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For other uses, see Heliopolis.
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in hieroglyphs

or

Heliopolis (Greek: Ἡλίου πόλις or Ἡλιούπολις), was one of the most ancient cities of Egypt, and capital of the 13th Lower Egyptian nome. Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Lower Egypt is the northern-most section of Egypt. It refers to the fertile Nile Delta region which stretches from the area between El-Aiyat and Zawyet A nome (from Νομός “district” was a subnational administrative division of Ancient Egypt. Its name also refers to an unrelated modern suburb of Cairo, also known as مصر الجديدة, Masr al-jidedah (literally "New Egypt"). Modern Heliopolis ( مصر الجديدة, transliterated: Maṣr el-Gedīdah &ndash literally "New Egypt" or "New Cairo" Cairo is Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. The ancient city stood five miles east of the Nile north of the apex of the Delta at عين شمس ˁAyn Šams near the Cairene suburb of al-Maṭariyyah; the modern city of Heliopolis is some distance away. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River The Nile Delta ( Arabic: دلتا النيل) is the delta formed in Northern Egypt ( Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads Ain Shams or Ein Shams (عين شمس ˁAyn Šams is a Suburb of Cairo, Egypt. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. In ancient times it was the principal seat of sun-worship, thus its name, which means town of the sun in Greek. "Sun god" redirects here For the Ramsey Lewis album see Sun Goddess (album. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c

The city's Egyptian name (shown in hieroglyphs, right,[1] transliterated ỉwnw), is often transcribed as Iunu (literally "[place of] pillars"), and was often written in Greek as Ὂν On, and in biblical Hebrew as אן ˀÔn and און ˀĀwen. Egyptian is an Afro-Asiatic language most closely related to the Berber, Semitic, Somali and Beja languages Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek In the field of Egyptology, Transliteration is the process of converting (or mapping texts written in the Egyptian language to Alphabetic symbols Transcription is the conversion into written typewritten or printed form of a Spoken language source such as the proceedings of a court hearing Biblical Hebrew, also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language in which the Hebrew Bible and various Israelite inscriptions

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Ancient Heliopolis

Heliopolis has been occupied since the Predynastic Period, with extensive building campaigns during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. The Predynastic Period of Egypt (prior to 3100 BC is traditionally the period between the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Pharaonic monarchy beginning with King The Old Kingdom is the name commonly given to that period in the 3rd millennium BCE when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization in complexity and achievement Today, unfortunately, it is mostly destroyed, its temples and other buildings having been used for the construction of mediæval Cairo; most information about it comes from textual sources. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt.

According to Diodorus Siculus Heliopolis was built by Actis, one of the sons of Helios and Rhode, who named the city after his father. In Greek mythology, Actis (Ἀκτίς was one of the Heliadae, a son of Rhodus and Helios. In Greek mythology the Sun was personified as Helios (ˈhiliˌɑs ( Ἥλιος Latinized as Helius) Rhode may refer to;Persons Franz Rhode, German printer of the 16th century Paul Peter Rhode (1871-1945 Roman Catholic bishop [2] While all Greek cities were destroyed during the flood, the Egyptian cities including Heliopolis survived. The story of a Great Flood (also known as the Deluge) sent by a Deity or deities to destroy Civilization as an act of Divine retribution is a The chief deity of Heliopolis was the god Atum, who was worshipped in the primary temple, which was known by the names Per-Aat (pr-ˁ3t; "Great House") and Per-Atum (pr-ỉtmw; "Temple [lit. Atum (alternatively spelled Tem, Temu, Tum, and Atem) is an important Deity in Egyptian mythology, whose cult centred Pr is the hieroglyph for 'house' the floor-plan of a walled building with an open doorway "House"] of Atum"). The city was also the original source of the worship of the Ennead pantheon, although in later times, as Horus gained in prominence, worship focused on the synchrentistic solar deity Ra-harakhty (literally Ra, (who is) Horus of the Two Horizons). For the neo-Platonist work by Plotinus see Enneads. For the Latin epic see Aeneid. Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought "Sun god" redirects here For the Ramsey Lewis album see Sun Goddess (album. Ra (pronounced Rah and sometimes as Rê, is an Ancient Egyptian sun god. During the Amarna Period, king Akhenaten introduced monotheistic or perhaps henotheistic worship of Aten, the deified solar disc, built here a temple named Wetjes Aten (wṯs ỉtn "Elevating the Sun-disc"). The site of Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna or incorrectly as Tel el-Amarna; see below ( Arabic: العمارنة al-‘amārnah) is located Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Akhenaten (often alt: Akhnaten, or rarely Ikhnaton) (In English ˌɑkəˡnɑtən or approximately "AHK-en-AHT-en" his royal name Amenhotep For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]] Henotheism ( Greek heis theos "one god" is a term coined by Max Müller, to mean devotion to a Single god while accepting Alternative use the Aten asteroids named after 2062 Aten Aten (or Aton was the disk of the Sun in ancient Egyptian Blocks from this temple were later used to build the city walls of mediaeval Cairo and can be seen in some of the city gates. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. The cult of the Mnevis bull, an embodiment of the god Ra, had its centre here, and possessed a formal burial ground north of the city. In late Egyptian mythology, Mnewer (also spelt Mnevis) was a aspect of the of the chief god in the region of Heliopolis, Atum-Ra.

As the capital of Egypt for a period of time, grain was stored in Heliopolis for the winter months, when many people would descend on the town to be fed, leading to it gaining the title place of bread. The Book of the Dead goes further and describes how Heliopolis was the place of multiplying bread, recounting a myth in which Horus feeds the masses there with only 7 loaves. ' The Book of the Dead' is the common name for the Ancient Egyptian Funerary text known as ' Spells of Coming' (or ' Going') ' Forth By Day'

Greco-Roman Heliopolis

Heliopolis was well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, being noted by most major geographers of the period, including: Ptolemy, iv. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca 5. § 54; Herodotus, ii. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash 3, 7, 59; Strabo, xvii. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. p. 805; Diodorus, i. 84, v. 57; Arrian, Exp. For others with this name see Arrianus (disambiguation. Lucius Flavius Arrianus 'Xenophon' (ca Alex. iii. 1; Aelian, H. Aelian or Aelianus may refer to Aelianus Tacticus, Greek military writer of the 2nd century who lived in Rome Casperius Aelianus A. vi. 58, xii. 7; Plutarch, Solon. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c 26, Is. et Osir. 33; Diogenes Laertius, xviii. Diogenes Laërtius ( Greek:, Diogénes Laértios) the biographer of the Greek Philosophers, is supposed by some to have received his surname 8. § 6; Josephus, Ant. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus Jud. xiii. 3, C. Apion. i. 26; Cicero, Nat. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Deor. iii. 21; Pliny the Elder, v. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author 9. § 11; Tacitus, Ann. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. vi. 28; Pomponius Mela, iii. Pomponius Mela, who wrote around AD 43, was the earliest Roman Geographer. 8. The city also merits attention by the Byzantine geographer Stephanus of Byzantium, s. Stephanus of Byzantium, also known as Stephanus Byzantinus ( Greek:; fl v. Ἡλίουπόλις.

Alexander the Great, on his march from Pelusium to Memphis, halted at this city (Arrian, iii. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Pelusium was a city in the eastern extremes of Egypt 's Nile Delta, 30 km to the southeast of the modern Port Said. Memphis was the ancient capitol of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and 1); and, according to Macrobius (Saturn. This article is about Macrobius the author for Macrobius the bishop of Seleucia and Calycadnum see Macrobius of Seleucia Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius i. 23), Baalbek, or the Syrian Heliopolis, was a priest-colony from its Egyptian namesake. Baalbek (بعلبك is a town in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, altitude 1170 m (3850 ft situated east of the Litani River.

The temple of Ra was said to have been, to a special degree, a depository for royal records, and Herodotus states that the priests of Heliopolis were the best informed in matters of history of all the Egyptians. Heliopolis flourished as a seat of learning during the Greek period; the schools of philosophy and astronomy are claimed to have been frequented by Orpheus, Homer,[3] Pythagoras, Plato, Solon, and other Greek philosophers. Orpheus ( Greek: Ὀρφεύς ˈɔrfiəs ( OHR-fee-uhs) or /ˈɔrfjuːs/ ( OHR'-fews) in English is a figure from Greek mythology born in Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the "Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here For the Samian statuary of the same name see Pythagoras (sculptor. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Solon ( ancient Greek:, c 638 BC&ndash558 BC was an Athenian Statesman, Lawmaker and Lyric poet. From Ichonuphys, who was lecturing there in 308 BC, and who numbered Eudoxus among his pupils, the Greek mathematician learned the true length of the year and month, upon which he formed his octaeterid, or period of eight years or ninety-nine months. Events By place Greece Ptolemy crosses from Asia Minor into Greece, where he takes possession of Corinth Ptolemy II had Manethon, the chief priest of Heliopolis, collect his history of the ancient kings of Egypt from its archives. Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( Greek:, Ptolemaĩos Philádelphos, 309 BC&ndash246 BC was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 283 BC to 246 BC The later Ptolemies probably took little interest in their "father" Ra, and Alexandria had eclipsed the learning of Heliopolis; thus with the withdrawal of royal favour Heliopolis quickly dwindled, and the students of native lore deserted it for other temples supported by a wealthy population of pious citizens. The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια By the 1st century BC, however, Strabo found them deserted, and the town itself almost uninhabited, although priests were still there. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC.

In Roman times Heliopolis belonged to the Augustamnica province. Augustamnica or Avgoustamnikai was a Roman province of Egypt created during the 5th century and extending over the eastern part of the Nile delta Its population probably contained a considerable Arabic element. (Plin. vi. 34. ) In Roman times obelisks were taken from its temples to adorn the northern cities of the Delta, and even across the Mediterranean to Rome, including the famed Cleopatra's Needle that now resides on the Thames embankment, London (this obelisk was part of a pair, the other being located in Central Park, New York) . An obelisk (from Greek ὀβελίσκος - obeliskos, diminutive of ὀβελός - obelos, "spit nail pointed pillar" Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Cleopatra's Needle ("L'aiguille de Cléopâtre" in French is the popular name for each of three Ancient Egyptian Obelisks re-erected in London Finally the growth of Fustat and Cairo, only 6 miles to the southwest, caused the ruins to be ransacked for building materials. Fustat (also Fostat, Al Fustat, Misr al-Fustat and Fustat-Misr, and in Arabic الفسطاط was the first Capital of Egypt Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. The site was known to the Arabs as ˁAyn Šams ("the well of the sun"), more recently as ˁArab al-Ḥiṣn. It has now been brought for the most part under cultivation, but the ancient city walls of crude brick are to be seen in the fields on all sides, and the position of the great temple is marked by an obelisk still standing (the earliest known, being one of a pair set up by Senusret I, the second king of the Twelfth Dynasty) and a few granite blocks bearing the name of Ramesses II. Senusret I was the second Pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. The Eleventh (all of Egypt Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Middle Kingdom.

Endnotes

  1. ^ Hieroglyphs can be found in (Collier and Manley p. 29)
  2. ^ The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus, Book V, ch.III.
  3. ^ The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus, Book I, ch VI.

References

See also

External links

Modern Heliopolis ( مصر الجديدة, transliterated: Maṣr el-Gedīdah &ndash literally "New Egypt" or "New Cairo" Cairo is Heliopolis style is an architectural style specific to an Egyptian district in eastern Cairo.
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