for an airfield in the Panama Canal Zone, then build it and command the aero squadron to be assigned there. See also Liberty L-8 for the eight-cylinder prototype & Lincoln Liberty engine WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft The Panama Canal Zone (Zona del Canal de Panamá was a 553 square mile (1432 km² territory inside of Panama, consisting of the Panama Canal and an area generally When the military services could not agree on a site, Arnold was ordered to Washington D. C. to resolve the dispute, and was en route by ship when the United States declared war on Germany. A Declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national Government indicating that a state of War exists between that nation and another Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Arnold requested to be sent to France, but his presence in Washington worked against him, since the Aviation Section now needed qualified officers for headquarters duty. He was immediately given temporary duty as chief of the Information division with a temporary promotion to Major on June 27. Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden
On August 5, 1917, he was again promoted and became the youngest full colonel in the Army (Arnold was a Colonel, Signal Corps — for a period of time he also held the concurrent brevet rank of Major, Infantry), in preparation for being named executive officer of the Aviation Section ten days later. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country While executive officer literally refers to a person responsible for the performance of duties involved in running an Organization, the exact meaning of the role is variable He spent the next year trying to implement a large aviation appropriations bill over the resistance of the Army General Staff. An appropriation bill or supply bill is a legislative motion ( Bill) which authorizes the Government to spend money A military staff is a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between a commander and subordinate units Although he largely failed, Arnold gained significant experience in aircraft production and procurement, the construction of air schools and airfields, and the recruitment and training of large numbers of personnel, as well as learning political in-fighting in the Washington environment, all of which helped him significantly 25 years later.
Arnold's third child, William Bruce Arnold, was born July 17, 1918. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Shortly after Arnold arranged to go to France to brief the commander of the American Expeditionary Force, General John Pershing, on new developments. The American Expeditionary Forces or AEF was the United States military force sent to Europe in World War I. John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, GCB ( September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army Aboard a ship to France in late October he developed influenza and was hospitalized on his arrival in England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland He managed to reach France but the Armistice ended the war on November 11. An armistice is a situation where the warring parties agree to stop fighting Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare
Between the wars
The improvements in aircraft during the war and the creation of organizations such as the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics improved the potential for United States Army airpower, and it had been made a branch separate from the Signal Corps on May 14, 1918. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common However to keep control of aviation in the Army ground forces, the first post-war Chief of the reorganized Air Service, Maj. The United States Army Air Service was a forerunner of the United States Air Force. Gen. Charles T. Menoher, was an infantry general who had commanded the 42nd "Rainbow" Infantry Division in France. Major General Charles T Menoher (1862-1930 was a US Army general and commanded the U The 42nd Infantry Division is an division of the National Guard and United States Army. He was succeeded by another non-aviator, Maj. Gen. Mason Patrick from the Corps of Engineers, who General John Pershing had used to head the Air Service of the AEF. Mason Mathews Patrick ( December 13, 1863 &ndash January 29, 1942) was a U The United States Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE) is a federal agency and a major Army command made up of some 34600 Civilian and 650 Military personnel The American Expeditionary Forces or AEF was the United States military force sent to Europe in World War I.
Arnold was ordered back to Rockwell Field on December 21, 1918, to supervise the demobilization of 8,000 airmen and surplus aircraft. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Demob redirects here For the television series see Demob (TV series. He worked hard to preserve and promote aviation with shows and publicity stunts. At Rockwell Field Arnold first established relationships with the men that would become his main aides, his executive officer, Captain Carl Spaatz and his adjutant, 1st Lt. Carl Andrew "Tooey" Spaatz GBE (June 28 1891 &ndash July 14 1974 was an American general in World War II, and the first Chief of Ira Eaker, while supporting the highly visible efforts of Brig. General Ira Clarence Eaker KCB KBE ( April 13, 1896 – August 6, 1987) was a general of the United Gen. William L. Mitchell. For other people with the same name see Billy Mitchell (disambiguation. He was promoted to the permanent rank of Captain on June 30, 1920, and the permanent rank of Major the next day, July 1. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song.
However after demobilization Rockwell became a remote outpost of the service. Arnold experienced several serious illnesses and accidents requiring hospitalization. His fourth child, John, was born in the summer of 1921 but died on June 30, 1923, of acute appendicitis. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Appendicitis (or epityphlitis) is a condition characterized by Inflammation of the appendix.
In August 1924, Arnold was unexpectedly assigned to attend the Army Industrial College. The Industrial College of the Armed Forces (ICAF is a US military educational institution tasked with preparing military officers and civilian government officials for leadership and After completing the course he was reassigned to duty as Chief of Air Service information in January 1925, working closely with Brig. Gen. Mitchell. When Mitchell was court-martialed, Arnold, Spaatz, and Eaker were all warned that they were jeopardizing their careers by vocally supporting Mitchell, but they testified on his behalf anyway. A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a Military court. These military courts can determine Punishments for members of the Military subject After Mitchell was convicted on December 17, 1925, Arnold continued to use his position in the Information Office to provide propaganda to airpower-friendly journalists in defiance of orders from the General Staff and with the knowledge of General Patrick. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In February 1926, Secretary of War Dwight F. Davis ordered Patrick to discipline the leakers, and Patrick chose Arnold, with whom he shared a mutual dislike. The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Dwight Filley Davis ( July 5, 1879 &ndash November 28, 1945) was an American Tennis player and Politician. Arnold was given the choice of resignation from the Army or a general court-martial, but when Arnold chose the latter, the Army apparently decided it did not want another public fiasco, and instead transferred Major Arnold to command the 16th Observation Squadron at Fort Riley, Kansas — a cavalry post far from any aviation advances. Fort Riley is a United States Army installation located in Northeast Kansas, on the Kansas River, between Junction City Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " On February 24, 1927, his son David Lee Arnold was born at Fort Riley. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Arnold accepted his exile and in May 1927, participated in war games at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Fort Sam Houston is a US Army post in San Antonio Texas.Known colloquially as "Fort Sam" it is named for the first President of the Republic of Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. There he met Maj. Gen. James E. Fechet, who had succeeded Patrick as head of the service, now the U.S. Army Air Corps, and successfully completed a difficult assignment for him. James Edmond Fechet ( August 21, 1877 — February 10, 1948) was the Chief of the United States Army Air Corps in 1927-1931 The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC was the predecessor of the U During this period Arnold wrote six books of juvenile fiction whose purpose was to encourage young people to fly.
General Fechet intervened with Army Chief of Staff General Charles P. Summerall to have Arnold's exile ended by assigning him to the Army's Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth. Charles Pelot Summerall (March 4 1867 - May 14 1955 was a US General who fought in World War I and served as Army Chief of Staff between The Command and General Staff College ( C&GSC) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas is a United States Army facility that functions as a Graduate school Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast The year-long course was highly unpleasant for Arnold because of doctrinal differences with the school's commandant, but Arnold graduated with high marks in June 1929. His next assignment was commander of Fairfield Air Service Depot, Ohio. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located in Greene and Montgomery counties eight miles (13 km) northeast of Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads In 1930 he also became executive officer of the Air Materiel Division, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on February 1, 1931. Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
On November 27, 1931, he took command of March Field, California. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the history and uses of this facility prior to 1993 see March Air Force Base March Joint Air Reserve Base is located in Riverside County California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The assignment included the refurbishing of the base into one of the showcase installations of the Air Corps and required that he resolve strained relations with the citizens of Riverside, California. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. He accomplished this by having his officers join at least one of the local social service organizations and by a series of well-publicized relief efforts. While base commander at March Field, personnel under Arnold's command flew food-drops during blizzards in the winter of 1932-33, assisted in relief work during the Long Beach earthquake of March 10, 1933, and established a camp for 3,000 boys of the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Long Beach earthquake of 1933 took place on March 10, 1933 at 1755 PST ( March 11, 0155 UTC) with a magnitude Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC) was a Work relief program for young men from unemployed families established on March 21, 1933, by U In September of 1933, Arnold designated a portion of the Rogers Dry Lake near Muroc as a training site for his March Field squadrons. Edwards Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located on the border of Kern County and Los Angeles County California in the Antelope Edwards Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located on the border of Kern County and Los Angeles County California in the Antelope For the history and uses of this facility prior to 1993 see March Air Force Base March Joint Air Reserve Base is located in Riverside County This site would become today's Edwards Air Force Base. Edwards Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located on the border of Kern County and Los Angeles County California in the Antelope
In 1934, he commanded one of the three military zones during the Air Mail Scandal, but his pilots performed well and his own reputation was relatively untouched by the fiasco. The Air Mail Scandal, also known as the Air Mail Fiasco, is the name that the American press of the 1930s gave to the political scandal resulting from a congressional Later that same year he won his second Mackay Trophy, when he led ten of the new B-10 bombers on an 8,290-mile (13,340 km) flight from Washington to Fairbanks, Alaska and back[1]. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Fairbanks (ˈfɛrbæŋks is a Home Rule City in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, United States. Although he lobbied for recognition of the other airmen involved in the Alaska flight, the Army Chief of Staff ignored Arnold's recommendations, with the result that his reputation among some of his peers was tarnished by resentment. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent
On March 9, 1935, General Headquarters Air Force (GHQ) was created to take control of all flying units of the Army Air Corps. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Its first commander, Major General Frank Andrews, tapped Arnold to command its First Wing, headquartered at March Field, and he was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier general on March 2, 1935. Frank Maxwell Andrews ( February 3, 1884 &ndash May 3, 1943) was one of the founding fathers of military aviation in the United States Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
On December 28, 1935, Arnold was summoned to Washington by the Army Chief of Staff, General Malin Craig, and over his protests, was made Assistant Chief of the Air Corps under its new Chief, Major General Oscar Westover. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Malin Craig ( August 5, 1875 &ndash July 25, 1945) was a United States Army general. Oscar Westover ( July 23 1883 - September 21 1938) was a Major general and chief of the United States Army Air Corps when Instead of commanding operational units, Arnold was now in charge of procurement and supply. Westover was killed in an air crash in September 1938 and Arnold then became Chief of the Air Corps, with an immediate promotion to Major General on September 22. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians This move did not return Arnold to the operational Air Force, but it did empower him to plan for expansion of the Air Corps into a branch of the Army co-equal with the ground forces.
His first move was to encourage research and development efforts, particularly the B-17 and the concept of Jet-assisted takeoff. The phrase research and development (also R and D or more often R&D) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout JATO may also refer to the group Jews Against the Occupation. To encourage the use of civilian expertise, the California Institute of Technology became a beneficiary of Air Corps funding and Theodore von Kármán of its Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory developed a good working relationship with Arnold that led to the creation of the Scientific Advisory Group in 1944. The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena The Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology ( GALCIT) was a Research institute created in 1926 at first specializing The Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force was established in 1944, when General Henry H Charles Lindbergh was also briefly co-opted by the Air Corps as a spokesman for aviation. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Arnold concentrated on rapid returns from R&D investments, exploiting proven technologies to provide operational solutions to counter the rising threat of the Axis Powers. From 1940 onward, Arnold also pushed for jet propulsion, especially after the British shared their plans of Whittle's turbojet in 1941. Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle, OM, KBE, FRS, Hon FRAeS (1 June 1907 &ndash 9 August 1996 was an English Royal
World War II
With U. S. participation in the Second World War inevitable, the division of authority between the Air Corps and General Headquarters Air Force was removed with a revision of Army Regulation 95-5 that created the United States Army Air Forces on June 20, 1941. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Arnold was made Chief of the Army Air Forces and acting Deputy Chief of Staff for Air with command authority over both the Air Corps and Air Force Combat Command (successor to GHQ Air Force). This also provided the air arm with a staff of its own, brought the entire organization under the command of one general (Arnold), and granted it near autonomy. It also by consensus postponed debate on separation of the Air Force into a service co-equal with the Army and Navy until after the war.
Arnold gave the new Air Staff as its first assignment the development of a war plan for fighting both Germany and Japan, and it produced AWPD-1, which became the basis for air strategy during the war. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. AWPD-1 defined four tasks for the USAAF: defense of the Western Hemisphere, an initial defensive strategy against Japan, a strategic air offensive against Germany, and a later strategic air offensive against Japan in prelude of invasion. It also planned for an expansion of the USAAF to 60,000 aircraft and 2. 1 million men. AWPD-1 called for 24 groups (approximately 750 airplanes) of B-29 very heavy bombers to be based in Northern Ireland and Egypt for use against Nazi Germany. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.
Even before then he had pushed for aid to Great Britain; with U. S. entry into the war, Arnold, a strong supporter of strategic bombing, closely supervised the creation of the Eighth Air Force in England to limit the diversion of Army bombers to anti-submarine patrol and to the Pacific Theater, and thwart British lobbying to have U. Strategic bombing is a Military strategy used in a Total war with the goal of defeating an enemy nation-state by destroying its economic ability to wage war rather Eighth Air Force is a Numbered Air Force (NAF of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC An anti-submarine weapon is any one of a range of devices that are intended to act against a submarine and its crew to destroy (sink the vessel or to destroy or reduce its capability S. bombers sent as individual replacements for the Royal Air Force.
On December 6, 1941, General Arnold landed at Sacramento, California to warn the air base that war with Japan is imminent. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. (Exhibit at McClellan Air Force Base, Air Museum, Sacramento, California)
In the wake of U. McClellan Air Force Base (1935-2001 is a former front-line United States Air Force base located 7 miles Northeast of Sacramento California. The Aerospace Museum of California is an aviation museum located on the former McClellan Air Force Base, which closed in 2001 S. entry in the war, Arnold was promoted to lieutenant general on December 15, 1941. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On March 9, 1942, the issuance of War Department Circular 59 granted the USAAF full autonomy, equal to and entirely separate from the Army Ground Forces and Services of Supply. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The office of the Chief of the Air Corps and the Air Forces Combat Command were eliminated entirely, and Arnold became Commanding General of the USAAF and a member of both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS) is a group comprising the Chiefs of service of each major branch of the Armed services in the United States armed forces The Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS was the supreme military command for the Western Allies during World War II. In response to an inquiry from President Franklin Roosevelt, Arnold directed the Air War Plans Division in August 1942, to revise its estimates and AWPD-42 was issued, calling for 75,000 aircraft and 2. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. 7 million men, but also adding a call for 8,000 gliders and the production of 8,000 aircraft for use by other allies. Terminology A "glider" is an unpowered Aircraft. The most common types of glider are today used for sporting purposes AWPD-42 reaaffirmed earlier strategic priorities, but increased the list of industrial targets from 23 to 177, ranking the German Luftwaffe first and its submarine force second in importance of destruction. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability It also directed that the B-29 not be employed in Europe because of problems in development, but instead be concentrated in the Far East to destroy Japan. The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia.
Immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor Arnold began to carry out AWPD-1. Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. The primary strategic bombing force against Nazi Germany would be the Eighth Air Force, and he named General Spaatz to command it and General Eaker to head its Bomber Command. (Arnold and Eaker had written three books together. ) Other Arnold protegés eventually filled key positions in the strategic bombing forces, including Colonels Frank A. Armstrong and Newton Longfellow, and Generals Haywood S. Frank Alton Armstrong Jr ( May 24, 1902 - August 20, 1969) was a brigadier general in the United States Army Air Forces Hansell, Jr. , Laurence Kuter, Laverne Saunders, Emmitt O'Donnell, and James H. Doolittle. General Laurence Sherman Kuter (1905 in Rockford, Illinois - November 30, 1979)was a Cold War-era U General James Harold "Jimmy" Doolittle USAF (14 December 1896 &ndash 27 September 1993 was an American Aviation pioneer
Despite protecting his strategic bombing force from demands of other services and allies, Arnold was forced to divert resources from the Eighth to support operations in North Africa, crippling the Eighth in its infancy and nearly killing it. Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British - American invasion of French North Africa in World War II Eaker (now Eighth Air Force commander) found from experience that the pre-war doctrine that heavily-armed bombers could penetrate defenses to reach any target without supporting escort fighters was wrong. Early in 1943 he began requesting more fighters and jettisonable fuel tanks to increase their range, in addition to repeated requests to increase the size of his small bombing force. Eaker was resisted not only by opponents of strategic daylight bombing but by his fighter commanders as well, who argued that the use of drop tanks would endanger their aircraft. The term drop tank (or belly tank) is used to describe auxiliary fuel tanks in both aeronautics and spaceflight
Heavy losses in the summer and fall of 1943 on deep penetration missions increased Eaker's requests. Arnold, under pressure and impatient for results, ignored Eaker's findings and placed the blame on a lack of aggressiveness by bomber commanders. This came at a time when General Dwight Eisenhower was putting together his command group for the invasion of Europe, and Arnold approved Eisenhower's request to replace Eaker with his own commanders, Spaatz and Doolittle. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Operation Overlord was the code name for the invasion of northwest Europe during World War II by Allied forces Ironically, the very items Eaker requested — more airplanes, drop tanks, and P-51 fighters — accompanied the change of command and made the Eighth Air Force a success.
With the strategic bombing crisis resolved in Europe, Arnold placed full emphasis on completion of the development and deployment of the B-29 to attack Japan. The B-29 program had been plagued with a seemingly unending series of development problems, subjecting it and Arnold to much criticism in the press and from skeptical field commanders. The B-29 was the key component of the AAF's fourth strategic priority, since no other land-based bomber was capable of reaching the Japanese homeland, but by February 1944, the XX Bomber Command, slated to begin Operation Matterhorn on June 1, had virtually no flight time yet above an altitude of 20,000 feet. The XX Bomber Command (XX BC is an inactive United States Air Force unit This article deals with the World War II Operation Matterhorn Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
With a designated overseas deployment date of April 15, 1944, Arnold intervened in the situation personally by flying to Kansas on March 8. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. For three days he toured training bases involved in the modification program, distressed at his findings of shortages and work failures, and on the spot made a military procurement officer accompanying him, Maj. Gen. Bennett E. Meyers, coordinator of the program. Meyers (who would after the war be investigated by Congress in a procurement scandal in which Arnold was compelled to testify), succeeded in the "Battle of Kansas": despite labour problems and blizzard weather a complete bomb group was ready for deployment by April 9. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
The mechanical problems of the B-29, however, had not been resolved, and combat operations identified many new ones. Arnold felt the pressure of not only achieving the goals of AWPD-1, but of justifying by results a very expensive technological project in the B-29, and also the highly-classified knowledge that the B-29 would be called upon to deliver the atomic bomb, if the Manhattan Project succeeded. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb Operations against Japanese targets in China and Southeast Asia began in June, 1944 and from the outset produced far less positive results than expected.
In many ways the difficulties of the Twentieth Air Force's campaign against Japan mirrored those of the Eighth Air Force's against Germany. Twentieth Air Force is a Numbered Air Force of the United States in Air Force Space Command (AFSPC With characteristic impatience, Arnold quickly relieved the B-29 commander in China and replaced him with Maj. Gen. Curtis LeMay. Curtis Emerson LeMay (15 November 1906–3 October 1990 was a General in the United States Air Force and the vice presidential running mate of American Independent LeMay produced results despite a shortage of resources, and a second B-29 bomber command was moved to the Mariana Islands in November. The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning One of the architects of AWPD-1 and AWPD-42, General Hansell, commanded the bombers but after two months of poor results, which could no longer be blamed on defects in the bomber, Arnold decided he too needed replacing. He shut down operations from China, consolidated all the B-29s in the Marianas, and replaced Hansell with LeMay.
Arnold made himself commanding general of the Twentieth Air Force, for which he is sometimes criticized for failure to delegate. This unique command arrangement may also have contributed to his health problems (see below), but after the negative experience of building an effective bombing force against Germany, and realizing the consequences of failure against Japan, Arnold may have considered that administrative decisions regarding command could best be handled personally. The Joint Chiefs also desired to place all military forces in the Central Pacific, where the Twentieth Air Force was to be based, under the operational control of Admiral Chester Nimitz, and Arnold was adamantly opposed to diversion of strategic bombers to support tactical operations. The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS) is a group comprising the Chiefs of service of each major branch of the Armed services in the United States armed forces Fleet Admiral Chester William Nimitz, USN, GCB ( February 24, 1885 &ndash February 20, 1966) held the dual command
Health problems
Between 1943 and 1945 Arnold experienced four heart attacks severe enough to require hospitalization. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply In addition to being by nature intensely impatient, Arnold considered that his personal presence was required wherever a crisis might be, and as a result he traveled extensively and for long hours under great stress during the war, aggravating what may have been a pre-existing coronary condition. A lesser but more frequent factor may have been his difficulty in handling inter-service politics, particularly with the Navy, which steadfastly refused to recognize him as a Chief of Staff. Interservice rivalry is a Military term referring to rivalries that can arise between different branches of a country's Armed forces, such as between a nation's
His first heart attack occurred February 28, 1943, just after his return from a lengthy and exhausting trip to the Casablanca Conference and to China. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Casablanca Conference (codenamed SYMBOL was held at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco, then a French Protectorate, from January 14 to China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National He was hospitalized at Walter Reed Army Hospital for several days, then took three weeks leave at the Coral Gables Biltmore Hotel in Florida, which had been converted into a convalescent hospital. The Walter Reed National Army Medical Center (WRAMC is the United States Army's medical center on the east coast of the United States. The Coral Gables Biltmore Hotel is a US luxury Hotel opened in Coral Gables, Florida in 1926 by John McEntee Bowman and Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Army regulations required that he leave the service, but President Roosevelt waived the requirement in April after he demonstrated his recovery and on the condition that the president be provided with monthly updates on Arnold's health.
His second attack occurred just a month later, on May 10, 1943, and resulted in a 10-day stay in Walter Reed. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His third, less severe than the first two, occurred exactly a year later, on May 10, 1944, under the strain of the B-29 problems. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Arnold took a month's leave, returning to duty by flying to London for a conference on June 7, 1944. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
His last wartime heart attack came on January 17, 1945, just days after he had changed Hansell for LeMay. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Arnold had not gone into his office for three days and had refused to admit the Air Forces' chief flight surgeon to his quarters when checked up on. A flight surgeon is a military Medical officer assigned to duties in the clinical field known as flight, or Aviation medicine. The doctor enlisted a general and personal friend of Arnold's to inquire, after which Arnold was again flown to Coral Gables and placed under 24-hour care for nine days.
Arnold again was allowed to remain in the service, but under conditions which amounted to light duty. He received word on 6 May 1945, of the surrender of Nazi Germany, he was at the base of the 456th Bomb Group in Italy, in the midst of a tour of Europe. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The 456th Bomb Group (Heavy was an air combat unit of the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest On March 19, 1943 he was promoted to full general and on December 21, 1944 he was made a General of the Army, placing him fourth in the U. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. General of the Army (GA is a five-star General officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. S. Army rank structure.
In 1945, he founded Project RAND, which later became the non-profit think tank the RAND Corporation, with $10,000,000 of funding leftover from World War II. The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Initially tasked with studying military strategy, RAND has since widely expanded its scope beyond its original mission.
After a trip to South America in January, 1946, in which he developed a heart arrhythmia severe enough to cancel the remainder of the trip, General Arnold left the Air Force on February 28, 1946 (his official date of retirement was June 30). South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper He was succeeded by General Carl Spaatz, who also became first Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force when it became a separate service on September 18, 1947. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Arnold retired to a 40 acre ranch near Sonoma, California and signed a contract with Harper & Brothers to write his memoirs. A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle Harper & Brothers was a prominent New York City book and magazine publishing firm which founded Harper's Magazine. Unlike Gen. George S. Patton, the wealthiest officer in the US Army, and his colleagues who had taken other positions (e. For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond. g. GA George Marshall was appointed Secretary of State by President Harry S Truman); Arnold was not healthy enough to do so and had no source of income other than his military pension and, later, salary (when promoted to the rank of General of the Air Force he received full pay as all five star generals are on active duty and are unable to to retire unless they resign their commissions). General of the Air Force (GOAF is a five-star General officer rank and is the highest possible rank in the United States Air Force.
His autobiography was an attempt to provide financial security for his wife after his death--much like former General and President Ulysses S. Grant who also wrote his memoirs while suffering from a fatal illness. Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Arnold was in the midst of writing the book when he suffered his fifth serious heart attack in January, 1948, hospitalizing him for three months. However, he did complete the book, entitled Global Mission.
On May 7, 1949, Arnold was honored by being made the first--and to date, only--General of the Air Force. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. General of the Air Force (GOAF is a five-star General officer rank and is the highest possible rank in the United States Air Force. He is also the only American to serve in five-star rank in two military services. He died January 15, 1950, at his home. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was given a state funeral in Washington D.C. that included rare services held in Arlington Memorial Amphitheater and is buried in Section 34 of Arlington National Cemetery. A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour Heads of state or other important people of national significance Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Arlington Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery, near the center of the Cemetery is the home of the Tomb of the Unknowns where Unknown American Servicemembers Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War
Legacy
The source of his nickname "Hap" was short for "Happy," a nickname his aunt came up with. His West Point nickname was "Pewt", and possibly also "Benny", and he was known to his family as Harley during his youth. To his immediate subordinates and headquarters staff he was referred to as "The Chief. "
Arnold Engineering Development Center, the world's largest and most advanced aeronautical testing and research base, is named for General Arnold. Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC is a ground-based flight test facility operated by the US Air Force Materiel Command.
The honorary organization in Air Force ROTC, the Arnold Air Society, is named in his honor, as is the cadet social center at the United States Air Force Academy, Arnold Hall. Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps ( AFROTC) is one of the three commissioning sources for officers in the United States Air Force, the other The Arnold Air Society ( AAS) is a professional honorary service organization advocating the support of aerospace power The United States Air Force Academy ( USAFA or Air Force) is an accredited college for the undergraduate education of officers for the United States Air The main athletic field at his alma mater, Lower Merion High School in Ardmore, Penna. , also bears his name. The Air Force Aid Society awards a scholarship in his name to dependents of Air Force members or retirees. The second achievement in Civil Air Patrol is named after him. The Civil Air Patrol ( CAP) is the civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF
Arnold appointed Marshall K. Wood in 1942 to head up the first use of the first UNIVAC in government as part of an overall system designed to decrease pilot deaths by optimizing training and procurement.
The Department of Defense high school at Wiesbaden Air Base in Wiesbaden, Germany was renamed General H. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government Wiesbaden Army Airfield is located southeast of the city of Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany. Wiesbaden, a city in southwest Germany, is the capital of the state of Hesse. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. H. Arnold High School in 1955.
On November 7, 1988, the United States Postal Service released the H. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) H. 'Hap' Arnold 65 cent stamp bearing the likeness of Arnold. [2]
The Air Force Research Laboratory generally recognizes Arnold as the visionary who first articulated that superior research and development capabilities are essential to deterring and winning wars. Arnold's ideas underpin the Laboratory's modern-day role within the Air Force.
On May 18, 2006, the Department of the Air Force unveiled two prototypes of new service dress uniforms, one resembling the stand-collar uniform worn by U. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. S. Army Air Corps officers prior to 1935, called the "Billy Mitchell heritage coat," and another, resembling the Army Air Force's Uniform of World War II and named the "Hap Arnold heritage coat". For other people with the same name see Billy Mitchell (disambiguation.
Arnold also changed the regulation flight jacket for Air Force pilots: the celebrated leather A-2 jacket was replaced by a sage-green nylon jacket, which was easier to procure but less popular with the wearers. The Type A-2 leather flight jacket is one of the most classic and immediately recognizable articles of military clothing ever designed The A-2 was restored to uniform status in 1988.
All three of Arnold's surviving sons served as colonels in the United States Air Force. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country All were also graduates of West Point (Henry H. Jr. , 1939; Willam Bruce, January 1943; and David Lee, 1949) and the two youngest are buried near their father in Arlington.
Summary of service
Dates of rank
Awards and decorations
From the Arnold Air Society:
- U. This article refers to the general definition of cadet A Cadet may also be a member of the Cadets, a historical Russian Political party. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, West Point is a federal military reservation (and a Census-designated place) located North of the Village of Highland Falls in Orange County New York Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year First Lieutenant is a Military rank. The rank of Lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations (see Comparative military ranks Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common First Lieutenant is a Military rank. The rank of Lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations (see Comparative military ranks See " Captain " for other versions of this rank In the uniformed services of the United States, captain is a federal The Aviation Section US Signal Corps, was the name of the military aviation service of the United States Army from 1914 to 1918 and a direct ancestor of the United States Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Please see " Major " for other countries that use this rank In the United States, Major is a Military rank denotes Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year See also Colonel In the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps and the United States Air Force, colonel Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year See " Captain " for other versions of this rank In the uniformed services of the United States, captain is a federal The Regular Army is a name given to the permanent force of a country's army that is maintained during peacetime Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Please see " Major " for other countries that use this rank In the United States, Major is a Military rank denotes "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Please see " Lieutenant Colonel " for other countries which use this rank In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps and the United States Air Force, brigadier general is a one-star General The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC was the predecessor of the U The Regular Army is a name given to the permanent force of a country's army that is maintained during peacetime In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, major general is a two-star General officer Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, major general is a two-star General officer The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. The Army of the United States is the official name for the Conscription (U Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about a United States military rank For other countries that use a similar rank see Lieutenant General. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the United States Army, United States Air Force, and United States Marine Corps, general is a four-star General officer rank Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. General of the Army (GA is a five-star General officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. General of the Air Force (GOAF is a five-star General officer rank and is the highest possible rank in the United States Air Force. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. S. Military Badge No. 1
Notes
- ^ Arlington National Cemetery profile. US Air Force aeronautical ratings are military aviation skill standards established and awarded by the United States Air Force for commissioned officers participating in aerial The Distinguished Service Medal is the highest non-valorous military and civilian decoration of the United States of America military which is issued for exceptionally meritorious The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces that is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding The Distinguished Flying Cross is a medal awarded to any officer or enlisted member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself in The Air Medal is a military decoration of the United States which was established by Executive Order 9158 signed by Franklin D The World War I Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was first created in 1919 designed by James Earle Fraser. The World War II Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created by an act of Congress in July 1945. The American Defense Service Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created in 1941 by Executive Order of President Franklin Roosevelt The American Campaign Medal was a military decoration of the United States armed forces which was first created on November 6, 1942 by The Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal is a service decoration of the Second World War which was awarded to any member of the United States military who The European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal is a military decoration of the United States armed forces which was first created on November 6 The National Order of the Southern Cross is Brazil's highest order of merit |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Order of the Aztec Eagle (Orden del Águila Azteca is the highest decoration awarded to foreigners in Mexico. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. This is a list of military decorations awarded by the United Mexican States ( Estados Unidos Mexicanos) The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Order of Ouissam Alaouite or the Royal Order of Al-Alaoui is a military decoration of Morocco which is bestowed by the King of Morocco upon those Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Order of the Sun ( La Orden El Sol del Peru) is the highest award bestowed by the nation of Peru to commend notable civil and military merit Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
- ^ Publication 528 - Veterans and the Military on Stamps
- ^ Sources: NAHF Ensrinement Biography; US Air Force official biography
References
- H. H. Arnold. , "Global Mission" General of the Air Force, 1949, Harper and Brothers Publishers, New York.
- Henry Harley "Hap"Arnold, General of the Air Force. Arlington National Cemetery.
- Coffey, Thomas M. , Hap: the Story of the U. S. Air Force and the Man Who Built It, General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, Viking Press (1982)
- Daso, Dik A. , Major USAF, "Hap Arnold's Early Career in Aviation Technology, 1903-1935," Aerospace Power Journal, (Fall, 1996), Air University Press, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
- Nalty, Bernard C. , editor, Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force (1997), ISBN 0-16-049009-X
- General Henry H. Arnold (official USAF biography). United States Air Force. Retrieved on 2006-01-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
- Arnold Air Society biography
- National Aviation Hall of Fame enshrinement page
Further reading
- American Airpower Comes of Age: General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold’s World War II Diaries, Volume 1 (Google Book)
- American Airpower Comes of Age: General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold’s World War II Diaries, Volume 2 (Google Book)
External links
- General of the Air Force, Henry H. "Hap" Arnold. United States Air Force.
- March Field Air Museum, CA
- First Motion Picture Unit of WW2
- Annotated bibliography for Henry Arnold from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- Henry H. Arnold at Early Birds of Aviation
- Henry H. Arnold at Find A Grave Retrieved on 2008-01-11
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by New Title |
Chief of the United States Army Air Forces 1941–1946 |
Succeeded by Gen. The Early Birds of Aviation is an organization devoted to the history of early pilots Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. Carl Andrew Spaatz as the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force |
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