Intervention: Hemispherectomy
ICD-10 code:
ICD-9 code:	01.52
Other codes:

Hemispherectomy is a surgical procedure where one cerebral hemisphere (half of the brain) is removed or disabled. The International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI is a system of classifying Procedure codes being developed by the World Health Organization. ICD-9-CM Volume 3 is a system of Procedural codes. It is a subset of ICD-9-CM (volumes 1 and 2 are used for Diagnostic codes. Procedure codes are numbers or alphanumeric codes used to identify specific health interventions taken by medical professionals Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental A cerebral hemisphere ( hemispherium cerebrale) is defined as one of the two regions of the Brain that are delineated by the body's median plane. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain This procedure is used to treat a variety of seizure disorders where the source of the epilepsy is localized to a broad area of a single hemisphere of the brain. It is solely reserved for extreme cases in which the seizures have not responded to medications and other less invasive surgeries.

Contents 1 History and changes 2 Results 3 References 4 See also 5 External links 6 Further reading

History and changes

Hemispherectomy was first tried on a dog in 1888 by Friedrich Goltz. Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Friedrich Leopold Goltz (14 August 1834 in Posen (Poznań Grand Duchy of Posen – 5 May 1902 in Strasbourg) was a German Physiologist The first such operation on humans was done by Walter Dandy in 1923. Walter Edward Dandy ( April 6, 1886 -- April 19, 1946) was an American Neurosurgeon and scientist Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the 1960s and early 1970s, hemispherectomy involved removing half of the brain, but this resulted in unacceptable complications and side effects in many cases, like filling of excessive body fluids in the skull and pressuring the remaining lobe (known as hydrocephalus). The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Hydrocephalus (pronunciation ˌhaɪˌdɹoʊˈsɛfələs is a term derived from the Greek words "hydro" meaning water and "cephalus" meaning head and this condition Today, the functional hemispherectomy has largely replaced this procedure, in which only the temporal lobe is removed; a procedure known as corpus callosotomy is performed; and the frontal and occipital lobes disconnected. The temporal lobes are parts of the cerebrum that are involved in speech, Memory, and Hearing. Corpus callosotomy (or less frequently callotomy) is a Surgical procedure that disconnects the Cerebral hemispheres resulting in a condition called The frontal lobe is an area in the Brain of Mammals It is located at the front of each Cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to (in front of the The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the Mammalian Brain containing most of the anatomical region of the Visual cortex.

Results

All hemispherectomy patients suffer at least partial hemiplegia on the side of the body opposite the removed or disabled portion, and may suffer problems with their vision as well. Hemiplegia is a condition in which one-half of a patient's body is paralyzed. In Psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret information from Visible light reaching the Eyes The resulting Perception is also

This procedure is almost exclusively performed in children because their brains generally display more neuroplasticity, allowing neurons from the remaining hemisphere to take over the tasks from the lost hemisphere. Neuroplasticity (variously referred to as brain plasticity, cortical plasticity or cortical re-mapping) refers to the changes that occur in Neurons (ˈnjuːɹɒn also known as neurones and nerve cells) are responsive cells in the Nervous system that process and transmit information This likely occurs by strengthening neural connections which already exist on the unaffected side but which would have otherwise remained small in a normally functioning, uninjured brain. A neural pathway is a Neural tract connecting one part of the Nervous system with another usually consisting of bundles of elongated Myelin -insulated ^[1] One case, demonstrated by Smith & Sugar, 1975; A. Smith 1987, demonstrated that one patient with this procedure had completed college, attended graduate school and scored above average on intelligence tests. Studies have found no significant long-term effects on memory, personality, or humor after the procedure^[2], and minimal changes in cognitive function overall. In Psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store retain and subsequently retrieve information Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought ^[3] Generally, the greater the intellectual capacity of the patient prior to surgery, the greater the decline in function. Most patients end up with mild to severe mental retardation, which is usually already present before surgery. When resectioning the left hemisphere, evidence indicates that some advanced language functions (i. e. , higher order grammar) cannot be entirely assumed by the right side. The extent of advanced language loss is often dependent on the patient's age at the time of surgery. ^[4]

References

See also

• Rasmussen's encephalitis

External links

• Johns Hopkins Children's Center research findings
• Hopkins Medical News article on the topic
• A detailed overview by Daniel L. Rasmussen's encephalitis, also Chronic Focal Encephalitis (CFE is a rare progressive neurological disorder, characterized by frequent and severe Seizures loss of Silbergeld,M. D. , The Pediatric Epilepsy Center
• Hemispherectomy at SurgeryEncyclopedia.com
• The Deepest Cut by Christine Kenneally, The New Yorker

Further reading

• Antonio M. Battro (2001). Half a Brain is Enough : The Story of Nico. Cambridge University Press.   (ISBN 0-521-78307-0)
• Christine Kenneally (July 3, 2006). "The Deepest Cut". The New Yorker: 36-42.  
• Charles Q. Choi (March 2008). "Do You Need Only Half Your Brain?". Scientific American 298 (3): 104.  

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