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The art of the Hellenistic period has long been the victim of the relative disdain attached to the period. Roman Greece is the period of Greek history (of Greece proper as opposed to the other centers of Hellenism in the Roman world following the Roman victory over Greco-Buddhist art is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural Syncretism between the Classical Greek culture and Buddhism Most of Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until its declaration of independence in 1821. The term Cretan School describes an important school of Icon painting also known as Post-Byzantine art, which flourished while Crete was under Venetian The Heptanese School of painting ( Επτανησιακή Σχολή, literally The School of the seven islands also known as the Ionian Islands' School Modern Greek Art is the term used to describe Greek art during the period between the emergence of the new independent Greek state and the 20th century The Munich School ( Σχολή του Μονάχου) or Academic realism is the most important artistic movement of Greek Art in the 19th century with Contemporary Greek Art is defined as the art produced by Greek artists after World War II. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual This article focuses on the historical aspects of the Hellenistic age for the cultural aspects see Hellenistic civilisation. Cessavit deinde ars ("then art disappeared") remarks Pliny the Elder in his Natural History (XXXIV, 52), after having described the sculpture of the classical period. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. The sculpture of the Greek speaking world from the Lefkandi Centaur ca However, a number of the best-known works of Greek art belong to this period, such as Laocoön of the Vatican and Venus de Milo, as well as Winged Victory of Samothrace. The statue of Laocoön and His Sons, also called the Laocoön Group, is a monumental Marble sculpture now in the Vatican Museums, The Aphrodite of Milos (Greek "Αφροδίτη της Μήλου" better known as the Venus de Milo is an ancient Greek statue The Winged Victory of Samothrace, also called the Nike of Samothrace, is a third

The renewal of the historiographic approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of Vergina, allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness. Vergina (in Greek Βεργίνα) is a small town in northern Greece, located in the prefecture of Imathia, Central Macedonia

One thing which must be remembered, however, is that the term Hellenistic is a modern invention; the Hellenistic World not only included a huge area covering the whole of the Aegean, rather than the Classical Greece focused on the Poleis of Athens and Sparta, but also a huge time range. This article focuses on the historical aspects of the Hellenistic age for the cultural aspects see Hellenistic civilisation. In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη In artistic terms this means that there is huge variety which is often put under the heading of Hellenistic Art for convenience sake and because it has traditionally been seen as the poor cousin of the Golden Age of Classical Athens. In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries This has also led to the 18th Century terms Baroque and Rococo being applied, inappropriately, to this complex and individual period. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Rococo is a style of 18th century French art and Interior design.

Contents

Architecture

Pergamon Altar, Pergamon Museum, Berlin
Pergamon Altar, Pergamon Museum, Berlin

One of the defining characteristics of the Hellenistic period was the division of Alexander the Great's empire into smaller dynastic empires founded by the diadochi: the Ptolemies in Egypt, the Seleucids in Mesopotamia and Syria, the Attalids in Pergamon, etc. The Great Altar of Pergamon, a massive stone podium about one hundred feet long and thirty-five feet high was originally built in the 2nd century BCE in the Ancient Greek The Pergamon Museum ( German: Pergamonmuseum) is among the museums on Museum Island in Berlin. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. This article focuses on the historical aspects of the Hellenistic age for the cultural aspects see Hellenistic civilisation. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' The Diadochi (plural of Latin Diadochus, from Greek Διάδοχοι, Diadokhoi, "successors" were the rival successors The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family Ptolemaic Egypt began when Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding History of Bahrein, AND COMPARE THE TRUE IMPORTANCE OF THE TWO STATES The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great Each of these dynasties practiced a royal patronage which differed from those of the city-states. A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a In the architectural field, this resulted in vast urban plans and large complexes which had mostly disappeared from city-states by the 5th century BC. This city planning was quite innovative for the Greek world; rather than manipulating space by correcting its defaults, building plans conformed to the natural setting. One notes the appearance of many places of amusement and leisure, notably the multiplication of theatres and parks. The theatre of ancient Greece, or ancient Greek drama, is a theatrical Culture that flourished in ancient Greece between c The Hellenistic monarchies were advantaged in this regard in that they often had vast spaces where they could build large cities: such as Antioch, Pergamon, and Seleucia on the Tigris. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also For the Syrian seaport of the same name that figures in the travels of Saint Paul see Seleucia Pieria.

Pergamon in particular is a characteristic example of Hellenistic architecture. Starting from a simple fortress located on the Acropolis, the various Attalid kings set up a colossal architectural complex. Acropolis (Gr akros akron edge extremity + polis city pl acropoleis The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great The buildings are fanned out around the Acropolis to take into account the nature of the terrain. The agora, located to the south on the lowest terrace, is bordered by galleries with colonnades or stoai. The Agora was an open "place of assembly" in ancient Greek city-states It is the beginning of a street which crosses the entire Acropolis: it separates the administrative, political and military buildings on the east and top of the rock from the sanctuaries to the west, at mid-height, among which the most prominent is that which shelters the monumental Pergamon Altar, known as "of the twelve gods" or "of the gods and of the giants", one of the masterpieces of Greek sculpture. The Great Altar of Pergamon, a massive stone podium about one hundred feet long and thirty-five feet high was originally built in the 2nd century BCE in the Ancient Greek A colossal theatre, able to contain nearly 10,000 spectators, has benches embedded in the flanks of the hill.

It was the time of gigantism: thus it was for the second temple of Apollo at Didyma, situated twenty kilometers from Miletus in Ionia. Didyma (Greek Δίδυμα was an ancient Ionian sanctuary the modern Didim, Turkey, containing a Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this It was designed by Daphnis of Miletus and Paionios of Ephesus at the end of the fourth century BC, but the construction, never completed, was carried out up until the 2nd century AD. Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia. The sanctuary is one of the largest ever constructed in the Mediterranean region: inside a vast court (21. 7 metres by 53. 6 metres), the cella is surrounded by a double colonnade of 108 Ionic columns nearly 20 metres tall, with richly sculpted bases and capitals. For the Spanish town see Cella Spain Naos redirects here For other meanings see Naos (disambiguation. The Ionic order column forms one of the three '''orders''' or '''organizational systems''' of Classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the In several traditions of Architecture including Classical architecture, the capital (from the Latin caput 'head' forms the crowning member

Sculpture

Barberini Faun, marble copy of a bronze original, around 200 BC, The Glyptothek, Munich
Barberini Faun, marble copy of a bronze original, around 200 BC, The Glyptothek, Munich

Hellenistic sculpture repeats the innovations of the "second classicism": perfect sculpture-in-the-round, allowing the statue to be admired from all angles; study of draping and effects of transparency of clothing; suppleness of poses. The life-sizemarble statue known as the Barberini Faun or Drunken Satyr is located in the Glyptothek in Munich Germany. Events By place Seleucid Empire Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine. The Glyptothek is a museum in Munich, Germany, which was commissioned by the Bavarian King Ludwig I to house his collection of Greek and Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. For the works or study of works from classical antiquity see Classics Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to Thus, Venus de Milo, even while echoing a classic model, is distinguished by the twist of her hips. The Aphrodite of Milos (Greek "Αφροδίτη της Μήλου" better known as the Venus de Milo is an ancient Greek statue One seeks, above all, expressivity and atmosphere. This search is particularly flagrant in the portraits: more than the precision of the traits represented, the artist seeks to represent the character of his/her subject. In the great statuary, the artist explores themes such as suffering, sleep or old age. One such is the Barberini Faun of Munich, representing a sleeping satyr with relaxed posture and anxious face, perhaps the prey of nightmares. The life-sizemarble statue known as the Barberini Faun or Drunken Satyr is located in the Glyptothek in Munich Germany. The Glyptothek is a museum in Munich, Germany, which was commissioned by the Bavarian King Ludwig I to house his collection of Greek and In Greek mythology, satyrs (Σάτυροι Satyroi) are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus – " Satyresses quot The drunk woman, also at Munich, portrays without reservation an old woman, thin, haggard, clutching against herself her jar of wine. Laocoön, strangled by snakes, tries desperately to loosen their grip without affording a glance at his dying sons.

Gaul killing himself and his wife, Roman copy after the Hellenistic original, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme
Gaul killing himself and his wife, Roman copy after the Hellenistic original, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme

Pergamon did not distinguish itself with its architecture alone: it was also the seat of a brilliant school of sculpture called Pergamene Baroque. The sculptors, imitating the preceding centuries, portray painful moments rendered expressive with three-dimensional compositions, often V-shaped, and anatomical hyper-realism.

Attalus I (269-197 BC), to commemorate his victory at Caicus against the Gauls — called Galatians by the Greeks — had two series of votive groups sculpted: the first, consecrated on the Acropolis of Pergamon, includes the famous Gaul killing himself and his wife, of which the original is lost (the best copy is in the Massimo alle Terme museum of Rome, see illustration); the second group, offered to Athens, is composed of small bronzes of Greeks, Amazons, gods and giants, Persians and Gauls. Attalus I ( surnamed Soter ( "Savior" 269 BC &ndash 197 BC ruled Pergamon, a Greek Polis in what is now Turkey Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. The Ludovisi Gaul Killing Himself and His Wife (sometimes called "The Galatian Suicide" is a Roman marble group depicting a man in the act of plunging a sword into Artemis Rospigliosi of the Louvre is probably a copy of one of them; as for copies of the Dying Gaul, they were very numerous in the Roman period. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The Dying Gaul (in Italian: Galata Morente) is an ancient Roman Marble copy of a lost Hellenistic sculpture that The expression of sentiments, the forcefulness of details — bushy hair and moustaches here — and the violence of the movements are characteristic of the Pergamene style.

These characteristics are pushed to their peak in the friezes of the Great Altar of Pergamon, decorated under the order of Eumenes II (197-159 BC) with a gigantomachy stretching 110 metres in length, illustrating in the stone a poem composed especially for the court. The Great Altar of Pergamon, a massive stone podium about one hundred feet long and thirty-five feet high was originally built in the 2nd century BCE in the Ancient Greek Eumenes II of Pergamon (Εὐμένης Α' τῆς Περγάμου (ruled 197 - 159 BC was king of Pergamon and a member of the Attalid dynasty. See Gigantes y cabezudos for the giant figures of Spanish culture The Olympians triumph in it, each on his side, over Giants most of which are transformed into savage beasts: serpents, birds of prey, lions or bulls. Their mother Gaia, come to their aid, can do nothing and must watch them twist in pain under the blows of the gods. Gaia (ˈgeɪə or /ˈgaɪə/ (" land " or " Earth " from the Ancient Greek Γαîα also Gæa or Gea

Another phenomenon appears in Hellenistic sculpture: privatization, which involves the recapture of older public patterns in decorative sculpture. This type of retrospective style also exists in ceramics. Thanks to its hardy nature pottery bulks large in the archaeological record of Ancient Greece, and because we have so much of it (some 100000 vases are recorded in the Corpus Portraiture is tinged with naturalism, under the influence of Roman art. Roman art includes the visual arts produced in Ancient Rome, and in the territories of the Roman empire.

Paintings and mosaics

The Alexander Mosaic, from the House of the Faun, Pompeii, now at the National Archaeological Museum, Naples
The Alexander Mosaic, from the House of the Faun, Pompeii, now at the National Archaeological Museum, Naples

Few examples of Greek wall paintings have survived the centuries. The Alexander Mosaic or The Battle of Issus, dating from circa 200 BC is a famous Mosaic from the House of the Faun, Pompeii. The House of the Faun (Casa del Fauno built during the second century BCE was one of the largest most impressive Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in The Naples National Archaeological Museum ( Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli) is located in Naples Italy, at the northwest corner of the original Greek Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the It has long been necessary to content oneself with studying the Hellenistic influences in Roman frescoes, for example those of Pompeii or Herculaneum. Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in Herculaneum (in modern Italian Ercolano) is an ancient Roman town located in the territory of the current commune of Ercolano. Certain mosaics, however, provide a pretty good idea of the "grand painting" of the period: these are copies of frescoes. An example is the Alexander Mosaic, showing the confrontation of the young conqueror and the Grand King Darius III at the Battle of Issus, a mosaic which adorns the walls of the House of the Faun at Pompeii. The Alexander Mosaic or The Battle of Issus, dating from circa 200 BC is a famous Mosaic from the House of the Faun, Pompeii. Darius III ( Artashata) (c 380&ndash330 BC Persian داریوش Dāriūš dɔːriˈuːʃ was the last king of the Achaemenid Empire of The Battle of Issus (or more commonly The Battle at Issus) occurred in southern Anatolia, in November 333 BC. The House of the Faun (Casa del Fauno built during the second century BCE was one of the largest most impressive It is believed to be a copy of a painting described by Pliny the Elder (XXXV, 110) which had been painted by Philoxenus of Eretria for King Cassander of Macedon at the end of the 4th century BC, or even of a painting by Apelles contemporaneous with Alexander himself. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author This is an article about the Greek city of Eretria on Euboea It should not be confused with Eretria in western Magnesia, Greece or the modern African nation Cassander ( Greek: Κάσσανδρος, Kassandros; ca 350 - 297 BC King of Macedon (305 - 297 BC was a son of Antipater Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most The mosaic allows us to admire the choice of colours, the composition of the ensemble with turning movement and facial expressivity.

The "Dove Basin" (Capitoline), attributed to Sosos
The "Dove Basin" (Capitoline), attributed to Sosos

Recent archeological discoveries at the cemetery of Pagasae (close to modern Volos), at the edge of the Pagasetic Gulf, or again at Vergina (1987), in the former kingdom of Macedonia, have brought to light some original works. Pagasae ( Greek, Modern Παγασές Ancient/ Katharevousa -ai was an ancient city in Magnesia (east central Greece) now a suburb of the Volos (Βόλος is a coastal port city situated at the center of the Greek mainland about 326 km north from Athens and 215 km south from Thessaloniki The Pagasetic Gulf ( Greek: Παγασητικός κόλπος Pagasitikós kólpos;) is a rounded gulf (max Vergina (in Greek Βεργίνα) is a small town in northern Greece, located in the prefecture of Imathia, Central Macedonia Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most For example, the tomb said to be that of Philip II has provided a great frieze representing a royal lion hunt, remarkable by its composition, the arrangement of the figures in space and its realistic representation of nature. Philip II of Macedon, ( Greek: Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών &mdash φίλος = friend + ίππος = Horse

The Hellenistic period is equally the time of development of the mosaic, particularly with the works of Sosos of Pergamon, active in the 2nd century BC and the only mosaic artist cited by Pliny (XXXVI, 184). Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic His taste for trompe l'oeil (optical illusion) and the effects of the medium are found in several works attributed to him such as the "Unswept Floor" in the Vatican museum, representing the leftovers of a repast (fish bones, bones, empty shells, etc. Trompe-l'œil, which can also be spelled without the hyphen in English ( French: "trick the eye" tʁɔ̃p lœj is an Art technique involving extremely ) and the "Dove Basin" at the Capitoline Museum, known by means of a reproduction discovered in Hadrian's Villa. The Capitoline Museums ( Italian Musei Capitolini) are a group of art and archeological Museums in Piazza del Campidoglio The Hadrian's Villa ( Villa Adriana in Italian) is a large Roman Archaeological complex at Tivoli, Italy. In it one sees four doves perched on the edge of a basin filled with water. One of them is watering herself while the others seem to be resting, which creates effects of reflections and shadow perfectly studied by the artist.

Ceramics

See also: List of Greek Vase Painters#Hellenistic Period
Lagynos decorated with musical instruments, 150‑100 BC, the Louvre
Lagynos decorated with musical instruments, 150‑100 BC, the Louvre

The Hellenistic period is that of the decline of painting on vases. The following is a list of Ancient Greek vase painters who have been identified either by name or by style Pottery in Greece has a long history and the form of Greek Vase Shapes has had a continuous evolution from the Minoan period down to the Hellenistic era The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The most common vases are black and uniform, with a shiny appearance approaching that of varnish, decorated with simple motifs of flowers or festoons. It is also the period when vases in relief appeared, doubtless in imitation of vases made of precious metals: wreaths in relief were applied to the body of the vase, or again the one shown here received veins or gadroons. One finds also more complex relief, based on animals or mythological creatures. Creatures of Greek mythology. See also List of Greek mythological figures. The shapes of the vases are also inspired by the tradition of metal: thus with the lagynos (pictured here), a wine jar typical of the period. Pottery in Greece has a long history and the form of Greek Vase Shapes has had a continuous evolution from the Minoan period down to the Hellenistic era

Hellenistic pottery designs can be found in the Pakistani city of Taxila which was colonized with Greek artisans and potters after Alexander conquered the city. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For the Genus of metalmark butterflies, see Taxila (butterfly. The tradition continues to this very day, with the city of Taxila, Pakistan being famous for its unique pottery and ceramic designs.

In parallel there subsisted a tradition of polychromatic figurative painting: the artists sought a greater variety of tints than in the past. However, these newer colours are more delicate and do not support heat. The painting occurred therefore after firing, contrary to the traditional practice. The fragility of the pigments preventing frequent use of these vases, they were reserved for use in funerals. The most representative copies of this style come from Centuripe in Sicily, where a workshop was active until the 3rd century B. Centuripe ( Latin: Centuripae; Sicilian: Centorbi) is a town in the Province of Enna ( Sicily, southern Italy) Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. C. These vases are characterized by a base painted pink. The figures, often female, are represented in coloured clothing: blue-violet chiton, yellow himation, white veil. The style is reminiscent of Pompei and is situated much more on the side of the grand contemporary paintings than on the heritage of the red-figure pottery. Red-figure vase painting is one of the most important styles of figural Greek vase painting.

Minor arts

Metallic art

The golden wreath of Philip II found inside the golden larnax. It weighs 717 grams.
The golden wreath of Philip II found inside the golden larnax. Philip II of Macedon, ( Greek: Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών &mdash φίλος = friend + ίππος = Horse It weighs 717 grams.
The golden larnax of Philip II of Macedon which contained his remains. It was constructed in 336 BC in the space between the Classical period and the Hellenistic period. It weighs 8 kilos and is made of 24 carat gold. Vergina, Greece.
The golden larnax of Philip II of Macedon which contained his remains. A larnax (plural larnakes) is a type of small closed coffin box or "ash-chest" often used as a container for human remains in Ancient Greece, either a body Philip II of Macedon, ( Greek: Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών &mdash φίλος = friend + ίππος = Horse It was constructed in 336 BC in the space between the Classical period and the Hellenistic period. Events By place Persian Empire The young king of Persia, Arses, objects to being controlled by Bagoas and attempts In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries This article focuses on the historical aspects of the Hellenistic age for the cultural aspects see Hellenistic civilisation. It weighs 8 kilos and is made of 24 carat gold. Vergina, Greece. Vergina (in Greek Βεργίνα) is a small town in northern Greece, located in the prefecture of Imathia, Central Macedonia Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
Braganza brooch, ca. 250-200 BC. British Museum
Braganza brooch, ca. 250-200 BC. British Museum

Progress in bronze casting made it possible for the Greeks to create large works, such as the Colossus of Rhodes, with a height of 32 meters. Many of the large bronze statues were lost - with the majority being melted to recover the material. Because of this, only the smaller objects still exist. Fortunately, during Hellenistic Greece, the raw materials were plentiful following eastern conquests.

The work on metal vases took on a new fullness: the artists competed among themselves with great virtuosity. At Panagyurishte (now in Bulgaria), skilfully sculpted gold vases have been found: on an amphora, two rearing centaurs form the handles. Panagyurishte (Панагюрище international transliteration Panagjurište) is a town in Pazardzhik Province, western Bulgaria. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian An amphora (plural amphorae or amphoras) is a type of Ceramic Vase with two handles and a long neck narrower than the body In Derveni, not far from Salonica, a tomb has provided a great krater with bronze volutes dating from approximately 320 BC and weighing 40 kilograms (Derveni krater). Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia For the Landform crater see Crater. A krater (in Greek: κρατήρ kratēr, from the Verb κεράννυμι A volute is a spiral scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column The Derveni krater is a volute- Krater (see Typology of Greek Vase Shapes) discovered in 1962 in a tomb at Derveni, not far from Thessaloniki It is decorated with a 32-centimetre-tall frieze of figures in relief representing Dionysus surrounded by Ariadne and her procession of satyrs and maenads. In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman Ariadne, in Greek mythology (Latin Arianna French Arianne was daughter of King Minos of Crete and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter In Greek mythology, satyrs (Σάτυροι Satyroi) are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus – " Satyresses quot The neck is decorated with ornamental motifs while four satyrs in high relief are casually seated on the shoulders of the vase. The evolution is similar for the art of jewellery. The jewellers of the time excelled at handling details and filigrees: thus, the funeral wreaths present very realistic leaves of trees or stalks of wheat. In this period the insetting of precious stones flourished.

The figurines were equally fashionable. They represented divinities as well as subjects from contemporary life. Thus emerged the theme of the "negro", particularly in Ptolemaic Egypt: these statuettes of Black adolescents were successful up to the Roman period. The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family Sometimes, they were reduced to echoing a form from the great sculptures: thus one finds numerous copies in miniature of the Tyche (good luck) of Antioch, of which the original dates to the beginning of the 3rd century BC. In ancient Greek city cults, Tyche (Τύχη meaning "luck" in Greek, Roman equivalent Fortuna) was the presiding Tutelary Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also

Terra cotta figurines

Obese woman holding a jar of wine, Kertch, second half of 4th century BCE, Louvre
Obese woman holding a jar of wine, Kertch, second half of 4th century BCE, Louvre

Previously reserved for religious use, in Hellenistic Greece the terra cotta figurine was more frequently used for funerary, and even decorative, purposes. Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Kerch (Керч Керчь Keriç Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ Ancient Greek: Pantikapaion) is a city (2001 pop 157000 on the Kerch Peninsula The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Terracotta figurines are a mode of artistic and religious expression frequently found in Ancient Greece. The refinement of molding techniques made it possible to create true miniature statues, with a high level of detail.

In Tanagra, in Boeotia, the figurines, full of lively colours, most often represent elegant women in scenes full of charm. The Tanager Genus Tangara is often misunderstood to be "Tanagra" Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία - English biːˈoʊʃiə formerly Cadmeis was a region of Ancient Greece, north of the The Tanagra figurines were a mold-cast type of Greek terracotta figurines produced from the later fourth century BCE primarily in the Boeotian town of Tanagra At Smyrna, in Asia Minor, two major styles occurred side-by-side: first of all, copies of masterpieces of great sculpture, such as Farnese Hercules in gilt terra cotta. This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day The Farnese Hercules is an ancient sculpture probably an enlarged copy made in the early third century AD by Glykon of an original of Lysippos or one of his circle of the fourth In a completely different genre, there are the "grotesques", which contrast violently with the canons of "Greek beauty": the koroplathos (figurine maker) fashions deformed bodies in tortuous poses — hunchbacks, epileptics, hydrocephalics, obese women, etc. Kyphosis (Greek - kyphos, a humpalso called "hunch back" in general terms is a common condition of a Curvature of the upper (thoracic spine Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Hydrocephalus (pronunciation ˌhaɪˌdɹoʊˈsɛfələs is a term derived from the Greek words "hydro" meaning water and "cephalus" meaning head and this condition Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected One could therefore wonder whether these were medical models, the town of Smyrna being reputed for its medical school. This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC Or they could simply be caricatures, designed to provoke laughter. The "grotesques" are equally common at Tarsus and also at Alexandria. Tarsus ( Greek Ταρσός is a City, and a large district in Mersin Province, Turkey, from the city of Mersin and near (40 Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια

Glass and glyptic art

It was in the Hellenistic period that the Greeks, who until then only knew molded glass, discovered the technique of glass blowing, thus permitting new forms. Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating the molten glass into a bubble or parison with the aid of the blowpipe or blow tube The art of glass developed especially in Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Molded glass continued, notably in the creation of intaglio jewelry. Intaglio, when used in the context of Jewellery, refers to incised (negative image-making and is the opposite of Cameo.

The art of engraving on gems hardly advanced at all, limiting itself to mass-produced items that lacked originality. A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash As compensation, the cameo made its appearance. For the "brief appearance" see Cameo appearance. For the "chemical emergency software" see Computer-Aided Management of Emergency It concerns cutting in relief on a stone composed of several colored layers, allowing the object to be presented in relief through the effects of color. After that it is mounted on a pendant or as a ring. The Hellenistic period produced some masterpieces like the Gonzaga cameo, now preserved at the Hermitage Museum. The State Hermitage Museum (Государственный Эрмитаж Gosudarstvennyj Èrmitaž) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of the largest

See also

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