Hematuria Classification and external resources
ICD-10	N02., R31.
ICD-9	599.7, 791.2
DiseasesDB	19635
eMedicine	ped/951
MeSH	D006417

In medicine, hematuria (or "haematuria") is the presence of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the urine. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings N00-N39 - Diseases of the Genitourinary system: urinary system (N00-N08 Glomerular diseases Prefixes. R00-R69 - Symptoms and Signs (R00-R09 Circulatory and Respiratory systems ( Abnormalities of Heart beat The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996 by Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely two medical doctors Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. It is a sign that there is a kidney stone or a tumor in the ureter, urinary bladder, prostate, or urethra. A Sign is an indication of some fact or quality and a medical sign is an objective indication of some medical fact or quality that is detected by a Physician In human Anatomy, the ureters are muscular ducts that propel Urine from the Kidneys to the Urinary bladder. In Anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic organ that sits on the Pelvic floor in Mammals It is the The prostate (from Greek προστάτης - prostates, literally "one who stands before" "protector" "guardian" is a In Anatomy, the urethra (from Greek ουρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the Urinary bladder to the outside of kidneys and the urinary tract, ranging from trivial to lethal. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles The urinary system (also called Excretory system or the genitourinary system (GUS is the Organ system that produces stores and eliminates Urine. If white blood cells are found in addition to red blood cells, then it is a signal of urinary tract infection.

Occasionally "hemoglobinuria" is used synonymously, although more precisely it refers only to hemoglobin in the urine. In Medicine, hemoglobinuria is a condition in which the Oxygen transport Protein Hemoglobin is found in abnormally high concentrations in the Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein

Contents 1 Types 2 Analysis 3 Diagnosis 4 Causes 5 References

Types

Red discolouration of the urine can have various causes:

• Red blood cells
  • Microscopic hematuria (small amounts of blood, can be seen only on urinalysis or light microscopy)
  • Macroscopic hematuria (or "frank" or "gross") hematuria
• Hemoglobin (only the red pigment, not the red blood cells)
• Other pigments
  • Porphyrins in porphyria
  • Betanin, after eating beets

Analysis

A patient will be asked a number of questions:

• Have you passed any blood clots?
• Has a kidney stone been passed (noise in toilet bowl)?
• Is the red colour mixed in completely, or does the colour change during an episode of urination?
• Does it occur only after getting up?
• Have you recently had a sore throat?

Diagnosis

Often, the diagnosis is made on the basis of the medical history and some blood tests—especially in young people in whom the risk of malignancy is negligible and the symptoms are generally self-limited. Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood Microscopic hematuria is a medical condition in which urine contains small amounts of blood A urinalysis (or "UA" is an array of tests performed on Urine and one of the most common methods of Medical Diagnosis. Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood A porphyrin is a heterocyclic Macrocycle derived from four Pyrroline subunits interconnected via their α carbon atoms via Methine bridges (=CH- Porphyrias are a group of inherited or acquired disorders of certain Enzymes in the Heme biosynthetic pathway (also called Porphyrin pathway Betanin, or Beetroot Red, is a red glycosidic Food dye obtained from Beets its aglycone obtained by hydrolyzing away the Glucose The beet or beetroot is a Flowering plant species ( Beta vulgaris) in the family Chenopodiaceae. A thrombus, or blood clot, is the final product of the Blood coagulation step in Hemostasis. Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations of dissolved minerals in Urine; calculi typically form A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a Blood sample that is usually extracted from a Vein in the arm using a needle, or via

Ultrasound investigation of the renal tract is often used to distinguish between various sources of bleeding. Not to be confused with Supersonic. Ultrasound is cyclic Sound pressure with a Frequency greater than the upper X-rays can be used to identify kidney stones, although CT scanning is more precise. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations of dissolved minerals in Urine; calculi typically form Computed tomography (CT is a Medical imaging method employing Tomography.

In older patients, cystoscopy with biopsy of suspected lesions is often employed to investigate for bladder cancer. Endoscopy of the Urinary bladder via the Urethra is called cystoscopy A biopsy (in Greek: βίος life and όψη look/appearance is a Medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the Urinary bladder.

Causes

Common causes of macroscopic hematuria/ haematuria (i. e. blood visible in the urine) include:

• Benign familial hematuria
• Urinary Schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma haematobium) - a major cause for hematuria in many African and Middle-Eastern countries;
• IgA nephropathy ("Berger's disease") - occurs during viral infections in predisposed patients;
• Kidney stones (or bladder stones, now a rare disease);
• Bladder cancer;
• Renal cell carcinoma - occasionally presents with bleeding;
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria - a rare disease where hemoglobin of hemolysed cells is passed into the urine. Thin basement membrane disease (TBMD also known as benign familial hematuria and thin basement membrane nephropathy) is along with IgA nephropathy, the Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever) is a Parasitic disease caused by several species of fluke Schistosoma haematobium is an important digenetic Trematode, and is found in the Middle East India Portugal and Africa IgA nephropathy (also known as IgA nephritis, IgAN, Berger's disease and synpharyngitic glomerulonephritis) is a form of Glomerulonephritis Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations of dissolved minerals in Urine; calculi typically form Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations of dissolved minerals in Urine; calculi typically form Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the Urinary bladder. "Kidney Cancer" redirects here For Wilms' Tumor/Nephroblastoma see Wilms' tumor. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH sometimes referred to as Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome, is a rare acquired potentially life-threatening disease of the blood characterised A rare disease (sometimes known as an orphan disease has such a low Prevalence in a population that a doctor in a busy General practice would not Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein Hemolysis (or haemolysis)—from the Greek Hemo-, Greek meaning blood - Lysis, meaning to break open—is the breaking
• Urinary tract infection with some bacterial species including strains of EPEC and Staphylococcus saprophyticus
• Sickle cell trait can precipitate large amounts of red blood cell discharge, but only a small number of individuals endure this problem
• Arteriovenous malformation of the kidney (rare, but may impress like renal cell carcinoma on scans as both are highly vascular)
• Nephritic syndrome ( a condition associated with post-streptococcal and rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis. A urinary tract infection ( UTI) is a bacterial Infection that affects any part of the Urinary tract. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Coagulase -negative species of Staphylococcus bacteria Sickle cell trait describes the way a person can inherit one of the genes of sickle cell disease but not develop recurrent symptoms Cerebral arteriovenous malformation Arteriovenous malformation or AVM in the majority of cases is a Congenital disorder consisting of a connection between
• Ureteral Pelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ) is a rare condition beginning from birth in which the ureter is blocked between the kidney and bladder. This condition may cause blood in the urine. ^[1]

References

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