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Dr Henry Faulds (1 June 1843 – 19 March 1930) was a Scottish scientist who is noted for the development of fingerprinting. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger

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Early life

Faulds was born in the Scottish town of Beith, North Ayrshire into a family of modest means. Beith is a town in North Ayrshire, Scotland. One of its various claims to fame is that a signatory of the American Declaration of Independence North Ayrshire ( Gaelic: Siorrachd Inbhir Àir a Tuath, ʃir̴əxg̊ iɲiɾʲˈaːɾʲ ə t̪uə is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. Aged 13, he was forced to leave school, and went to Glasgow to work as a clerk to help support his family; at 21 he decided to enroll at the Facility of Arts at Glasgow University, where he studied mathematics, logic and the classics. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom The University of Glasgow (Oilthigh Ghlaschu was founded in 1451 in Glasgow, Scotland and along with its contemporary institutions the University of St Andrews Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. He later studied medicine at Anderson's College, and graduated with a physician’s licence. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the

Following graduation, Faulds then became a medical missionary for the Church of Scotland. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. In 1871, he was sent to British India, where he worked for two years in Darjeeling at a hospital for the poor. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Darjeeling ( Nepali:) is a town in the Indian state of West Bengal.

On 23 July 1873, he received a letter of appointment from the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland to establish a medical mission in Japan. United Presbyterian Church was the name of multiple Christian denominations in the world among which are the following The United Presbyterian Church For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. He married Isabella Wilson that September, and the newlyweds departed for Japan in December.

Life in Japan

Faulds established the first Scottish mission in Japan in 1874, with a hospital and a teaching facility for Japanese medical students. He helped introduce taught Dr. Joseph Lister's antiseptic methods to Japanese surgeons. Joseph Lister 1st Baron Lister, OM, FRS ( 5 April 1827 &ndash 10 February 1912) was an English surgeon Antiseptics (from Greek αντί - anti, '"against" + σηπτικός - septikos, "putrefactive" are antimicrobial In 1875, he helped found the Rakuzenkai, Japan’s first society for the blind, and set up lifeguard stations to prevent drowning in nearby canals. A lifeguard is an Emergency service worker who is responsible for overseeing the Safety of the users of a recreational water feature such as a Swimming He halted a rabies epidemic that killed small children who played with infected mice, and he helped stop the spread of cholera in Japan. Rabies (from rabies “madness rage fury” Also known as “ hydrophobia ” is a viral Zoonotic neuroinvasive disease that A mouse (plural mice) is a small Animal that belongs to one Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium He even cured a plague infecting the local fishmonger's stock of carp. Carp is a common name for various Freshwater Fish of the family Cyprinidae, a very large In 1880 he helped found a school for the blind. By 1882, his Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo treated 15,000 patients annually. Tsukiji (築地 is a district of Chūō Tokyo, Japan, the site of the Tsukiji fish market. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Faulds became fluent in Japanese, and in addition to his full-time work as a doctor, he wrote two books on travel in the Far East, many academic articles, and started three magazines. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities

Whilst accompanying a friend (American archeologist, Edward S. Morse) to an archaeological dig he noticed how the delicate impressions left by craftsmen could be discerned in ancient clay fragments. Edward Sylvester Morse ( June 18, 1838 &ndash December 20, 1925) was an American Zoologist and Orientalist Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Examining his own fingertips and those of friends, he became convinced that the pattern of ridges was unique to each individual.

Shortly after these observations his hospital was broken into. The local police arrested a member of staff whom Faulds believed to be innocent. Determined to exonerate the man, he compared the fingerprints left behind at the crime scene to those of the suspect and found them to be different. A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger On the strength of this evidence the police agreed to release the suspect.

In an attempt to promote the idea of fingerprint identification he sought the help of the noted naturalist Charles Darwin. A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Darwin declined to work on the idea, but passed it on to his relative Francis Galton, who forwarded it to the Anthropological Society of London. Sir Francis Galton FRS ( 16 February 1822 &ndash 17 January 1911) half-cousin of Charles Darwin, was an The Anthropological Society of London was founded in 1863 by Richard Francis Burton and Dr When Galton returned to the topic some eight years later, he paid little attention to Faulds letter. As a result of this interchange some controversy has arisen about the inventor of modern forensic fingerprinting. However, there can be no doubt that Faulds' first paper on the subject was published in the scientific journal Nature in 1880; all parties conceded this. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869

The following month Sir William Herschel, a British civil servant based in India, wrote to Nature saying that he had been using fingerprints (as a form of bar code) to identify criminals since 1860. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British A bar code (also barcode) is an optical Machine-readable representation of data However, Herschel did not mention their potential for forensic use. Over the years, Faulds conducted a bitter controversy with Herschel over the use of fingerprints, demanding proof in 1894 that Herschel had ever used fingerprints officially, which Herschel duly provided, and then writing a series of books and pamphlets many years later containing variations of the argument that he had been cheated his due credit (see [1] for complete facsimiles of these and other fundamental works on fingerprinting, and the Herschel/Faulds letters). These books were published from 1905 onward, long after fingerprinting had come into widespread use.

Return to Britain

Returning to Britain in 1886, after a quarrel with the missionary society which ran his hospital in Japan, Faulds offered the concept of fingerprint identification to Scotland Yard but he was dismissed, most likely because he did not present the extensive evidence required to show that prints are durable, unique and practically classifiable. New Scotland Yard or Scotland Yard, informally known as The Yard and NSY, is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, responsible Subsequently, Faulds returned to the life of a police surgeon, at first in London, and then in the Stoke-on-Trent town of Fenton. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Stoke-on-Trent ( often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city in Staffordshire, England which forms a linear Conurbation almost 12 miles (19 Stoke-on-Trent ( often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city in Staffordshire, England which forms a linear Conurbation almost 12 miles (19 In 1922 he sold his practice and moved to nearby Wolstanton where he died in March 1930 aged 86, bitter at the lack of recognition he had received for his work. However, in 2007 a plaque acknowledging Faulds' work has been put in place at the head offices of Castle Comfort Stairlifts near to Wolstanton's St Margaret's churchyard where his grave can be seen.

Legacy

As a purely practical matter, Faulds had no direct effect on the development of finger printing and its adoption by criminal justice systems internationally. Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring None of his publications contain any substantial data of his own about the actual occurrence and characteristics of fingerprint patterns. A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger He does deserve credit, however, for being an early investigator and advocate of the broad notion of using fingerprints forensically, even if he never grasped the form this took practically.

The Japanese police officially adopted the fingerprinting system in 1911. Japan's police are an apolitical body under the general supervision of an independent agency the National Police Agency, and free of direct central government executive

External links

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