Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Henrik Arnold Thaulow Wergeland

Henrik Wergeland
Born June 17, 1808
Kristiansand, Norway
Died July 12, 1845
Christiania, Norway
Pen name Siful Sifadda (farces)
Occupation Poet, playwright and non-fiction writer
Nationality Norwegian
Writing period 1829-1845
Literary movement Romanticism
Influenced

Henrik Arnold Thaulow Wergeland (born June 17, 1808 in Kristiansand, died July 12, 1845 in Christiania) was a Norwegian writer, most celebrated for his poetry but also a prolific playwright, polemicist, historian, and linguist. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year (formerly "Christianssand" is a city and municipality, and the capital of the county of Vest-Agder, Norway and of the geographical Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity A farce is a Comedy written for the stage or film which aims to Entertain the audience by means of unlikely extravagant and improbable situations disguise and mistaken Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the "Ibsen" redirects here For other people named Ibsen see Ibsen (disambiguation. Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson ( 8 December, 1832 – 26 April, 1910) was a Norwegian writer and the 1903 Nobel Prize in This page is about Jonas Lie the novelist For the NS minister see Jonas Lie (government minister; for the artist see Jonas Lie (painter Eilert Sundt ( Farsund, 1817-1875 was a Norwegian Sociologist, known for his work on mortality, Marriage and other subjects among Jan Erik Vold (born October 18, 1939) is a Norwegian Lyric poet, translator and author Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Events Arts and literature Births January to June June 17 Henrik Wergeland, poet (d (formerly "Christianssand" is a city and municipality, and the capital of the county of Vest-Agder, Norway and of the geographical Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Events Arts and literature Births January to June July to December Full date unknown Deaths (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional He is often described as a leading pioneer in the development of a distinctly Norwegian literary heritage and indeed of modern Norwegian culture.

Though Wergeland lived only to 37 years old, his range of pursuits covered literature, theology, history, contemporary politics, social issues, and science. His views were controversial in his time, and his literary style was variously denounced as subversive.

He was the oldest son of Nicolai Wergeland (1780–1848), who had been a member of the constituent assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814. Riksforsamlingen is a Norwegian term approximately meaning "The National Assembly" For the town in Australia see Eidsvold Queensland is a municipality in the county of Akershus Norway. 1814 was a pivotal year in Norwegian history. It started with Norway as a part of the Danish kingdom subject to a Naval blockade, saw a constitutional The father was himself pastor of Eidsvold and the poet was thus brought up in the very holy of holies of Norwegian patriotism. Wergeland's younger sister was Camilla Collett. Jacobine Camilla Collett, née Wergeland ( January 23, 1813 - March 6, 1895) was a Norwegian Writer, often referred

Henrik Wergeland entered the The Royal Frederick University in 1825 to study for the church and graduated in 1829. The University of Oslo (Universitetet i Oslo Universitas Osloensis is the oldest and largest University in Norway, situated in the Norwegian capital Events May 17 Henrik Wergeland became a symbol of the fight for celebration of the constitution at May 17 which was later to become the Norwegian That year, he became a symbol of the fight for celebration of the constitution at May 17, which was later to become the Norwegian National Day. He became a public hero after the infamous "battle of the Square" in Christiania, which came to pass because any celebration of the national day was forbidden by royal decree. The Battle of the Square, in Norwegian Torvslaget, took place at the main square of Christiania at evening May 17th 1829. Wergeland was, of course, present and became renowned for standing up against the local governors. Later, he became the first to give a public address on behalf of the day and thus he was given credit as the one who "initiated the day". His grave and statues are decorated by students and school children every year. Notably, the Jewish community of Oslo pays their respects at his grave on May 17, in appreciation of his efforts to allow Jews into Norway. During the Second World War, the Nazi occupiers forbade any celebration of Wergeland. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German They even put out a warrant for him, just in case.

Contents

Early poetry

In 1829 he published a volume of lyrical and patriotic poems, Digte, første Ring (poems, first circle), which attracted the liveliest attention to his name. In this book we find his ideal love, the heavenly Stella, which can be described as a Wergeland equivalent to Beatrice in Dante`s poem Divina Commedia. The Divine Comedy Stella is in fact based on four girls, whom Wergeland fell in love with (two of whom he wooed), and never got really close to. The character of Stella also inspired him to endeavour on the great epic Skabelsen, Mennesket og Messias (Creation, Man and the Messiah). Creation Man and the Messiah, is the title of an Epic poem written by the Norwegian Poet Henrik Wergeland in 1829. It was remodeled in 1845 as Mennesket (Man). In these works, Wergeland shows the history of Man and God's plan for humanity. The works are clearly platonic-romantic, and is also based on ideals from the enlightenment and the French revolution. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Thus, he criticizes abuse of power, and notably evil priests and their manipulation of people's minds. In the end, his credo goes like this:

Heaven shall no more be split
after the quadrants of altars,
the earth no more be sundered and plundered
of tyrant's sceptres. An altar is any structure upon which Sacrifices or other offerings are made for religious purposes or some other sacred place where ceremonies take place EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001
Bloodstained crowns, executioner's steel
torches of thralldom and pyres of sacrifice
no more shall gleam over earth. Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred"
Through the gloom of priests, through the thunder of kings,
the dawn of freedom,
bright day of truth
shines over the sky, now the roof of a temple,
and descends on earth,
who now turns into an altar
for brotherly love. Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites An altar is any structure upon which Sacrifices or other offerings are made for religious purposes or some other sacred place where ceremonies take place
The spirits of the earth now glow
in freshened hearts.
Freedom is the heart of the spirit, Truth the spirit's desire. Freedom, or the idea of being free is a broad concept that The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality
earthly spirits all
to the soil will fall
to the eternal call:
Each in own brow wears his heavenly throne. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity.
Each in own heart wears his altar and sacrificial vessel.
Lords are all on earth, priests are all for God.

At the age of twenty-one he became a power in literature, and his enthusiastic preaching of the doctrines of the French July revolution of 1830 made him a force in politics also. The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Meanwhile he was tireless in his efforts to advance the national cause. He established popular libraries, and tried to alleviate the widespread poverty of the Norwegian peasantry. He preached the simple life, denounced foreign luxuries, and set an example by wearing Norwegian homespun clothes. He strived for enlightenment and greater understanding of the constitutional rights his people had been given. Thus, he became increasingly popular among common people.

Personal and political struggle

Critics, especially Johan Sebastian Welhaven, claimed his earliest efforts in literature were wild and formless. Johan Sebastian Cammermeyer Welhaven, ( December 22, 1807 - October 21, 1873) Norwegian poet and critic was born in Bergen He was full of imagination, but without taste or knowledge. Therefore, from 1830 to 1835 Wergeland was subjected to severe attacks from J. S. Welhaven and others. Johan Sebastian Cammermeyer Welhaven, ( December 22, 1807 - October 21, 1873) Norwegian poet and critic was born in Bergen Welhaven, being a classicist, could not tolerate Wergeland's explosive way of writing, and published an essay about Wergeland's style. As an answer to these attacks, Wergeland published several poetical farces under the pseudonym of "Siful Sifadda". Welhaven showed no understanding of Wergeland's poetical style, or even of his personality. On one hand, the quarrel was personal, on the other, cultural and political. What had started as a mock-quarrel in the Norwegian Student's Community soon blew out of proportion and became a long lasting newspaper dispute for nearly two years. Sadly, Welhaven's criticism, and the slander produced by his friends, created a lasting prejudice against Wergeland and his early productions. Recently, this has been debated, and his early poetry has been more favorably recognized. Wergeland's poetry can in fact be regarded as strangely modernistic. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century From early on, he wrote poems in free style, without occurring rhymes or metre. In Poetry, the meter or metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse. His use of metaphors are vivid, and complex, and many of his poems quite long. He challenges the reader to contemplate his poems over and over, but so do his contemporaries Byron and Shelley, or even Shakespeare. William Shakespeare ( baptised The free form and multiple interpretations especially offended Welhaven, who held an aesthetical view of poetry as appropriately concentrated on one topic at a time.

Wergeland had a hot temper and fought willingly for social justice. At the time, poverty was normal in the rural areas, and serfdom was common. Wergeland often went into legal strife with greedy lawyers, who could legally take hold of small homesteads. Wergeland earned himself great enemies for this, and in one case, the juridical problems lasted for years, and nearly left him in bankruptcy. The quarrel had started at Gardermoen, at the time a drill field for a section of the Norwegian army. Oslo Airport Gardermoen (Norwegian Oslo lufthavn Gardermoen) is located at Gardermoen in Ullensaker, Norway, 48 km north of Oslo In his plays, his arch nemesis, the procurator Jens Obel Praëm would be casted as the devil himself. Wergeland was generally suspicious of lawyers, because of their attitude towards farmers, especially the poor ones.

Wergeland supported the thought of a separate and independent language for Norway, who until this point had written in Danish. Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Thus, he preceded Ivar Aasen with 15 years. Ivar Andreas Aasen ( August 5, 1813 &ndash September 23, 1896) was a Norwegian Philologist, Lexicographer, Later, the Norwegian historian Halvdan Koht would say, that "there is not one political cause in Norway, which has not been seen and preceded by Henrik Wergeland". Halvdan Koht (b July 7 1873 in Tromsø – December 12 1965 in Lysaker) was a Norwegian Historian

Marriage and employment

In 1840 he married Amalie Sofie Bekkevold, and she became an inspiration for a new book of love-poems, filled with flowers, where his love-poems from the earlier stage had been filled with stars. Amalie was the daughter of a ferryman.

His nationalist political propaganda lacked knowledge and system. His partisans were alienated by his inconsistent admiration for King Carl Johan, by his unpopular advocacy of the Jewish cause, and by the extravagance of his methods generally. Charles XIV John ( Karl XIV Johan) born Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, later renamed Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (26 January 1763 &ndash 8 March 1844 The Jews in Norway have a long history and they are one of the country's smallest ethnic and religious minorities His popularity waned as his poetry improved, and in 1840 he found himself a really great lyric poet, but an exile from political influence. In that year he became keeper of the royal archives. The following year, be moved from Damstredet to Grotten. Damstredet is a small and narrow street located in Oslo, in the borough of St Grotten ( Norwegian for The Grotto) is an honorary residence owned by the Norwegian state

Sickness and death

In the spring of 1844, he caught Pneumonia and had to stay at home for a fortnight. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal When recovering, he insisted on taking part in the national celebrations that year, and his sister Camilla met him, "pale as death, but in the spirit of May 17. " on his way to the revels. Soon after, his illness returned, and now he had symptoms of tuberculosis as well. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common He had to stay inside, and the illness turned out to be terminal. The last year, he wrote rapidly from his sickbed, letters, poems, political statements and plays. He wrote almost to the end. The last written poem is dated July 9, three days before his death.

Henrik Wergeland died July 12, 1845. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His statue stands between the Royal Palace and Storting by Oslo's main street, his back turned to Nationalteateret. The Storting ( Stortinget, literally "the Great Thing /Assembly" is the Norwegian Parliament, and is located in the capital city (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. On Norwegian Constitution Day, it receives an annual wreath of flowers from students at the University of Oslo. The Norwegian Constitution Day is the National Day of Norway and is an official national holiday each year The University of Oslo (Universitetet i Oslo Universitas Osloensis is the oldest and largest University in Norway, situated in the Norwegian capital

Works

Wergeland's Jan van Huysums Blomsterstykke (Flower-piece by Jan van Huysum, 1840), Svalen (The Swallow, also translated to English, 1841), Jøden (the Jew 1842), Jødinden (the Jewess 1844) and Den Engelske Lods (the English sea-guide 1844), form a series of narrative poems in short lyrical metres which remain the most interesting and important of their kind in Norwegian literature. Jan van Huysum, also spelled Huijsum ( April 15, 1682, Amsterdam - February 8, 1749, Amsterdam was a Dutch painter He was less successful in other branches of letters; in the drama neither his Campbellerne (the Campbells 1839), Venetianerne (the Venetians 1843), nor Søkadetterne (the navymen 1837), achieved any lasting success; while his elaborate contribution to political history, Norges Constitutions Historie (the history of the Norwegian Constitution 1841-1843, still is regarded as an important source. The poems of his later years include many lyrics of great beauty, which are among the permanent treasures of Norwegian poetry. The erroneous belief that he really became a muslim, derives from a letter to his father, written May 17, 1845, where he, during the letter, mentions God as Allah once, though he returns to the word God for the rest of the letter. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. In the letters written after this, the word Allah is never mentioned again, but the letters to his father often ends with the sentence God bless you (in fact, the letters mentioned does not consider religious questions at all). The phrase I die a deist, an honest worshiper of Allah, may point to his religious tolerance, and the fact that Christian arabs in the Middle East use the word Allah for the christian god, as does the Indonesian Bible. Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin As a matter of fact, Wergeland always set christianity first of the religions, although he once proclaimed: All religions have a gentle and loving heart. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The "Convertist" view of Wergeland has sometimes led to newspaper debates in recent years.

Wergeland became a symbol for the Norwegian Left-wing movement, and embraced by many later Norwegian poets, even up until today. Thus, a great number of later poets owe him allegiance in one way or another. As the Norwegian poet Ingeborg Refling Hagen said, "When in our footprints something sprouts,/ it's a new growth of Wergeland's thoughts. IngeborgreflinghagenbyMikkelsenJPG|thumb|Ingeborg as the roots and rock of culture drawing by Oddmund Mikkelsen, 1985]] Ingeborg Refling Hagen ( December 19, " She, among others, initiated an annual celebration on his birthday. She started the traditional "flower-parade", and celebrated his memory with recitation and song, and often playing his plays.

Wergeland's most prominent poetical symbols are the flower and the star, symbolizing heavenly and earthly love, nature and beauty.

Wergeland's Samlede Skrifter ("Collected Works", 9 vols. , Christiania, 1852–1857) were edited by H. Lassen, the author of Henrik Wergeland og hans Samtid (1866), and the editor of his Breve ("Letters", 1867).

Wergeland in English

The Army of Truth, selected Poems by Henrik Wergeland, University of Wisconsin press, 2003. Translations by Anne Born, G. M. Gathorne-Hardy and I. Grøndahl. Contains mostly poems from the Jew and the Jewess.

References

External links

Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic