- "Ibsen" redirects here. For other people named Ibsen, see Ibsen (disambiguation).
| Henrik Ibsen | |
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| Born | Henrik Johan Ibsen March 20, 1828 Skien, Norway |
| Died | May 23, 1906 (aged 78) Kristiania (Oslo), Norway |
| Pen name | Brynjolf Bjarme (early works) |
| Occupation | Playwright, poet, theatre director |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Genres | Social Realism |
| Notable work(s) | Peer Gynt (1867) A Doll's House (1879) Ghosts (1881) The Wild Duck (1884) Hedda Gabler (1890) |
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Henrik Johan Ibsen (pronounced [ˈhɛnɾɪk ˈɪpsən]; March 20, 1828–May 23, 1906) was a major Norwegian playwright of realistic drama. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap is a city and municipality in the county of Telemark, Norway and administrative centre of Telemark County Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" A theatre director or stage director is a practitioner in the Theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the mounting of a theatre production (a play, Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Peer Gynt (per gʏnt is a play by the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. A Doll's House (literally translated A Doll's Home, from the original Norwegian title Et dukkehjem) is an 1879 play by the Ghosts (original Norwegian title Gengangere) is a play by the Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. The Wild Duck (original Norwegian title Vildanden) is an 1884 play by the Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. Hedda Gabler is a play first published in 1890 by Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Georg Morris Cohen Brandes ( 4 February 1842 - 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who had great influence on Scandinavian Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation George Bernard Shaw ( (26 July 1856 &ndash 2 November 1950 was an Irish Playwright. Georg Morris Cohen Brandes ( 4 February 1842 - 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who had great influence on Scandinavian James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation He is often referred to as the "father of modern drama. "[1] Ibsen is held to be, alongside Knut Hamsun, the greatest of Norwegian authors and one of the most important playwrights of all time, celebrated as a national symbol by Norwegians. Knut Hamsun, born Knud Pedersen ( August 4, 1859 - February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian author. [2]
His plays were considered scandalous to many of his era, when Victorian values of family life and propriety largely held sway in Europe and any challenge to them was considered immoral and outrageous. Victorian morality is a distillation of the moral views of people living at the time of Queen Victoria (reigned 1837 - 1901 in particular and to the moral climate Ibsen's work examined the realities that lay behind many facades, possessing a revelatory nature that was disquieting to many contemporaries.
Ibsen largely founded the modern stage by introducing a critical eye and free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings Victorian-era plays were expected to be moral dramas with noble protagonists pitted against darker forces; every drama was expected to result in a morally appropriate conclusion, meaning that goodness was to bring happiness, and immorality pain. Morality Play is a detective story by Barry Unsworth, a Man Booker Prize -winning author for his book Sacred Hunger Published in 1996 by Ibsen challenged this notion and the beliefs of his times and shattered the illusions of his audiences.
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Family and youth
Henrik Ibsen was born to Knud Ibsen and Marichen Altenburg, a relatively well-to-do merchant family, in the small port town of Skien, Norway, which was primarily noted for shipping timber. is a city and municipality in the county of Telemark, Norway and administrative centre of Telemark County Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional He was a descendant of some of the oldest and most distinguished families of Norway, including the Paus family. Ibsen later pointed out his distinguished ancestors and relatives in a letter to Georg Brandes. Georg Morris Cohen Brandes ( 4 February 1842 - 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who had great influence on Scandinavian Shortly after his birth his family's fortunes took a significant turn for the worse. His mother turned to religion for solace, and his father began suffering from severe depression. Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression The characters in his plays often mirror his parents, and his themes often deal with issues of financial difficulty as well as moral conflicts stemming from dark private secrets hidden from society. It is not surprising that there is only one known photograph of Ibsen in which he is smiling.
At fifteen, Ibsen left home. He moved to the small town of Grimstad to become an apprentice pharmacist and began writing plays. Grimstad is a town and municipality in the county of Aust-Agder, Norway. Pharmacists are Health professionals who practice the art and science of Pharmacy. In 1846, he fathered an illegitimate child with a servant maid whom he rejected. A domestic worker, domestic, servingman, servingwoman, or servant is one who works and often also lives within the employer's household While Ibsen did pay some child support money for fourteen years, he never met his illegitimate son, who ended up as a poor blacksmith. In family law and government policy child support or child maintenance is the ongoing obligation for a periodic payment made directly or indirectly by a non-custodial parent Ibsen went to Christiania (later renamed Oslo) intending to attend the university. (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. He soon cast off the idea (his earlier attempts at entering university were blocked as he did not pass all his entrance exams), preferring to commit himself to writing. His first play, the tragedy Catilina (1850), was published under the pseudonym Brynjolf Bjarme, when he was only 22, but it was not performed. Catiline or Catalina was Henrik Ibsen 's first play It was written in 1850 and first performed under Ibsen's name on December A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) His first play to be staged, The Burial Mound (1850), received little attention. The Burial Mound, ( Kjæmpehøjen) was Henrik Ibsen 's second play and the first play to be performed Still, Ibsen was determined to be a playwright, although he was not to write again for some years.
Life and writings
He spent the next several years employed at the Norwegian Theater in Bergen, where he was involved in the production of more than 145 plays as a writer, director, and producer. is the second largest city in Norway. It is located on the south-western coast of Norway in the county of Hordaland in between a group of mountains known as De syv fjell During this period he did not publish any new plays of his own. Despite Ibsen's failure to achieve success as a playwright, he gained a great deal of practical experience at the Norwegian Theater, experience that was to prove valuable when he continued writing.
Ibsen returned to Kristiania in 1858 to become the creative director of Kristiania's National Theater. He married Suzannah Thoresen the same year and she gave birth to their only child, Sigurd. Suzannah Ibsen ( Née Thoresen was the wife of Playwright and Poet Henrik Ibsen. Sigurd Ibsen (1859&ndash1930 was a Norwegian author and politician The couple lived in very poor financial circumstances and Ibsen became very disenchanted with life in Norway. In 1864 he left Christiania and went to Sorrento in Italy in self-imposed exile. Sorrento is a small city in Campania, Italy, with some 16500 inhabitants Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest He was not to return to his native land for the next 27 years, and when he returned it was to be as a noted playwright, however controversial.
His next play, Brand (1865), was to bring him the critical acclaim he sought, along with a measure of financial success, as was his next play, Peer Gynt (1867), to which Edvard Grieg famously composed the incidental music. Brand is a play by the Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. It is a verse Tragedy, written in 1865 and first performed Peer Gynt (per gʏnt is a play by the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. Incidental music is Music in a play, Television program Radio program Video game, film or some other form not primarily musical Although Ibsen read excerpts of the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard and traces of the latter's influence are evident in Brand, it was not until after Brand that Ibsen came to take Kierkegaard seriously. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Initially annoyed with his friend Georg Brandes for comparing Brand to Kierkegaard, Ibsen nevertheless read Either/Or and Fear and Trembling. Published in two volumes in 1843 Either/Or (original Danish title Enten-Eller) is an influential book written by the Danish philosopher Fear and Trembling (original Danish title Frygt og Bæven) is an influential philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard, published in Subsequently, Ibsen's next play Peer Gynt was consciously informed by Kierkegaard. [3][4]
With success, Ibsen became more confident and began to introduce more and more of his own beliefs and judgments into the drama, exploring what he termed the "drama of ideas. " His next series of plays are often considered his Golden Age, when he entered the height of his power and influence, becoming the center of dramatic controversy across Europe.
Ibsen moved from Italy to Dresden, Germany in 1868. Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Here he spent years writing the play he himself regarded as his main work, Emperor and Galilean (1873), dramatizing the life and times of the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate. Emperor and Galilean (in Norwegian: Kejser og Galilæer) is a play written by Henrik Ibsen and published in 1873 Flavius Claudius Julianus, known also as Julian or Julian the Apostate (331 or 332 to 26 June 363) was Roman Emperor (Caesar Although Ibsen himself always looked back on this play as the cornerstone of his entire works, very few shared his opinion, and his next works would be much more acclaimed. Ibsen moved to Munich in 1875 and published A Doll's House in 1879. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. A Doll's House (literally translated A Doll's Home, from the original Norwegian title Et dukkehjem) is an 1879 play by the The play is a scathing criticism of the blind acceptance of traditional roles of men and women in Victorian marriage.
Ibsen followed A Doll's House with Ghosts (1881), another scathing commentary on Victorian morality, in which a widow reveals to her pastor that she had hidden the evils of her marriage for its duration. Ghosts (original Norwegian title Gengangere) is a play by the Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. The pastor had advised her to marry her then fiancé despite his philandering, and she did so in the belief that her love would reform him. Promiscuity refers to sexual behavior of a man or woman who casually has sex with many partners But she was not to receive the result she was promised. Her husband's philandering continued right up until his death, and the result is that her son is syphilitic. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. Even the mention of venereal disease was scandalous, but to show that even a person who followed society's ideals of morality had no protection against it, that was beyond scandalous. A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans Hers was not the noble life which Victorians believed would result from fulfilling one's duty rather than following one's desires. Those idealized beliefs were only the Ghosts of the past, haunting the present.
In An Enemy of the People (1882), Ibsen went even further. An Enemy of the People (original Norwegian title En folkefiende) is an 1882 play written by Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen In earlier plays, controversial elements were important and even pivotal components of the action, but they were on the small scale of individual households. In An Enemy, controversy became the primary focus, and the antagonist was the entire community. One primary message of the play is that the individual, who stands alone, is more often "right" than the mass of people, who are portrayed as ignorant and sheeplike. The Victorian belief was that the community was a noble institution that could be trusted, a notion Ibsen challenged. In An Enemy of the People Ibsen chastised not only the right wing or 'Victorian' elements of society but also the liberalism of the time. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal He illustrated how people on both sides of the social spectrum could be equally self-serving. An Enemy of the People was written as a counterblast to the people who had rejected his previous work, Ghosts. The plot of the play is a veiled look at the way people reacted to the plot of Ghosts.
The protagonist is a doctor, a pillar of the community. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health The town is a vacation spot whose primary draw is a public bath. The doctor discovers that the water used by the bath is being contaminated when it seeps through the grounds of a local tannery. Tanning is the process of converting Putrescible skin into non-putrescible Leather, usually with Tannin, an Acidic Chemical compound He expects to be acclaimed for saving the town from the nightmare of infecting visitors with disease, but instead he is declared an 'enemy of the people' by the locals, who band against him and even throw stones through his windows. The play ends with his complete ostracism. Ostracism ( ostrakismos) was a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which a prominent Citizen could be expelled from the City-state It is obvious to the reader that disaster is in store for the town as well as for the doctor, due to the community's unwillingness to face reality. American playwright Arthur Miller wrote his own adaptation of the play to correspond to the political climate in the United States under McCarthyism. Arthur Asher Miller (October 17 1915 &ndash February 10 2005 was an American Playwright and Essayist. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s It has also been made into a popular Bengali film titled Ganashatru, literally meaning "the enemy of the people", by Oscar-winning Indian film maker Satyajit Ray. Ganashatru (গণশত্রু Gônoshotru "Enemy of the People" is a 1989 Indian film by Satyajit Ray. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Satyajit Ray (সত্যজিত রায় or সত্যজিৎ রায়) (2 May 1921–23 April 1992 was a Bengali Indian Filmmaker. American actor Steve McQueen also filmed the play in 1978 with himself in the lead role. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Terrence Steven "Steve" McQueen (March 24 1930 – November 7 1980 was an American movie Actor, nicknamed "The King of Cool"
As audiences by now expected of him, his next play again attacked entrenched beliefs and assumptions—but this time his attack was not against the Victorians but against overeager reformers and their idealism. Always the iconoclast, Ibsen was equally willing to tear down the ideologies of any part of the political spectrum, including his own.
The Wild Duck (1884) is considered by many to be Ibsen's finest work, and it is certainly the most complex. The Wild Duck (original Norwegian title Vildanden) is an 1884 play by the Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. It tells the story of Gregers Werle, a young man who returns to his hometown after an extended exile and is reunited with his boyhood friend Hjalmar Ekdal. Over the course of the play the many secrets that lie behind the Ekdals' apparently happy home are revealed to Gregers, who insists on pursuing the absolute truth, or the "Summons of the Ideal". Among these truths: Gregers' father impregnated his servant Gina, then married her off to Hjalmar to legitimize the child. Another man has been disgraced and imprisoned for a crime the elder Werle committed. And while Hjalmar spends his days working on a wholly imaginary "invention", his wife is earning the household income.
Ibsen displays masterful use of irony: despite his dogmatic insistence on truth, Gregers never says what he thinks but only insinuates, and is never understood until the play reaches its climax. Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas, Greek, plural) is the established Belief or Gregers hammers away at Hjalmar through innuendo and coded phrases until he realizes the truth; Gina's daughter, Hedvig, is not his child. Blinded by Gregers' insistence on absolute truth, he disavows the child. Seeing the damage he has wrought, Gregers determines to repair things, and suggests to Hedvig that she sacrifice the wild duck, her wounded pet, to prove her love for Hjalmar. Hedvig, alone among the characters, recognizes that Gregers always speaks in code, and looking for the deeper meaning in the first important statement Gregers makes which does not contain one, kills herself rather than the duck in order to prove her love for him in the ultimate act of self-sacrifice. Only too late do Hjalmar and Gregers realize that the absolute truth of the "ideal" is sometimes too much for the human heart to bear.
Interestingly, late in his career Ibsen turned to a more introspective drama that had much less to do with denunciations of Victorian morality. Edmund William Gosse ( September 21, 1849 &ndash May 16, 1928) was an English Poet, author and critic the son of Philip In such later plays as Hedda Gabler (1890) and The Master Builder (1892) Ibsen explored psychological conflicts that transcended a simple rejection of Victorian conventions. Hedda Gabler is a play first published in 1890 by Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. The Master Builder (original Norwegian title Bygmester Solness) is a play by Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. Many modern readers, who might regard anti-Victorian didacticism as dated, simplistic and even clichéd, have found these later works to be of absorbing interest for their hard-edged, objective consideration of interpersonal confrontation. Hedda Gabler and The Master Builder center on female protagonists whose almost demonic energy proves both attractive and destructive for those around them. Hedda Gabler is probably Ibsen's most performed play, with the title role regarded as one of the most challenging and rewarding for an actress even in the present day. There are a few similarities between Hedda and the character of Nora in A Doll's House, but many of today's audiences and theatre critics feel that Hedda's intensity and drive are much more complex and much less comfortably explained than what they view as rather routine feminism on the part of Nora.
Ibsen had completely rewritten the rules of drama with a realism which was to be adopted by Chekhov and others and which we see in the theater to this day. Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Anton Pavlovich Chekhov ( –) (Анто́н Па́влович Че́хов) was a Russian short-story writer and Playwright, considered to be one From Ibsen forward, challenging assumptions and directly speaking about issues has been considered one of the factors that makes a play art rather than entertainment. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual See also Entertainment (disambiguation and The Entertainer (disambiguation Entertainment is an activity designed to give people Ibsen returned to Norway in 1891, but it was in many ways not the Norway he had left. Indeed, he had played a major role in the changes that had happened across society. The Victorian Age was on its last legs, to be replaced by the rise of Modernism not only in the theater, but across public life.
Death
Ibsen died in Kristiania (now Oslo) on May 23, 1906 after a series of strokes. (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain When his nurse assured a visitor that he was a little better, Ibsen sputtered "On the contrary" and died. In 2006 the 100th anniversary of Ibsen's death was commemorated in Norway and many other countries, and the year dubbed the "Ibsen year" by Norwegian authorities. On the occasion of the hundred-year commemoration of Ibsen's death, 23 May 1906, the Ibsen Museum reopened a completely restored writer's home with the original interior, original colours and decor. The Ibsen Museum conveys the playwright Henrik Ibsen 's last home and is located close to the Royal Palace in Oslo. In May 2006 also a biographical puppet production of Ibsen's life named 'The Death of Little Ibsen' debuted at New York City's Sanford Meisner Theater. The Death Of Little Ibsen is a play about the life of Henrik Ibsen performed in May 2006 at New York City's Sanford Meisner Theater
List of works
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Other languages
- Lou Andreas-Salomé, Figures de femmes dans Ibsen (1892). Catiline or Catalina was Henrik Ibsen 's first play It was written in 1850 and first performed under Ibsen's name on December The Burial Mound, ( Kjæmpehøjen) was Henrik Ibsen 's second play and the first play to be performed Norma or A Politician's Love ( Norma eller En Politikers Kjærlighed) is a drama written as an opera parody by Henrik Ibsen St John's Eve, ( Danish - Norwegian: Sancthansnatten) is a play written by Henrik Ibsen in 1853. Lady Inger of Oestraat ( Fru Inger til Østeraad) is a play by Henrik Ibsen, inspired by the life of Inger Lady of Austraat. The Feast at Solhaug (or in the original Norwegian Gildet paa Solhoug) is the first publicly successful drama by Henrik Ibsen. Olaf Liljekrans is an 1856 play by Henrik Ibsen. The Vikings at Helgeland is Henrik Ibsen 's seventh play written in 1857 Love's Comedy is a play by Henrik Ibsen. It was first published in 1862 and caused outrage when first performed at the Christiania Theatre The Pretenders, in original Kongs-Emnerne, is a play (drama by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, written in 1863 Brand is a play by the Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. It is a verse Tragedy, written in 1865 and first performed Peer Gynt (per gʏnt is a play by the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. The League of Youth is a play by Henrik Ibsen finished in early May 1869 following Peer Gynt. Emperor and Galilean (in Norwegian: Kejser og Galilæer) is a play written by Henrik Ibsen and published in 1873 The Pillars of Society (original Norwegian title Samfundets støtter) is an 1877 play written by Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. A Doll's House (literally translated A Doll's Home, from the original Norwegian title Et dukkehjem) is an 1879 play by the Ghosts (original Norwegian title Gengangere) is a play by the Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. An Enemy of the People (original Norwegian title En folkefiende) is an 1882 play written by Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen The Wild Duck (original Norwegian title Vildanden) is an 1884 play by the Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. Rosmersholm is a play written in 1886 by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. For the painting "Lady from the sea" see Edvard Munch The Lady from the Sea (original Norwegian title Fruen fra havet Hedda Gabler is a play first published in 1890 by Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. The Master Builder (original Norwegian title Bygmester Solness) is a play by Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen. Little Eyolf ( Lille Eyolf in the original Norwegian title is an 1894 play by Norwegian Playwright Henrik Ibsen John Gabriel Borkman is the Penultimate composition of the Norwegian Playwright, Henrik Ibsen, written in 1896 When We Dead Awaken (Når vi døde vågner is the last play written by Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen. Lou Andreas-Salomé (née Louise von Salomé) ( February 12, 1861 St Translation, annotation and postface of Pascale Hummel, Paris, Michel de Maule, 2007. Pascale Catherine Hummel (born 5 October 1963) is a French Philologist, historian of Philology, and translator (of German writer Lou Andreas-Salomé
Poetry
- Digte - only released collection of poetry, included Terje Vigen. Terje Vigen is a poem written by Henrik Ibsen, published in 1862
References
- ^ Ibsen Celebration to Spotlight 'Father of Modern Drama'. Bowdoin College (2007-01-23). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Ibsen.net (English version). National Library of Oslo with funding from the Norwegian government. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Shapiro, Bruce. Divine Madness and the Absurd Paradox. (1990) ISBN 9780313272905
- ^ Downs, Brian. Ibsen: The Intellectual Background (1946)
Further reading
- Ferguson, Robert. Henrik Ibsen: A New Biography. Richard Cohen Books, London, 1996.
- Koht, Halvdan. The Life of Ibsen translated by Ruth Lima McMahon and Hanna Astrup Larsen. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. , New York, 1931.
- Meyer, Michael. Ibsen. History Press Ltd. , Stroud, 2004.
External links
- Explore Ibsen - a virtual walk
- Ibsen.net - All about Ibsen
- Online course by Ibsen scholar Brian Johnston author of The Ibsen Cycle and To the Third Empire: Ibsen's Early Drama
- Extensive resource in several languages from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- The International Ibsen Bibliography
- Works by Henrik Ibsen at Project Gutenberg
- Henrik Ibsen, available at Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works (the biography by Edmund Gosse)
- Henrik Ibsen - A Bibliography of Criticism and Biography, by Ina Ten Eyck Firkins, from Project Gutenberg
- Online editions of plays, in Danish
- Henrik Ibsens samlede værker, collected works freely available at Project Runeberg
- Works by or about Henrik Ibsen in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ibsen, Henrik Johann |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Norwegian playwright |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 20, 1828 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Skien, Norway |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 23, 1906 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Kristiania |
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