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Helmut Hönl (1903 in Mannheim, Germany – 1981) was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions to quantum mechanics and the understanding of atomic and molecular structure. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Mannheim is a City in Germany. With 327318 inhabitants it is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg after the capital Stuttgart Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons

From 1921 to circa 1923, Hönl studied at the University of Heidelberg and the University of Göttingen, followed by the University of Munich, where he studied under Arnold Sommerfeld. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg ( University of Heidelberg, Ruperto Carola, Heidelberg University, or simply Heidelberg) is a The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München also known as LMU, is a University in Munich and with more Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (5 December 1868 &ndash 26 April 1951 was a German theoretical Physicist who pioneered developments in atomic He was granted his doctor of philosophy in 1926. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1929, he became assistant to Paul Peter Ewald at the Stuttgart Technische Hochschule until 1933, after which he was a Privatdozent. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paul Peter Ewald ( January 23, 1888 in Berlin, Germany &ndash August 22, 1985 in Ithaca, New York Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Technische Hochschule (acronym TH) is what an Institute of Technology (i Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Private docent (abbreviates PD or Priv-Doz) is a title conferred in some European university systems especially in German -speaking countries [1]

Even before acquiring his doctorate at Munich, Hönl had done seminal work which contributed to the advancement of quantum mechanics and the understanding of atomic and molecular structure and spectra. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons [2] [3] [4] Some of his work was done in collaboration with Fritz London. Fritz Wolfgang London ( March 7, 1900 &ndash March 30, 1954) was a German -born American theoretical Physicist. [5] As is the case in any fast developing field with a high level of interest, others independently make similar findings. This was the case with his work on the intensity of Zeeman effect spectral lines. The Zeeman effect (ˈzeɪmɑːn is the splitting of a Spectral line into several components in the presence of a static Magnetic field. Both Hönl[6] and Samuel Goudsmit and Ralph de Laer Kronig[7] published results in 1925. Samuel Abraham Goudsmit (born July 11, 1902 Den Haag, The Netherlands, died December 4, 1978 in Reno Nevada Ralph Kronig was a German-American Physicist ( March 10, 1904 — November 16, 1995) Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Their work was promptly put into use. In the first paper of the trilogy[8] [9] [10] which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum theory in 1925, Werner Heisenberg, a former student of Sommerfeld, working with Max Born at the University of Göttingen, used the work of Hönl, Kronig, and Goudsmit, referring to it as the “Goudsmit-Kronig-Hönl formula. Matrix mechanics is a formulation of Quantum mechanics created by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan in 1925 Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 in Würzburg &ndash1 February 1976 in Munich) was a German theoretical physicist best known for enunciating the Max Born (11 December 1882 &ndash 5 January 1970 was a German Physicist and Mathematician who was instrumental in the development of Quantum The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. ”[11]

At this time, there were three centers of development for quantum mechanics and the interpretation of atomic and molecular structure, based on atomic and molecular spectroscopy, especially the Sommerfeld-Bohr model: the Theoretical Physics Institute at the University of Munich, under Arnold Sommerfeld, the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen, under Max Born, and the Institute of Theoretical Physics, under Niels Bohr. In Atomic physics, the Bohr model created by Niels Bohr depicts the Atom as a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by Electrons Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (5 December 1868 &ndash 26 April 1951 was a German theoretical Physicist who pioneered developments in atomic The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. Max Born (11 December 1882 &ndash 5 January 1970 was a German Physicist and Mathematician who was instrumental in the development of Quantum Niels Henrik David Bohr (nels ˈb̥oɐ̯ˀ in Danish 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962 was a Danish Physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding These three institutes effectively formed a consortium for the exchange of assistants and researchers. Furthermore, with Sommerfeld educating such capable physicists, when they were called to other facilities, they effectively became extensions of Sommerfeld’s Institute of Theoretical Physics. [12]

This was the case with Hönl when he went to the Stuttgart Technische Hochschule to work with Paul Peter Ewald, who received his Ph. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Technische Hochschule (acronym TH) is what an Institute of Technology (i Paul Peter Ewald ( January 23, 1888 in Berlin, Germany &ndash August 22, 1985 in Ithaca, New York D. under Sommerfeld and became ordinarius professor of theoretical physics at Stuttgart Technische Hochschule in 1921. [13] [14] At Stuttgart, Ewald and Hönl worked on the quantum theory atomic and molecular structure and solid-state physics. Solid-state physics, the largest branch of Condensed matter physics, is the study of rigid Matter, or Solids The bulk of solid-state physics theory and They developed a theoretical model of electron densities and the atomic scattering factor in solids. [15] [16] [17] Their work has been referenced in the literature as the Ewald-Hönl-Brill model[18] (after the German physicist Rudolf Brill[19]).

Selected Literature

References

Notes

  1. ^ Author Catalog: Hönl – American Philosophical Society.
  2. ^ Helmut Hönl “The intensity of Zeeman components” (Translated from the German) Zeitschrift für Physik 31 (1925) 340-354.
  3. ^ Arnold Sommerfeld and Helmut Hönl Über die Intensität der Multiplett-Linien, Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse. 141-161 (1925) as cited in Arnold Sommerfeld Bibliography – Sommerfeld Project.
  4. ^ Helmut Hönl “The intensity problem of spectral lines” (Translated from the German) Annalen der Physik 79 (1926) 273-323.
  5. ^ Helmut Hönl and Fritz London “The intensities of the band lines” (Translated from the German) Zeitschrift für Physik 33 (1925) 803-809.
  6. ^ Helmut Hönl “The intensity of Zeeman components” (Translated from the German) Zeitschrift für Physik 31 (1925) 340-354.
  7. ^ Goudschmit, Samuel and Ralph de Laer Kronig Naturwiss. 13 (1925) 90.
  8. ^ W. Heisenberg, “Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen,” Zeitschrift für Physik, 33, 879-893, 1925 (received July 29, 1925). "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen" (English "Quantum theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations" [English translation in: B. L. van der Waerden, editor, Sources of Quantum Mechanics (Dover Publications, 1968) ISBN 0-486-61881-1 (English title: Quantum-Theoretical Re-interpretation of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations). ]
  9. ^ M. Born and P. Jordan, "Zur Quantenmechanik," Zeitschrift für Physik, 34, 858-888, 1925 (received September 27, 1925). [English translation in: B. L. van der Waerden, editor, Sources of Quantum Mechanics (Dover Publications, 1968) ISBN 0-486-61881-1]
  10. ^ M. Born, W. Heisenberg, and P. Jordan, “Zur Quantenmechanik II,” Zeitschrift für Physik, 35, 557-615, 1925 (received November, 1925). [English translation in: B. L. van der Waerden, editor, Sources of Quantum Mechanics (Dover Publications, 1968) ISBN 0-486-61881-1]
  11. ^ van der Waerden, 1968, p. 274.
  12. ^ Mehra, Volume 5, Part 1, 2001, p. 249.
  13. ^ Ewald was at Stuttgart until 1937. Author Catalog: Ewald – American Philosophical Society .
  14. ^ Mehra, Volume 5, Part 1, 2001, p. 249.
  15. ^ P. P. Ewald and H. Hönl "The x-ray interferences in diamond as a wave-mechanical problem. Part I. " (English translation from the German) Annalen der Physik 25 (4): 281-308, 1936.
  16. ^ P. P. Ewald and H. Hönl "X-ray interference in diamonds as problem of wave mechanics. Part II Analysis of linear atomic chains. " (English translation from the German) Annalen der Physik 26 (8): 673-696, 1936.
  17. ^ See ”Chapter 20 Germany” by E. E. Helnner and P. P. Ewald in: Ewald, P. P. , editor 50 Years of X-Ray Diffraction (Reprinted in pdf format for the IUCr XVIII Congress, Glasgow, Scotland, Copyright © 1962, 1999 International Union of Crystallography).
  18. ^ L. Kleinman and J. C. Phillips Covalent Bonding and Charge Density in Diamond Phys. Rev. 125 (1962) 819 – 824.
  19. ^ R. Brill, H. G. Grimm, C. Herman, and C. Peters Ann. Physik 34 (1939) 393.
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