Helgoland Heligoland
Coat of arms	Location
Administration
Country	Germany
State	Schleswig-Holstein
District	Pinneberg
Mayor	Frank Botter (SPD)
Basic statistics
Area	4. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular is the northernmost of the 16 ''Bundesländer'' in Germany. The former English name was Sleswick-Holsatia the Danish name is German districts (de ''Kreise'' or de ''Landkreise'' in the states of Nordrhein-Westfalen and Schleswig-Holstein, singular de ''Kreis'' and de ''Landreis'' Pinneberg is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northwest and clockwise the districts of Steinburg and Segeberg Burgomaster (alternatively spelled Burgo[[meister]], literally translated meaning master of the town or master of the Fortress Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 2 km² (1. 6 sq mi)
Elevation	61 m  (200 ft)
Population	1,650  (27/05/2006)
- Density	393 /km² (1,017 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate	PI
Postal code	27498
Area code	04725
Website	www.helgoland.de Coordinates: 54°10′57″N 7°53′07″E / 54.1825, 7.88528

Heligoland (German: Helgoland; Helgolandic: deät Lun) is a small German archipelago in the North Sea. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time German car number plates ( Kfz-Kennzeichen) show the place where the car carrying them is registered __FORCETOC__ Postal codes in Germany, Postleitzahl (plural Postleitzahlen abbreviated to PLZ consist of five digits which indicate the wider area (first two digits and the see also Telephone numbering in Germany for further codes including service numbers cell phones etc A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Heligolandic ( Halunder) is the Dialect of the North Frisian language spoken on the North Sea island of Heligoland. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf.

Formerly Danish and British possessions, the islands (population 1,650) are located in the Heligoland Bight (part of the German Bight) in the southeastern corner of the North Sea. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Heligoland Bight (also known as Helgoland Bight) is the southern part of the German Bight, itself a bay of the North Sea, German Bight (Deutsche Bucht Tyske Bugt Duitse Bocht Dútske bocht is the south-eastern bight of the North Sea bounded by the Netherlands and Germany They are the only German islands not in the immediate vicinity of the mainland and are approximately two hours' sailing time from Cuxhaven at the mouth of the River Elbe. Cuxhaven is a large independent town and seat of the Cuxhaven district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Elbe ( die Elbe Low German: de Ilv) is one of the major Rivers of Central Europe.

In addition to German, the local population, who are ethnic Frisians, speak the Heligolandic dialect of the North Frisian language called Halunder. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. Heligolandic ( Halunder) is the Dialect of the North Frisian language spoken on the North Sea island of Heligoland. Heligoland was formerly called Heyligeland, or "holy land," possibly due to the island's long association with the god Forseti. For the folk music band see Forseti (band. Forseti ( Old Norse "the presiding one" actually " President

Contents 1 Geography 2 Climate 3 Geology 4 Flag 5 History 6 Road restrictions 7 Heligoland in popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 11 Further reading 11.1 Papers 11.2 Books (English)

Geography

Heligoland is located 70 km (44 miles) from the German coastline and consists of two islands: the populated triangular 1 km² (0. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 4 sq mi) main island (Hauptinsel) to the west and the Düne ("dune," Heligolandic: de Halem) to the east. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. While the former is what the place name "Heligoland" normally is used to refer to, the latter is somewhat smaller (0. 7 km²), lower, surrounded by sand beaches and not permanently inhabited.

The main island is commonly divided into the Unterland ("Lower Land," Heligolandic: deät Deelerlun) at sea level (to the right on the photograph, where the harbour is), the Oberland ("Upper Land," Heligolandic: deät Boperlun) consisting of the plateau visible in the photographs and the Mittelland ("Middle Land") between them on one side of the island; the latter came into being in the course of the "Big Bang" (see below).

The main island also features small beaches in the north and the south and drops to the sea 50 metres (about 160 feet) in the north, west and southwest. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit In the latter, the ground continues to drop underwater to a depth of 56 metres below sea level. Northwest of the island proper Heligoland's famous landmark is found: The Lange Anna ("Long Anna" or "Tall Anna") which is a free standing rock column (or stack), 47 metres high and weighing about 25,000 tons. A stack is a geological Landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast

The two islands were connected until 1720, when the natural connection was destroyed by a storm flood. Storm surge or tidal surge is an offshore rise of water associated with a low pressure weather system typically a Tropical cyclone. The highest point is on the main island, reaching 61 meters (about 200 feet) above sea level. Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface

Although culturally closer to North Frisia in the German district of Nordfriesland, the two islands are part of the district of Pinneberg in the state of Schleswig-Holstein. North Frisia or Northern Friesland (Nordfriesland is the northernmost portion of Frisia, located primarily in Germany between the rivers Eider Nordfriesland, English " Northern Friesland " or " North Frisia " is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Pinneberg is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northwest and clockwise the districts of Steinburg and Segeberg is the northernmost of the 16 ''Bundesländer'' in Germany. The former English name was Sleswick-Holsatia the Danish name is The main island has a good harbour and is frequented mostly by sailing yachts. A yacht is a recreational boat It designates two rather different classes of Watercraft, sailing and power yachts

Climate

Heligoland sports a very healthy offshore climate, being almost free of pollen and thus ideal for allergics. An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. Since there is no land mass in the vicinity that could cool down too much in the winter time, it hardly gets colder than -5 °C (23 °F) in any year. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 At times, winter temperatures can be higher than in Hamburg by up to 10 °C (18 °F) because cold winds from Russia are weakened. While spring tends to be comparatively cool, autumn on Heligoland is often longer and warmer than on the mainland and statistically, the climate generally is sunnier.

Due to the mild climate, figs have been grown on the island since the 1920s - there still is an old mulberry tree in the Upper Town.

Geology

The island of Heligoland is a geological oddity; the presence of the main island's characteristic red sedimentary rock in the middle of the German Bight is unusual. Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock types (the others being igneous and Metamorphic rock) German Bight (Deutsche Bucht Tyske Bugt Duitse Bocht Dútske bocht is the south-eastern bight of the North Sea bounded by the Netherlands and Germany It is the only such formation of cliffs along the continental coast of the North Sea. The formation itself is from the early Eocene geologic age. The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in It is younger than and layered on top of a much thicker bedrock of white chalk, the very same which is well known to form the white cliffs of Dover in England, and cliffs of Danish and German islands in the Baltic Sea. Chalk (ʧɔːk is a soft white porous Sedimentary rock, a form of Limestone composed of the Mineral Calcite. The white cliffs of Dover are Cliffs which form part of the British coastline facing the Strait of Dover and France. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. In fact, a small chalk rock close to Heligoland, called the whitte klippe (white cliff) is known to have existed within sight of the island to the west till the early 18th century, when storm floods finally eroded it to below sea level. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind

Heligoland's rock is significantly harder than the postglacial sediments and sands forming the islands and coastlines to the east of the island. This is why the core of the island, which a thousand years ago was still surrounded by a large, low-lying marshland and sand dunes separated from coast in the east only by narrow channels, has remained to this day, although the onset of the North Sea has long eroded away all of its surroundings. In physical Geography, a dune is a Hill of Sand built by Aeolian processes. A small piece of Heligoland's sand dunes remains — the sand isle just across the harbour called Düne (Dune), which today holds Heligoland's airstrip. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land

Flag

The Heligoland flag is very similar to its Coat of arms. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people A tricolour flag with three horizontal bars, from top to bottom: Green, Red and White. Green is a Color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a Wavelength of roughly 520–570- nm. Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength White is a Color, the perception which is evoked by Light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive Cone cells in the Human eye Each of the colours has its symbolic meaning. Green symbolises the land, red symbolises the edge (the red cliffs of Heligoland) and white symbolises the sand. This in German is the motto of Heligoland:

Grün ist das Land,
rot ist die Kant',
weiß ist der Sand,
das sind die Farben von Helgoland. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

In English, "Green is the Land, Red is the Brim, White is the Sand, These are the Colors Of Heligoland"

In the original Low German it says, “Green is dat Land, roat is de Kant, witt est de Sunn, dat sünd de Farven van't Hilligelunn. Low German or Low Saxon (in Germany: Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch; in Netherlands: Nedersaksisch or Nederduuts “

History

The German Bight and the area around the island is known to have been inhabited since prehistoric times. Flint tools have been recovered from the bottom of the sea surrounding Heligoland. Chipped stone tools were made by Stone age peoples worldwide Paleolithic tools were relatively simple repeated small flakes being struck or pressed from a cobble On the Oberland prehistoric burial mounds were visible until the late 19th century and excavations showed skeletons and artefacts. A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves Moreover, prehistoric copper plates have been found under water near the island; those plates were almost certainly made on the Oberland (see Alex Ritsema, Heligoland, Past and Present, 2007, pp. 21-23).

In 697, Radbod, the last Frisian king, retreated to the then-single island after his defeat by the Franks - so it is written in the Life of Willebrord by Alcuin. Radbod or Redbad (died 719 was the duke (or king of Frisia from c The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Alcuin of York (Alcuinus or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus (c By 1231, the island was listed as the property of the Danish king Valdemar II. "Valdemar the Victorious" redirects here For the novel by Bernhard Severin Ingemann, see Valdemar the Victorious (novel.

Traditional economic activities included fishing, hunting birds and seals, wrecking and - very important for many overseas powers - piloting overseas ships into the harbours of Hanseatic League cities such as Bremen and Hamburg. Wrecking is the practice of taking valuables from a Shipwreck which has foundered near or close to shore The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Moreover, in some periods Heligoland was an excellent base point for huge herring catches. Herring are small Oily fish of the genus Clupea found in the shallow temperate waters of the North Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, the North As a result, until 1714 ownership switched several times between Denmark and the Duchy of Schleswig, with one period of control by Hamburg. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe In August 1714, it was captured by Denmark, and it remained Danish until 1807.

In 1807, Heligoland was seized by the British during the Napoleonic Wars. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions It became a centre of smuggling and espionage against Napoleon. Thousands of Germans fled to Britain and to the King's German Legion via Heligoland. In 1826, Heligoland became an official marine spa and soon it became a popular tourist resort for upper-class people. The island also attracted artists and writers, especially from Germany and even Austria who enjoyed the freedom of the benignly ruled (British) island, e. g. Heinrich Heine and August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben. Christian Johann Heinrich Heine ( December 13, 1797 – February 17, 1856) was a Journalist, Essayist and one of the ( April 2, 1798 - January 19, 1874) who used as his pen name was a German Poet. It was a refuge for revolutionaries of the 1830 and 1848 German revolutions. " Germany " at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 39 States loosely bound together in the German Confederation.

Britain gave up the islands to Germany in 1890 (by virtue of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty) and also gave up its interests in Madagascar to the French, in return for those countries surrendering their claims to the African island of Zanzibar (now a part of Tanzania), largely so the British could intervene there to suppress the slave trade. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty (Helgoland-Sansibar-Vertrag was an 1890 agreement between the United Kingdom and the German Empire - hence also Anglo-German Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history A "grandfathering"/optant approach prevented the Heligolanders (as they were named in the British measures) from forfeiting advantages because of this imposed change of status. A grandfather clause is a term used in US English for an exception that allows an old rule to continue to apply to some existing situations when a new rule will apply to all future situations

Under the German Empire, the islands became a major naval base, and during the First World War the civilian population was evacuated to the mainland. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The first naval engagement of the war, the Battle of Heligoland Bight, was fought nearby in the first month of the war. The First Battle of Heligoland Bight was the first Naval battle of the First World War, fought on 28 August 1914 after the British planned to attack The islanders returned in 1918, but during the Nazi era the naval base was reactivated. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Lager Helgoland, the Nazi labour camp on Alderney, was named after the island. Lager Helgoland was one of the four Nazi labour camps in Alderney in the Channel Islands. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in Penal labor. Alderney ( French: Aurigny; Auregnais: Aoeur'gny) is the most northerly of the Channel Islands and a British Crown dependency

Werner Heisenberg first formulated the equation underlying his picture of Quantum mechanics while on Heligoland in the 1920s. Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 in Würzburg &ndash1 February 1976 in Munich) was a German theoretical physicist best known for enunciating the An equation is a mathematical statement, in symbols, that two things are exactly the same (or equivalent In Physics, the Heisenberg picture is that formulation of Quantum mechanics where the operators (observables and others are time-dependent and the state vectors Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada

During World War II the civilian population remained on the main island and were protected from Allied bombing in rock shelters, with most of the 128 people killed being anti-aircraft crews. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Bombing and Mining of Heligoland during World War II
Date/Target	Result
March 11, March 19, August 24, 1944	No. 466 Squadron RAAF conducted minelaying operations [1]
April 18, 1944	No. 466 Squadron RAAF conducted bombing operations [2]
August 29, 1944	Mission 584: 11 B-17 Flying Fortresses and 34 B-24 Liberators bomb Heligoland Island; 3 B-24s are damaged. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. No 466 Squadron RAAF was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF Bomber squadron during World War II. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. No 466 Squadron RAAF was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF Bomber squadron during World War II. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Escort is provided by 169 P-38 Lightnings and P-51 Mustangs; 7 P-51s are damaged. [1]
September 3, 1944	Operation Aphrodite B-17 63954 attempt on U-boat pens[2] failed when US Navy controller flew aircraft into Duene Island by mistake. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Operation Aphrodite was the Code name of a secret program initiated by the United States Army Air Forces during the latter part of World War II.
September 11, 1944	Operation Aphrodite B-17 30180 attempt on U-boat pens[3] hit by enemy flak and crashed into sea. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Operation Aphrodite was the Code name of a secret program initiated by the United States Army Air Forces during the latter part of World War II.
September 29/30, 1944	15 Lancasters conducted minelaying in the Kattegat and off Heligoland. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. No aircraft lost. [4]
October 5/6, 1944	10 Halifaxes conducted minelaying off Heligoland. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. No aircraft lost. [4]
October 15, 1944	Operation Aphrodite B-17 30039 *Liberty Belle* and B-17 37743 attempt on U-boat pens[5] destroyed many of the buildings of the Unterland
October 26/27, 1944	10 Lancasters of No 1 Group conducted minelaying off Heligoland. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Operation Aphrodite was the Code name of a secret program initiated by the United States Army Air Forces during the latter part of World War II. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1 Lancaster minelayer lost. [4]
November 22/23, 1944	17 Lancasters conducted minelaying off Heligoland and in the mouth of the River Elbe without loss. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [4]
November 23, 1944	4 Mosquitos conducted Ranger patrols in the Heligoland area. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. No aircraft lost. [4]
February 4/5, 1945	15 Lancasters and 12 Halifaxes minelaying off Heligoland and in the River Elbe. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar No minelaying aircraft lost[4]
March 16/17, 1945	12 Halifaxes and 12 Lancasters minelaying in the Kattegat and off Heligoland. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar No aircraft lost. [4]
April 19, 1945	969 aircraft - 617 Avro Lancasters, 332 Handley Page Halifaxes, 20 de Havilland Mosquitos of all groups - successfully used Tallboys to bomb the Naval base, airfield, & town into crater-pitted moonscapes. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar "Lanc" redirects here Distinguish from Lank (adjective and from Amon Lanc (a place in Tolkien's fiction WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Tallboy was an Earth quake bomb developed by Barnes Wallis and brought into operation by the British in 1944 A moonscape is an area or vista of the lunar landscape (generally of the Earth 's Moon) or a visual representation of this such as in a Painting. 3 Halifaxes were lost,[4] and the islands were evacuated the following night.

From 1945 to 1952 the uninhabited islands were used as a bombing range. On 18 April 1947, the Royal Navy detonated 6,800 tonnes of explosives ("Big Bang" or "British Bang"), creating the biggest non-nuclear single detonation in history. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Since the invention of High explosives there have been a number of extremely large explosions many accidental ^[6] While aiming at the fortifications, the island's total destruction would have been accepted. The blow shook the main island several miles down to its base, changing its shape (the Mittelland was created).

In 1952 the islands were restored to the German authorities, who had to clear a huge amount of undetonated ammunition, landscape the main island, and rebuild the houses before it could be resettled.

Heligoland is now a holiday resort and enjoys a tax-exempt status, as it is part of the EU but excluded from the EU VAT area and customs union, and consequently, much of the economy is founded on sales of cigarettes, alcoholic beverages and perfumes to tourists who visit the islands. As of 2007 the European Union has 27 member states, most of which participate in all EU policy areas and programs or have signed up to do so The European Union Value Added Tax Area is an area consisting of all the European Union member states and certain non-member states which follow the Value added tax A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel

Also, there is a search and rescue (SAR) base of the German Navy on Heligoland (German SAR #10). For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series. The German Navy ( Deutsche Marine ( is the Navy of Germany and part of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces

Road restrictions

There are very few cars on Heligoland. There is a special section (§50) in the German traffic laws (Straßenverkehrsordnung [StVO]) disallowing the use of automobiles and bicycles on the island. Traffic on Roads may consist of Pedestrians ridden or herded Animals Vehicles Streetcars and other Conveyances either singly The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind No other region in Germany has any exceptions to the general laws in the StVO, (The section in German) though other North Sea islands, such as Baltrum have also banned public use of cars and bicycles. Baltrum is an island near the coast of East Frisia (Ostfriesland Germany and a municipality in the district of Aurich, Lower Saxony.

The area received its first police car on 17 January 2006. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Until then, the island's policemen moved around on foot and by bicycle. The car is needed occasionally to transport heavy materials.

Heligoland in popular culture

• Heligoland gave its name to the Heligoland trap, used in bird ringing. A Heligoland trap (or funnel trap) is a large building-sized funnel-shaped rigid structure used to trap Birds so that they can be ringed or otherwise Bird ringing (also known as bird Banding) is an aid to studying wild Birds by attaching a small individually numbered metal or plastic ring to their legs
• Anton Bruckner composed a large scale choral work based on text about Heligoland. Anton Bruckner (4 September 1824 &ndash 11 October 1896 was an Austrian composer known primarily for his symphonies, masses, and Motets Helgoland is a piece of music by Anton Bruckner for large Orchestra and Male choir in the key of G minor assigned the catalogue number WAB
• The text of the German National Anthem was written on Heligoland during British rule. Das Deutschlandlied ("The Song of Germany" also known as Das Lied der Deutschen, "The Song of the Germans" has been used wholly or partially as the
• "Heligoland" was a previous designation of the sea area German Bight for the purposes of the Sea Area Forecast Shipping Forecast on the British Broadcasting Corporation between 1949 and 1956
• Heligoland is the name of a song by Overseer, which describes the changes in shipping forecast when the island was reoccupied. German Bight (Deutsche Bucht Tyske Bugt Duitse Bocht Dútske bocht is the south-eastern bight of the North Sea bounded by the Netherlands and Germany The Shipping Forecast is a four-times-daily BBC radio broadcast of Weather reports and forecasts for the seas around the coasts of the British Isles. Rob Overseer (who publishes his music under just his last name is an English DJ / producer, born in Leeds whose works have been included in soundtracks
• Was the subject of a WWI song: "We'll knock the Heligo-into Heligo-out of Heligoland!"
• Swedish author August Strindberg married for the second time on this island with Austrian journalist Frida Uhl in 1893. ( January 22, 1849  &ndash May 14, 1912) was a Swedish Writer, Playwright, and painter. Frida Uhl ( 4 April 1872 - 28 June 1943) was an Austrian writer and translator who was closely associated to many important figures
• Part of Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens was filmed here. Nosferatu A Symphony of Horror is a German Expressionist film by F

See also

• Postal history of Heligoland
• Forseti - A Norse god whose central place of worship was at Heligoland. During the period when Heligoland was a British possession about 20 Postage stamps were issued between 1867 and 1890 For the folk music band see Forseti (band. Forseti ( Old Norse "the presiding one" actually " President

Heligoland is also the name of renowned musician Tim Friese-Green's solo project

References

External links

• Heligoland Tourist Board — includes an aerial photograph of Heligoland (front) and Düne (back).
• Site about planting palms on Heligoland
• Heligoland Web Cams

Further reading

Papers

• Charlier, C. (1947) "L'explosion d'Heligoland. - Discussion des observations effectuées à Uccle", Ciel et Terre, 64, p. 193–214
• Gardner, N. (2008) An island outpost: Helgoland. hidden europe magazine, 20, pp. 2-7 (ISSN 1860-6318) (Historical synopsis with review of modern economy and society on Helgoland).
• Reich, H. , Foertsch, O. and Schulze, G. A. (1951) "Results of seismic observations in Germany on the Heligoland explosion of April 18, 1947", J. Geophys. Res. , 56 (2), p. 147–156.

Books (English)

• Black, William G. (1888) Heligoland and the Islands of the North Sea, London : W. Blackwood & Sons, 199 p.
• Drower, George (2003) Heligoland - The True Story of German Bight and the Island that Britain Betrayed, Sutton, ISBN 0-7509-2600-7
• Ritsema, Alex (2007) Heligoland, Past and Present, Lulu. com, ISBN 1-84753-190-3

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