| Henk Sneevliet | |
 Executed by the Germans in 1942.
|
|
| Born | May 13, 1883 Rotterdam |
|---|---|
| Died | April 13, 1942 (aged 58) |
Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet, known as Henk Sneevliet or the pseudonym Maring (May 13, 1883 - April 13, 1942), was a Dutch Communist, who was active in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East-Indies. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. He took part in the Communist resistance against the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II and was executed by the Germans in 1942. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Contents |
Early life
Sneevliet was born in Rotterdam and grew up in 's-Hertogenbosch. Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of ' s-Hertogenbosch ( (literally "The Duke's Forest" colloquially known as Den Bosch ( — translated in French as Bois-le-Duc, in German After finishing his education, he started working for the Dutch railways in 1900 and became a member of the Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij (SDAP, the predessesor of the Dutch Labour Party) as well as the railway union. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Social Democratic Workers' Party (in Dutch: Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij SDAP was a Dutch socialist Political party and a predecessor A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming From 1906, Sneevliet was active for the SDAP in Zwolle, where he became the first social democrat city council member in the elections of 1907. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Zwolle is a Municipality and the capital city of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands, 120 kilometers northeast of Amsterdam. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
Sneevliet was also active in the Dutch railway union, the NV and in 1911 he became its chairman. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In the union, Sneevliet was one of the more radical voices. When an international sailor strike was called in 1911, several of the more radical Dutch unions took part, but the majority of the union movement, as well as the majority within the SDAP were against it. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For Sneevliet, this led to his alienation from both and strengthened him in his decision to leave the Netherlands for the Dutch East Indies.
Dutch East Indies
Sneevliet lived in the Dutch East Indies (roughly equal to present day Indonesia) from 1913 until 1918 and he soon became active in the struggle against Dutch rule. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1914, he was a co-founder of the Indies Social Democratic Association (ISDV), in which both Dutch and Indonesian people were active. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Communist Party of Indonesia (in Indonesian: Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI) was the largest non-ruling Communist party in the world prior
He also returned to union work, becoming a member of the Vereeniging van Spoor- en Tramwegpersoneel, a railway union which was unique in having both Dutch and Indonesian members. Thanks to his experience as a union leader, he soon managed to turn this still fairly moderate union into a more modern and aggressive union, with a majority of Indonesian members. This union would later form the base for the Indonesian communist movement.
ISDV was strictly anti-capitalist and agitated against both the Dutch colonial regime and the privileged Indonesian elites. Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. This led to much resistance against the ISDV and Sneevliet himself, both from conservative circles as well as from the more moderate SDAP. In 1916 therefore he left the SDAP and joined the SDP, the predecessor of the Communist Party of Holland [CPH, later CPN. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( Dutch: Communistische Partij Nederland, CPN was a Dutch communist Political party. The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( Dutch: Communistische Partij Nederland, CPN was a Dutch communist Political party.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Sneevliet's radicalism gained enough support amongst both the Indonesian population as well as Dutch soldiers and especially sailors that the Dutch authorities got nervous. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them Sneevliet was therefore forced to leave the Dutch East Indies in 1918. ISDV was repressed by the Dutch colonial authorities.
Even after his return Sneevliet stayed interested in Indonesian developments and in 1933 he was condemned to five months imprisonment for his solidarity actions for the Dutch and Indonesian sailors who took part in the mutiny on "De Zeven Provinciën", which was put down by an air bombardment in which twenty-three sailors were killed and which at the time aroused considerable passions in the Dutch public opinion. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mutiny on De Zeven Provinciën More than any event in its career including even her demise in active fighting this ship is remembered especially for the mutiny which
Working for the Comintern
Back in the Netherlands, Sneevliet was somewhat marginalised by the leadership of the CPH, who criticised his tactics in the Indies. He therefore spent more time in the union movement, where he helped organise the 1920 transport strike. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The same year he was also present at the second congress of the Comintern in Moscow, as a representative of the Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), which was the successor to Sneevliet's ISDV. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow The Communist Party of Indonesia (in Indonesian: Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI) was the largest non-ruling Communist party in the world prior Lenin was impressed enough by him to send him as a Comintern representative to China, to help the formation of Communist Party of China, and he was present at the 1st Congress of the Chinese communist party in July, 1921 when the Communist Party of China was formally established. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Events in July The traditional period known as "fence month" (the closed season for deer in England ended July 9 (date varied Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the
Sneevliet was not impressed by the party and argued for cooperation with the Kuomintang and Sun Yat-sen, with whom he had established contacts personally. Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often However, this is a policy which seemed reasonable at the time but proved disastrously wrong within a few years, when Chiang Kai-shek succeeded as the head of nationalists after Sun Yat-sen's death (see Chinese Civil War). Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often Things came to a head in 1924, largely due to the worsening political climate in the USSR. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Back in the Netherlands
In 1927, after years of worsening relations between Sneevliet and his followers and the CPH leadership, Sneevliet broke all ties with the CPH and the Komintern and formed his own party, the Revolutionair Socialistische Partij (RSP), this later became the Revolutionair Socialistische Arbeiders Partij (RSAP) after fusing with the Independent Socialist Party (OSP), which had earlier formed under the stewardship of Jacques de Kadt and Piet J. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Revolutionary Socialist Party (in Dutch Revolutionair Socialistische Partij RSP was a dutch Left-communist Political party. The Revolutionary Socialist Party (in Dutch Revolutionair Socialistische Partij RSP was a dutch Left-communist Political party. Independent Socialist Party (in Dutch Onafhankelijke Socialistische Partij; OSP was a revolutionary socialist Political party in the Netherlands Jacques de Kadt ( 30 July 1897, Oss - 16 April 1988, Santpoort) was a prominent and often controversial 20th Century Schmidt. The RSP signed the Declaration of the Four [1] in 1934 along with the International Communist League, led by Leon Trotsky, the OSP and the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij The Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands SAPD was a Political party in Germany. This declaration was intended as a step towards a new International of revolutionary socialist parties. In the end the RSAP broke from the Trotskyists after a period and became a part of the International Bureau of Revolutionary Socialist Unity along with the Independent Labour Party (Britain) and the Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) Spain. The International Revolutionary Marxist Centre was an international association of left-socialist parties See Independent Labor Party for the Political party in Burundi, Independent Labour Group for the Irish party and Labour candidates POUM Campesinosjpg|thumb|A POUM poster appeals to peasants "Peasants the land is yours"]]The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM Spanish: Partido Obrero
In the 1930s, therefore, Sneevliet and his party concentrated more on national issues, gaining some successes in organising the unemployed movement, strike actions, and the struggle against the rise of fascism. In 1933 Sneevliet, while still imprisoned, was elected a member of the Tweede Kamer, or Lower House, a position he mainly used to propagandise. Central to the activity of the small party was its relationship with a small trade union federation, the NAS, and it was due to a dispute concerning this body that the RSAP split from Trotsky's ICL.
However, the worsening political climate both abroad and nationally and the constant struggle against both the Stalinist and social democrat parties, as well as government interference, took a heavy toll on Sneevliet and his group. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 When war broke out on 10 May 1940, Sneevliet immediately abolished the RSAP. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Death
Some months later he founded a resistance group against the German occupation, together with Willem Dolleman and Ab Menist, the Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg-Front (MLL-Front). The Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg-Front was a resistance movement founded by Henk Sneevliet, Willem Dolleman and Ab Menist, some months after the German invasion This was largely engaged in producing propaganda for socialism and opposing the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands and as such was heavily involved with the February strike of 1941. The 1941 February Strike, also known as 'The Strike of February 1941' was a General strike organized during World War II in The Netherlands against the Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
As a known communist, Sneevliet had to go into hiding even before he started his resistance activities. For two years he managed to keep out of the hands of the Nazis, but in April 1942 they finally arrested both him and the rest of the MLL-Front leadership. Their execution took place on April 12 1942. It was reported that they went to their deaths singing The Internationale. The Internationale ( L'Internationale in French) is a famous socialist, communist, and Social-democratic
External links
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic