Henry Cow
Henry Cow, 1975
Background information
Origin	Cambridge, England
Genre(s)	Avant-progressive rock, Experimental rock, Free improvisation, Avant-garde
Years active	1968–1978
Label(s)	Virgin, Broadcast
Associated acts	Slapp Happy, Art Bears
Former members
Fred Frith Tim Hodgkinson John Greaves Chris Cutler Geoff Leigh Lindsay Cooper Dagmar Krause Georgie Born

Henry Cow were an English avant-garde rock group, founded at Cambridge University in 1968 by multi-instrumentalists Fred Frith and Tim Hodgkinson. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other Avant-progressive rock is a style of Music based on rock music that explores unconventional territory often incorporating non-standard Chord progressions Experimental rock or avant-garde rock is a type of music based on rock which experiments with the basic elements of the genre and/or which pushes the boundaries Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s involved in many cases the musicians make Avant-garde music is a subjective term that can be used in different ways Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music Virgin Records is a British Record label founded by English entrepreneur Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell Slapp Happy was a German / English Avant-garde pop group consisting of Anthony Moore (keyboards Peter Blegvad (guitar Art Bears were an English Avant-garde rock group formed during the disassembly of Henry Cow in 1978 by three of its members Fred Frith (born February 17, 1949) is an English Multi-instrumentalist, Composer and improvisor. Tim Hodgkinson (born 1 May 1949) is an English Experimental music Composer and performer principally on reeds and John Greaves (born 23 January 1950) is a British bass guitarist and composer best known as a member of Henry Cow and his collaborative Chris Cutler (born January 4, 1947) is an English percussionist composer lyricist and music theorist Geoff Leigh (born 5 October 1945) is an English Jazz and Progressive rock Musician, playing primarily Soprano Lindsay Cooper (born 3 March 1951) is an English Bassoon and Oboe player Composer and Political activist Dagmar Krause (born 4 June 1950) is a German singer best known for her work with Avant-garde rock groups like Georgina Born (born 15 November 1955 in Wheatley Oxfordshire) is a British academic, anthropologist and Musician England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. A musical ensemble is a group of two or more Musicians who perform instrumental or vocal Music. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Fred Frith (born February 17, 1949) is an English Multi-instrumentalist, Composer and improvisor. Tim Hodgkinson (born 1 May 1949) is an English Experimental music Composer and performer principally on reeds and An inherent anti-commercial bias kept them at arm's length from the mainstream music business, enabling them to experiment at will. The arm's length principle (ALP is the condition or the fact that the parties to a transaction are independent and on an equal footing The music industry is the business of Music. Although it encompasses the activity of many music-related businesses and organizations it is currently dominated by the "big They remained in existence for 10 years and produced a body of music that was challenging, provocative and influential for years to come.

While it was generally thought that Henry Cow took their name from Twentieth Century American composer Henry Cowell, this has been repeatedly denied by band members. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Henry Cowell ( March 11, 1897 – December 10, 1965) was an American Composer, musical theorist, Pianist According to Tim Hodgkinson, the name was "in the air" in 1968, and it seemed like a good name for the band. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It had no connection to anything.

History

The beginning

Fred Frith met Tim Hodgkinson, a fellow student, in a blues club at Cambridge University in May 1968. Fred Frith (born February 17, 1949) is an English Multi-instrumentalist, Composer and improvisor. Tim Hodgkinson (born 1 May 1949) is an English Experimental music Composer and performer principally on reeds and The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Recognizing their mutual open-minded approach to music the two began performing together, playing a variety of musical styles, including "dada" blues and "neo-Hiroshima". For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression Henry Cow's first concert was to support Pink Floyd at the Architects Ball at Homerton College, Cambridge in June 1968. Pink Floyd are Homerton College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England

In October 1968 Henry Cow expanded when they were joined by Andy Powell (bass guitar), Dave Attwood (drums) and Rob Brooks (rhythm guitar). Andrew Powell - musical composer arranger and performer - was born 18 April 1949 in London, England of Welsh parents They performed with this line-up until December that year when Frith, Hodgkinson and Powell split off from the rest of the group and became a trio. Powell at the time was studying music at King's College under Roger Smalley, the resident composer. King's College Cambridge is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Roger Smalley (born 26 July 1943 in Manchester, UK) is a British- Australian Composer, pianist and conductor Smalley was influential in Henry Cow's early development. He exposed them to a variety of new music from bands and musicians like Soft Machine, Captain Beefheart and Frank Zappa. Soft Machine was an English rock band from Canterbury, named after the book The Soft Machine by William S Don Van Vliet (born Donald Glen Vliet on January 15 1941, in Glendale California, U Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21 1940 – December 4 1993 was an American Composer, Electric guitarist Record producer and Film director Smalley also introduced them to the idea of writing music pieces for rock groups. It was at this time that Henry Cow began challenging themselves by writing music they could not play, then using it to teach themselves to play the instruments.

As a trio, with Frith on bass guitar, Powell on drums and Hodgkinson playing an organ Frith and Powell had persuaded him to learn, Henry Cow performed at a number of gigs on the university calendar, including the annual Architects' Ball, the Midsummer Common Festival and on the roof of a 14-storey building in Cambridge. In April 1969 Powell left and the band reverted to a duo again, with Frith playing violin and Hodgkinson on keyboards and reeds. In October 1969, after a tryout with philosopher Galen Strawson, Frith and Hodgkinson persuaded bassist John Greaves to join the band, and with the services of a couple of temporary drummers and then Sean Jenkins, Henry Cow performed as a quartet for the next eight months. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Galen John Strawson (born 1952 is a British Philosopher and literary critic who works primarily on Philosophy of mind, Metaphysics (including A bass player (bassist is a Musician who plays a Double bass, Bass guitar, keyboard bass or wind John Greaves (born 23 January 1950) is a British bass guitarist and composer best known as a member of Henry Cow and his collaborative In May 1971 Martin Ditcham replaced Jenkins on drums, and with this line-up they played at several events, including the Glastonbury Festival alongside Gong in June 1971. For the classical music and theatre festivals co-founded by Rutland Boughton between 1914 and 1926 see Glastonbury Festival (1914-1925 The Gong is a progressive / Psychedelic rock band formed by Australian Musician Daevid Allen.

Ditcham left in July 1971 and it was not until September that year that the drummer's seat was filled again, this time by Chris Cutler. Chris Cutler (born January 4, 1947) is an English percussionist composer lyricist and music theorist Responding to one of Cutler's adverts in Melody Maker, the band invited him to a rehearsal,^[1] and it was only when Cutler joined, that Henry Cow settled into a permanent core of Frith, Hodgkinson, Cutler and Greaves. Melody Maker, published in the United Kingdom, was according to its publisher IPC Media, the world's oldest weekly Music Newspaper The band then relocated to London where they began an aggressive rehearsal schedule. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

After having entered John Peel's "Rockortunity Knocks" contest in 1971, Henry Cow recorded a John Peel session for BBC Radio 1 in February 1972. John Robert Parker Ravenscroft, OBE (30 August 1939 – 25 October 2004 known professionally as John Peel, was an English Disc jockey, radio They later went on to record another session in October that year and a further three sessions between 1973 and 1975.

In April 1972 Henry Cow wrote and performed the music for Robert Walker's production of Euripides' The Bacchae. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Robert Walker may refer to Robert Walker (painter (1599-1658 English painter associated with 57 portraits Robert J Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus This involved an intense and demanding three week period of concentrated work that changed the band completely. It was during this time that Geoff Leigh on woodwinds joined and Henry Cow became a quintet. Geoff Leigh (born 5 October 1945) is an English Jazz and Progressive rock Musician, playing primarily Soprano Types of woodwind instruments See also List of woodwind instruments Single-reed instruments use a reed, which is a thin cut A quintet is a group containing five membersIt is commonly associated with musical groups such as a String quintet, or a group of five singers but can be applied to any

In July 1972, the band performed at the Edinburgh Festival and wrote and performed music for a ballet with artist Ray Smith and the Cambridge Contemporary Dance Group at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Edinburgh International Festival is a festival of Performing arts that takes place in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, over three weeks from around The Edinburgh Fringe (officially the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, commonly just The Fringe) is the world’s largest Arts festival. It was Smith who later did the "paint sock" art work on three of Henry Cow's LP covers.

Back in London, they started to organise a series of concerts and events under the names Cabaret Voltaire and Explorers' Club at Kensington Town Hall with invited guests, including Derek Bailey, Lol Coxhill, Ivor Cutler, Ron Geesin, David Toop and Ray Smith. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Kensington is a district of West London, England within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, located west of Charing Cross. Derek Bailey ( January 29, 1930 – December 25, 2005) was an English avant-garde Guitarist and leading figure in the Lowen Coxhill, generally known as Lol Coxhill (born September 19, 1932, in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England) is a free Ivor Cutler (15 January 1923 &ndash 3 March 2006 was a Scottish Poet, Songwriter and Humorist. Ronald 'Ron' Geesin (born 17 December 1943, in Stevenston, Ayrshire, Scotland) is a British Musician and David Toop (born 5 May 1949) is an English Musician and Author, and as of 2001 was visiting Research Fellow in the Media School at London For the first time, Henry Cow started getting some attention from the rock press and the then emerging Virgin Records label. Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African Virgin Records is a British Record label founded by English entrepreneur Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell After much negotiations and deliberation, in May 1973 Henry Cow signed a contract with Virgin. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar.

Unrest

Within two weeks of signing the contract, Henry Cow began recording their debut album Leg End (also known as Legend) at Virgin's Manor Studios in Oxfordshire. Leg End (also known as Legend) is an album by British Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow, recorded Leg End (also known as Legend) is an album by British Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow, recorded The Manor Studio (aka The Manor) was a Recording studio in the manor house at the village of Shipton-on-Cherwell in Oxfordshire, England History See also History of Oxfordshire The county of Oxfordshire was formed in the early years of the 10th century and is broadly situated in the It took three weeks of hard work, but at the end they knew how to handle the studio themselves, which would prove to be invaluable later in their career. The track "Nine Funerals of the Citizen King", sung by the whole group, was Henry Cow's first overt political statement.

To promote its new signing, Virgin organised a UK tour for Henry Cow and Faust, who had also just signed to the label. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Faust is a German Krautrock band originally composed of Werner "Zappi" Diermaier, Hans Joachim Irmler, Arnulf Meifert, During this tour, Henry Cow began preparing music for an unorthodox and provocative play, based on Shakespeare's The Tempest. William Shakespeare ( baptised The Tempest is a comedy written by William Shakespeare. It is generally dated to 1610-11 and accepted as the last play written solely by him although Some of this music was used on their next record Unrest. Unrest is an album by British Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow, recorded at Virgin Records ' Manor

During a tour of The Netherlands in December 1973, Geoff Leigh left the group. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Looking for more unusual instruments to draw them further away from standard rock and jazz, Henry Cow asked classically trained Lindsay Cooper (oboe, bassoon) to join. Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Lindsay Cooper (born 3 March 1951) is an English Bassoon and Oboe player Composer and Political activist "Hautbois" redirects here for the strawberry variety see Hautbois strawberry. The bassoon is a Woodwind instrument in the Double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and Tenor registers and occasionally With hardly any time to rehearse, and Cooper having just had all four wisdom teeth extracted, they returned to The Manor in early 1974 to begin recording Unrest. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. It was during this time that they became acquainted with Slapp Happy, a quirky avant-pop trio of Peter Blegvad (guitar), Anthony Moore (keyboards) and Dagmar Krause (vocals), who had just completed their first LP for Virgin. Slapp Happy was a German / English Avant-garde pop group consisting of Anthony Moore (keyboards Peter Blegvad (guitar Peter Blegvad (born 14 August 1951) is an American Musician, singer-songwriter and Cartoonist. Anthony Moore (also known as Anthony More ¶) (born 1948) is a British Experimental music Dagmar Krause (born 4 June 1950) is a German singer best known for her work with Avant-garde rock groups like

Recording Unrest was another intense experience, and the strongest period of collective learning since The Bacchae. They only had enough material to fill one side of the LP, and so were forced to spend a good deal of time developing the studio composition process that produced Side 2. The recording session brought out a lot of tensions in the band, and it reflected in the music, but in the end they were pleased with the result and this re-united the group.

Henry Cow with Robert Wyatt performing at the Piazza Navona, 1975. Left to right: Lindsay Cooper, Robert Wyatt, Dagmar Krause, Chris Cutler.

In May 1974 they were on tour again around England and Europe with Captain Beefheart. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Don Van Vliet (born Donald Glen Vliet on January 15 1941, in Glendale California, U It was during this tour that Henry Cow woke up to the realities of what was happening to them: they were becoming a rock band, playing the same thing night after night. Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. A musical ensemble is a group of two or more Musicians who perform instrumental or vocal Music. Life was no longer a challenge and they were becoming complacent. After some serious thinking they decided to ask Lindsay Cooper to leave and fulfil their last outstanding concert obligations (a tour of the Netherlands) as a quartet. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands In Music, a quartet (quatuor Quartett quartetto cuarteto is a method of instrumentation (or a medium used to perform a musical composition and consisting of four parts Without Cooper they were forced to abandon much of their learned material and worked up a 35-40 minute piece unlike anything else they had done before (this later became "Living in the Heart of the Beast" on In Praise of Learning). In Praise of Learning is an album by British Avant-garde rock groups Henry Cow and Slapp Happy, recorded

In November 1974, Slapp Happy invited Henry Cow to be their band on their second LP for Virgin. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The result was Desperate Straights, an almost entirely Slapp Happy composed album that surprised everyone, considering how dissimilar the two groups were. Desperate Straights is an album by British Avant-garde rock groups Slapp Happy and Henry Cow, recorded The success of this venture prompted a merger of the two bands.

In early 1975 the merged group began rehearsing for In Praise of Learning in a freezing gymnasium. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It was an arduous and extremely demanding time, something Slapp Happy were not prepared for, and it soon became apparent that the merger might not work. Nevertheless, they still went to The Manor and made In Praise of Learning together. But it was only after they started rehearsing with a view to performing live together that it became clear that their approaches were incompatible. The merger ended in April 1975, when Anthony Moore quit and Peter Blegvad was asked to leave. However, Dagmar Krause, whose contribution had added another dimension to Henry Cow's sound, elected to remain, which effectively spelt the end of Slapp Happy as a band.

Having guested on both the Henry Cow/Slapp Happy albums, Lindsay Cooper rejoined in April 1975 and Henry Cow became a sextet and began preparing for what would become the most sustained and rigorous working schedule of their career: two solid years of virtually continuous touring in Western Europe. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A sextet is a formation containing exactly six members It is commonly associated with vocal or musical instrument groups but can be applied to any situation where six similar or related Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe '

Europe

Henry Cow's music was challenging and uncompromising and this often lead to them being accused of deliberately making their music inaccessible. As a result they were virtually ignored in their own country. Even Virgin Records, who had started dropping experimental groups in favour of commercial ones, was now showing little to no interest in Henry Cow. This led to the group having to continuously make decisions as to whether to continue or not (there certainly were no economic inducements). To continue required political decisions to survive, and these decisions often reflected in their music. Henry Cow's anti-capitalist stance was brought on partly out of necessity rather than choice. Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. They began working outside the music industry and doing everything for themselves. The music industry is the business of Music. Although it encompasses the activity of many music-related businesses and organizations it is currently dominated by the "big They abandoned agencies and managers and stopped looking for approval from the music press. Henry Cow quickly became self-sufficient and self-reliant.

Virtual exiles from their own country, they made mainland Europe their second home where they (and their music) were well received. After a concert in Rome in July 1975, Henry Cow remained behind with their truck/bus/mobile home and began meeting local musicians, including progressive rock band Stormy Six, and the PCI (Italian Communist Party). Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved Stormy Six were an Italian progressive and Folk rock band founded in Milan in 1966 The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia) The PCI offered them concerts at Festa D'Unità (large open-air fairs that run every summer all over Italy), and they joined Stormy Six's L'Orchestra, a musicians' co-operative in Milan. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Each contact they made lead to more contacts and soon doors opened for Henry Cow all over Europe.

While rehearsing for an upcoming tour of Scandinavia in March 1976, John Greaves left the band to start working on a project with Peter Blegvad, and Dagmar Krause withdrew due to ill-health. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Committed to the tour, Henry Cow had to perform as a quartet (Hodgkinson, Frith, Cooper and Cutler) and adjust their music accordingly. In Music, a quartet (quatuor Quartett quartetto cuarteto is a method of instrumentation (or a medium used to perform a musical composition and consisting of four parts They took the radical option and abandoned composed material completely in favour of pure improvisation. Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s involved in many cases the musicians make

Henry Cow performing in Fresnes, France, 16 November 1975. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Left to right: Tim Hodgkinson, Lindsay Cooper, Dagmar Krause, John Greaves, Chris Cutler and Fred Frith.

In May 1976 Henry Cow compiled a double LP Henry Cow Concerts for a new Norwegian underground label Compendium (re-released later on the budget Virgin sub-label Caroline). Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Henry Cow Concerts is a live double album by British Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow, recorded at concerts in Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Caroline Records started out as a subsidiary of Richard Branson 's Virgin Records label during the early to mid 1970s For the first time, they did everything themselves: the mastering, cover design, cutting, pressing and manufacturing. The album included an excerpt from one of several concerts performed with guest artist Robert Wyatt in 1975. Robert Wyatt (born Robert Wyatt-Ellidge, 28 January 1945 in Bristol) is an English Musician, and founding member of the influential Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Still without a bass player, Henry Cow auditioned until they found Georgie Born, a classically trained cellist and improviser. A bass player (bassist is a Musician who plays a Double bass, Bass guitar, keyboard bass or wind Georgina Born (born 15 November 1955 in Wheatley Oxfordshire) is a British academic, anthropologist and Musician The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ Improvisation (also called extemporization) is the practice of acting singing talking and reacting of making and creating in the moment and in response to the stimulus of She joined the band in June 1976 and their new compositions grew even more complex.

Henry Cow returned to London in early 1977 where they merged with the entire Mike Westbrook Brass Band and folk singer Frankie Armstrong to form The Orckestra. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Michael John David 'Mike' Westbrook (born March 21, 1936 in High Wycombe) is a highly successful British Jazz Pianist, They played their first concert at the Moving Left Review at The Roundhouse in London and then in an open-air theatre in Hyde Park. The Roundhouse is an arts venue in London, England. The Roundhouse has hosted notable performers Morrissey, The Stranglers, Sonic Youth Hyde Park is one of the largest Parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers' Corner The Orckestra later went on to tour in France, Italy and Scandinavia (extracts from some of these performances were released in 2006 on a CD-single included in the Henry Cow Box). A CD single (abbreviated to CDS) is a music single in the form of a standard size Compact disc, not to be confused with the 3-inch CD single Henry Cow Box is a seven- CD Box set by English Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow. At more or less the same time they set up Music for Socialism and its May Festival. It had been three years since Henry Cow had performed more than one concert a year in their own country. In an attempt to break the apathy that seemed to be discouraging anyone from wanting to put them on, they tried to organise a small alternative tour themselves, but abandoned it after 11 concerts when they started losing money: clearly nothing had changed.

Their contract with Virgin Records had now become a burden to both Henry Cow and Virgin: none of Henry Cow's records were licensed or distributed in the countries in which they spent all their time playing, and Henry Cow were not making any money for Virgin. Henry Cow needed to record again but Virgin (understandably) refused to give them studio time at The Manor. When Henry Cow referred to the contract ("one month at a first class studio"), Virgin Records (in October 1977) agreed to cancel it. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays

By now Krause's health had deteriorated to such an extent that touring became impossible for her and she decided to leave the group, although she agreed to sing on Henry Cow's next album. The recording of this album was to begin at Sunrise studios in Kirchberg, Switzerland in January 1978. Kirchberg is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency of Toggenburg in the canton of St Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) However, a group meeting one week before threw into question the material planned for it. Cutler and Frith hurriedly wrote a set of songs which, along with some of the planned material was duly recorded. On returning to London, another meeting was convened to question the predominance of songs on the album. The group agreed that the songs would be released separately by Cutler and Frith, while the instrumentals would be released later by Henry Cow. This decision, however, spelt the end of the band. Cutler, Frith and Krause released the songs, with four extra tracks recorded at David Vorhaus' Kaleidophon Studio in London, as Hopes and Fears under the name Art Bears, crediting the rest of Henry Cow as guests. Hopes and Fears is the first Album by English Avant-garde rock group Art Bears. Art Bears were an English Avant-garde rock group formed during the disassembly of Henry Cow in 1978 by three of its members Later that year Henry Cow returned to Sunrise, by then without Dagmar Krause and Georgie Born, to record their last album, Western Culture, an instrumental. Western Culture is an album by British Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow, recorded at Sunrise Studios in Kirchberg

Flyer for the 1^st RIO festival, 12 March 1978, The New London Theatre, London. Rock in Opposition or RIO was a movement representing a collective of progressive bands in the late 1970s united in their opposition to the Music Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) The New London Theatre is a West End theatre located on the corners of Drury Lane and Parker Street in Covent Garden, in the London Borough of Camden London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The ticket below the flyer reads: "FIVE ROCK GROUPS THE RECORD COMPANIES DON'T WANT YOU TO HEAR. "

Rock in Opposition

Main article: Rock in Opposition

Henry Cow agreed to disband as a permanent group, but did not announce the fact immediately. Rock in Opposition or RIO was a movement representing a collective of progressive bands in the late 1970s united in their opposition to the Music They continued for another six months, creating a new set of material (recorded later to complete Western Culture) and revisited for the last time, all the places that had supported them over the years.

In March 1978 Henry Cow invited four European groups, Stormy Six (Italy), Samla Mammas Manna (Sweden), Univers Zero (Belgium) and Etron Fou Leloublan (France) to come to London and perform in a festival Henry Cow had organised called Rock in Opposition or RIO. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Stormy Six were an Italian progressive and Folk rock band founded in Milan in 1966 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Samla Mammas Manna was a Swedish Progressive rock band often characterized by its Virtuoso musicianship circus references and Silly "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Univers Zero are an instrumental Belgian band known for playing dark music heavily influenced by 20th century Chamber music. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Etron Fou Leloublan ( French for "Crazy Shit The White Wolf") also known as EFL, were a French avant-progressive rock band This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Rock in Opposition or RIO was a movement representing a collective of progressive bands in the late 1970s united in their opposition to the Music Throughout Europe, Henry Cow had encountered many "progressive" groups refusing to bow to the hegemony of American and British rock music. Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Instead they drew on non-American music sources, such as local folk music and 20th century "classical" or "art music", and often sang in their own languages. Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music As was the case with Henry Cow, these groups struggled to survive: record companies were not interested in their music. Although these groups and Henry Cow were musically diverse, what they had in common was: (1) their independence and opposition to the established Rock business; and (2) a determination to pursue their own work regardless. Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African

After the festival, RIO was formalised as an organisation with a charter whose aim was to represent and promote its members. A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified RIO thus became a collective of bands united in their opposition to the music industry and the pressures to compromise their music. The music industry is the business of Music. Although it encompasses the activity of many music-related businesses and organizations it is currently dominated by the "big

Henry Cow's last concert was held in Milan on 25 July 1978. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) A final performance scheduled at the Annual World Youth Festival in Cuba never materialised. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la ^[2] In August they returned to the Sunrise studios to compete Western Culture after which the band officially announced their break-up in the press, stating that "… although the group as a commodity, as a name, ceases to exist the work of the group will go on …" ^[3]

Western Culture was released on Henry Cow's own Broadcast label. Shortly afterwards, Chris Cutler launched Recommended Records, his own independent label and non-commercial record distribution network. Recommended Records ( RēR) is a British Independent record label and distribution network founded by Chris Cutler in March 1978

Legacy

The legacy of Henry Cow and its work continues to live on long after its demise. It was a groundbreaking group that launched the careers of many of its members, and they have kept in touch, collaborating in numerous projects over the years, including (to name a few):

• Art Bears
  • Fred Frith, Chris Cutler and Dagmar Krause (1978 – 1981)
• Rags (Lindsay Cooper solo album)
  • Lindsay Cooper, Fred Frith, Chris Cutler, Georgie Born and others (1979 – 1980)
• News from Babel
  • Chris Cutler, Lindsay Cooper, Georgie Born, Dagmar Krause, Robert Wyatt and others (1983 – 1986)
• Duck and Cover (commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival)
  • Chris Cutler, Fred Frith, Dagmar Krause and others (1983 – 1984)
• Each in Our Own Thoughts (Tim Hodgkinson solo album)
  • Tim Hodgkinson, Chris Cutler, Lindsay Cooper, Dagmar Krause and others (1993) – the track "Hold to the Zero Burn" was a Henry Cow piece performed by the group between 1976 and 1978 (as "Erk Gah") but never recorded
• Live improvisitions
  • Fred Frith and Chris Cutler (1979 – 2006)
  • Fred Frith and Tim Hodgkinson (1990)

In spite of these collaborations, Henry Cow have never reunited. Art Bears were an English Avant-garde rock group formed during the disassembly of Henry Cow in 1978 by three of its members Fred Frith (born February 17, 1949) is an English Multi-instrumentalist, Composer and improvisor. Chris Cutler (born January 4, 1947) is an English percussionist composer lyricist and music theorist Dagmar Krause (born 4 June 1950) is a German singer best known for her work with Avant-garde rock groups like Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Lindsay Cooper (born 3 March 1951) is an English Bassoon and Oboe player Composer and Political activist Lindsay Cooper (born 3 March 1951) is an English Bassoon and Oboe player Composer and Political activist Fred Frith (born February 17, 1949) is an English Multi-instrumentalist, Composer and improvisor. Chris Cutler (born January 4, 1947) is an English percussionist composer lyricist and music theorist Georgina Born (born 15 November 1955 in Wheatley Oxfordshire) is a British academic, anthropologist and Musician Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) News from Babel were an English Avant-garde rock group founded in 1983 by Chris Cutler, Lindsay Cooper, Zeena Chris Cutler (born January 4, 1947) is an English percussionist composer lyricist and music theorist Lindsay Cooper (born 3 March 1951) is an English Bassoon and Oboe player Composer and Political activist Georgina Born (born 15 November 1955 in Wheatley Oxfordshire) is a British academic, anthropologist and Musician Dagmar Krause (born 4 June 1950) is a German singer best known for her work with Avant-garde rock groups like Robert Wyatt (born Robert Wyatt-Ellidge, 28 January 1945 in Bristol) is an English Musician, and founding member of the influential Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Duck and Cover were a multinational Avant-progressive rock Septet founded in Germany in 1983 comprising Chris Cutler ( UK) JazzFest Berlin (also known as the Berlin Jazz Festival) is a Jazz festival based in Berlin, Germany. Chris Cutler (born January 4, 1947) is an English percussionist composer lyricist and music theorist Fred Frith (born February 17, 1949) is an English Multi-instrumentalist, Composer and improvisor. Dagmar Krause (born 4 June 1950) is a German singer best known for her work with Avant-garde rock groups like Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Each in Our Own Thoughts is a 1994 Solo album by English Experimental music composer and performer Tim Hodgkinson from Henry Tim Hodgkinson (born 1 May 1949) is an English Experimental music Composer and performer principally on reeds and Tim Hodgkinson (born 1 May 1949) is an English Experimental music Composer and performer principally on reeds and Chris Cutler (born January 4, 1947) is an English percussionist composer lyricist and music theorist Lindsay Cooper (born 3 March 1951) is an English Bassoon and Oboe player Composer and Political activist Dagmar Krause (born 4 June 1950) is a German singer best known for her work with Avant-garde rock groups like Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Fred Frith (born February 17, 1949) is an English Multi-instrumentalist, Composer and improvisor. Chris Cutler (born January 4, 1947) is an English percussionist composer lyricist and music theorist Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Fred Frith (born February 17, 1949) is an English Multi-instrumentalist, Composer and improvisor. Tim Hodgkinson (born 1 May 1949) is an English Experimental music Composer and performer principally on reeds and Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Frith remarked in a 1998 interview, "Forget it! We're all much too busy. "^[4] The closest to a reunion occurred in 1993 when Hodgkinson, Cutler, Cooper and Krause came together to record "Hold to the Zero Burn" for Hodgkinson's solo album, Each in Our Own Thoughts. Then in December 2006, Cutler, Frith and Hodgkinson performed together at The Stone in New York City, only their second concert performance since Henry Cow broke up in 1978. ^[5][6] The first was in London in 1986.

Music

Henry Cow's repertoire included elaborately scored pieces (often with complex time signatures), tape manipulations, free improvisation and songs. The time signature (also known as " meter signature" is a notational convention used in Western Musical notation to specify how many beats Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s involved in many cases the musicians make A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed It incorporated elements of jazz, rock, classical music and the avant-garde. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Dagmar Krause's vocals added another dimension to their sound, giving it a dramatic, almost Brechtian flair. Dagmar Krause (born 4 June 1950) is a German singer best known for her work with Avant-garde rock groups like (born; 10 February 1898&ndash14 August 1956 was a German Poet, Playwright, and Theatre director. Music journalists at the time often underestimated the formal compositional element of their music,^[2] while others simply dismissed it as being "inaccessible". ^[1]

Their music was often experimental, making classification all but impossible. Experimental music is a term introduced by composer John Cage in 1955 However, the following styles (amongst others) are often associated with Henry Cow:

• progressive rock
• art rock
• avant-progressive rock
• avant-rock
• chamber rock
• Experimental rock
• free improvisation
• Rock in Opposition (strictly not a style of music but rather a collection of like-minded musicians/bands)

Some of these styles may come closer to describing their music than others, and often it contained elements of all of the above, but in reality, Henry Cow simply remains one of those unclassifiable groups. Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved Art rock is a term describing a subgenre of Rock music that tends to have "experimental or avant-garde influences" and emphasizes "novel sonic texture Avant-progressive rock is a style of Music based on rock music that explores unconventional territory often incorporating non-standard Chord progressions Experimental rock or avant-garde rock is a type of music based on rock which experiments with the basic elements of the genre and/or which pushes the boundaries Experimental rock or avant-garde rock is a type of music based on rock which experiments with the basic elements of the genre and/or which pushes the boundaries Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s involved in many cases the musicians make Rock in Opposition or RIO was a movement representing a collective of progressive bands in the late 1970s united in their opposition to the Music

Henry Cow's music was challenging, not only to the listener, but also to the band themselves. They often composed pieces to challenge their own capabilities. Some of their music was scored beyond the conventional ranges of their music instruments necessitating that they "reinvent their instruments", learn how to play them in completely new ways. ^{[2] [7]} And yet their music may not have been as good as it could have been. Henry Cow conducted their affairs as a committee, having regular, minuted meetings with no decisions being made unless approved by the group. This included their music. Band members brought their ideas to the table and sometimes they ended up being changed as a result of the collective process. It is impossible to say if these changes were for the better or if they dampened the composer's personal visons.

While their music is a decided "acquired taste", there is much to recommend in it, for although it is often dissonant and challenging, it is also rich and exciting, and yields more insights upon repeated listening.

Personnel

A number of people passed through Henry Cow over the years, including:

• Dave Attwood – drums
• Peter Blegvad (Slapp Happy) – guitar
• Georgie Born – cello, bass guitar
• Rob Brooks – rhythm guitar
• Lindsay Cooper – bassoon, reeds
• Chris Cutler – drums, percussion
• Martin Ditcham – drums
• Fred Frith – guitar, violin, bass guitar, piano, xylophone
• Joss Graham – bass guitar
• John Greaves – bass guitar, piano
• Tim Hodgkinson – keyboards, reeds
• Sean Jenkins – drums
• Dagmar Krause (ex-Slapp Happy) – vocals
• Geoff Leigh – flute, reeds
• Anthony Moore (Slapp Happy) – keyboards
• Andy Powell – bass guitar, drums
• Anne-Marie Roelofs – trombone, violin
• Robert Wyatt - voice, percussion

Discography

Albums

These are the albums Henry Cow made with the year they were first released:

• 1973 Leg End (also known as Legend) (LP Virgin Records, U.K.)
• 1974 Unrest (LP Virgin Records, U.K.)
• 1975 Desperate Straights (with Slapp Happy) (LP Virgin Records, U.K.)
• 1975 In Praise of Learning (with Slapp Happy) (LP Virgin Records, U.K.)
• 1976 Henry Cow Concerts (2xLP Caroline Records, U.K.)
• 1979 Western Culture (LP Broadcast, U.K.)

Singles

• 1977 "In Concerto" (33⅓ rpm 7" single Gong, Italy) – contains two tracks from Henry Cow Concerts; included with issue 4/4 of the Italian magazine, Gong. Peter Blegvad (born 14 August 1951) is an American Musician, singer-songwriter and Cartoonist. Georgina Born (born 15 November 1955 in Wheatley Oxfordshire) is a British academic, anthropologist and Musician Lindsay Cooper (born 3 March 1951) is an English Bassoon and Oboe player Composer and Political activist Chris Cutler (born January 4, 1947) is an English percussionist composer lyricist and music theorist Fred Frith (born February 17, 1949) is an English Multi-instrumentalist, Composer and improvisor. John Greaves (born 23 January 1950) is a British bass guitarist and composer best known as a member of Henry Cow and his collaborative Tim Hodgkinson (born 1 May 1949) is an English Experimental music Composer and performer principally on reeds and Dagmar Krause (born 4 June 1950) is a German singer best known for her work with Avant-garde rock groups like Geoff Leigh (born 5 October 1945) is an English Jazz and Progressive rock Musician, playing primarily Soprano Anthony Moore (also known as Anthony More ¶) (born 1948) is a British Experimental music Andrew Powell - musical composer arranger and performer - was born 18 April 1949 in London, England of Welsh parents Robert Wyatt (born Robert Wyatt-Ellidge, 28 January 1945 in Bristol) is an English Musician, and founding member of the influential Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Leg End (also known as Legend) is an album by British Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow, recorded Leg End (also known as Legend) is an album by British Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow, recorded Virgin Records is a British Record label founded by English entrepreneur Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Unrest is an album by British Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow, recorded at Virgin Records ' Manor Virgin Records is a British Record label founded by English entrepreneur Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Desperate Straights is an album by British Avant-garde rock groups Slapp Happy and Henry Cow, recorded Slapp Happy was a German / English Avant-garde pop group consisting of Anthony Moore (keyboards Peter Blegvad (guitar Virgin Records is a British Record label founded by English entrepreneur Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In Praise of Learning is an album by British Avant-garde rock groups Henry Cow and Slapp Happy, recorded Slapp Happy was a German / English Avant-garde pop group consisting of Anthony Moore (keyboards Peter Blegvad (guitar Virgin Records is a British Record label founded by English entrepreneur Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Henry Cow Concerts is a live double album by British Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow, recorded at concerts in Caroline Records started out as a subsidiary of Richard Branson 's Virgin Records label during the early to mid 1970s The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Western Culture is an album by British Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow, recorded at Sunrise Studios in Kirchberg The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Henry Cow Concerts is a live double album by British Avant-garde rock group Henry Cow, recorded at concerts in
• 2006 "Unreleased Orckestra Extract" (3" CD single Recommended Records, UK) – previously unreleased material taken from live performances in Europe as The Orckestra in April 1978; included in the advance subscribers edition of the Henry Cow Box,

Box sets

• 2006 Henry Cow Box (7xCD Recommended Records, U.K.)

Bootlegs

The following are some of the bootleg recordings featuring Henry Cow that have been released:^[8]

• 1995 Industry (CD no label, Japan)
• 1995 Ruins (2xCD Canterbury Dream, Japan)
• 2000 In the Name of a Freedom (with Robert Wyatt) (3xCD Le Matango, Japan)
• 2001 Culture de L'Ouest (2xCD Peace Frog, Japan)
• 2003 Kaleidoscope (2xCD Peace Frog, Japan)
• 2003 Early Demo Tapes 1973 (CD Hickory, Japan)
• 2003 NDR (CD Hickory, Japan)
• 2003 Unknown Sessions (CD Hickory, Japan)
• 2003 Live in Paris, November 20, 1977 (as The Orckestra) (2xCD Hickory, Japan)

See also

• Rock in Opposition
• Avant-progressive rock

Footnotes

References

• Cutler, Chris and Hodgkinson, Tim (1981). The Henry Cow Book. Third Step Printworks. ISBN 0-9508870-0-5.  
• Cutler, Chris (1984). File Under Popular: Theoretical and Critical Writings on Music. File Under Popular Theoretical and Critical Writings on Music is a collection of seven Essays on the political theory of Popular music written by November Books. ISBN 0-946423-01-6.  
• Henry Cow. Chris Cutler home page.

External links

• Henry Cow at Allmusic. allmusic (previously All Music Guide) is a Metadata database about music owned by All Media Guide.
• Perfect Sound Forever. Henry Cow biography.
• The Canterbury Website. Henry Cow biography.
• The Canterbury Website. Henry Cow lyrics by Tim Hodgkinson.
• Collapso–Canterbury Music Family Tree. Henry Cow family tree.
• The Canterbury Website. Interview with Henry Cow (April 1975).
• Perfect Sound Forever. Interview with Chris Cutler (March 1997).
• BBC Radio 1. John Peel sessions.
• Chris Cutler homepage.
• Fred Frith homepage.
• Unofficial Henry Cow Site at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and
• PUNKCAST#1086 Video clip of Frith-Cutler-Hodgkinson performance, NYC December 16, 2006. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (Realplayer) (mp4). RealPlayer (briefly known also as RealOne Player) is a proprietary Cross-platform media player by RealNetworks that plays a number MPEG-4 Part 14, formally ISO / IEC 14496-142003, is a Multimedia Container format standard specified as a part of MPEG-4
• "On Chris Cutler". Article by Patrick Wright published in The Guardian, November 1995 – includes an in-depth look at Henry Cow. Patrick Wright is a British writer broadcaster and academic in the fields of Cultural studies and Cultural history. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group.