Rare "fishtail" helictites in the Caverns of Sonora near Sonora, Texas. The Caverns of Sonora, a National Natural Landmark, is a unique Cave located eight miles (13 km west of the town of Sonora Texas. Sonora is a city in and the County seat of Sutton County, Texas, United States.

A helictite is a speleothem found in limestone caves that changes its axis from the vertical at one or more stages during its growth. A speleothem (from the Greek for "cave deposit" commonly known as a cave formation, is a secondary mineral deposit formed in a Cave. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter They have a curving or angular form that looks as if they were grown in zero gravity. Weightlessness is a phenomenon experienced by people during Free-fall. They are most likely the result of capillary forces acting on tiny water droplets, a force often strong enough at this scale to defy gravity. Capillary action, capillarity, capillary motion, or wicking is the ability of a substance to draw another substance into it

Helictites are, perhaps, the most delicate and most beautiful of cave formations. They are usually made of needle-form calcite and aragonite. Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of Calcium carbonate ( Ca[[carbon C]] O 3 Aragonite is a Carbonate mineral, one of the two common naturally occurring polymorphs of Calcium carbonate, Ca[[carbon C]] O 3 Forms of helictites have been described in several types: ribbon helictites, saws, rods, butterflies, "hands", curly-fries, and "clumps of worms. " They typically have radial symmetry. "Bilateral symmetry" redirects here For bilateral symmetry in mathematics see Reflection symmetry. They can be easily crushed or broken by the slightest touch. Because of this, helictites are rarely seen within arm's reach in tourist caves. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel

A Helictite at Treak Cliff Cavern in Derbyshire

Formation

The growth of helictites is still quite enigmatic. Treak Cliff Cavern is a Show cave near Castleton in Derbyshire. History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Until now, there has been no satisfactory explanation for how they are formed. Currently, formation by capillary forces is the most likely theory, but another theory based on wind formation is also viable.

Capillary forces

The most likely theory explains helictites as a result of capillary forces. If the helictite has a very thin central tube where the water flows like it does in straws, capillary forces would be able to transport water against gravity. This theory was inspired by some hollow helictites. However, the majority of helictites are definitely not hollow. Despite this, droplets can be drawn to the tips of existing structures and deposit their calcite load almost anywhere thereon. This can lead to the wandering and curling structures seen in many helictites.

Wind

Another theory names the wind in the cave as main reason for the strange look. Drops hanging on a stalactite are blown to one side, so the dripstone grows in that direction. A stalactite ( Greek stalaktites, (Σταλακτίτης from the word for "drip" and meaning "that which drips" is a type of Speleothem If the wind changes, the direction of growth changes too. However this theory is very problematic, because wind directions change very often. The wind in caves depends on air pressure changes outside, which in turn depend on the weather. Wind caves are known to experience these windy conditions. Bison grazing at Wind Cavejpg|right|thumb|Bison grazing on prairie grasses]] Wind Cave National Park is a United States National park north of the town of Hot The wind direction changes as often as the weather conditions outside change. But the dripstones grow very slowly - several centimeters in 100 years - meaning the wind direction would have to stay steady for long periods of time, changing for every fragment of a millimeter of growth. A second problem with this theory is that many caves with helictites have no natural entrance where wind could enter.

Helictite growth

Helictites at Jenolan Caves in Australia. The Jenolan Caves are an example of remarkable Caverns in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia; 175 Kilometres west For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

A helictite starts its growth as a tiny stalactite. The direction of the end of the straw may wander, twist like a corkscrew, or the main part may form normally while small helictites pop out of its side like rootlets or fishhooks. In some caves, helictites cluster together and form bushes as large as six feet tall. These bushes grow from the floor of the cave. When helictites are found on cave floors, they are referred to as heligmites, though there is debate as to whether this is a genuine subcategory.

For an unknown reason, when the chemical composition of the water is slightly altered, the single crystal structure can change from a cylindrical shape to a conical one. In some of these cases, each crystal fits into the prior one like an inverted stack of ice cream cones.

History

The first detailed description of helictites was made in 1665 by Olaus Worm.

References

• The Virtual Cave: Helictites
• Helictite or Eccentric?
• Does crystal splitting play a part in the curvature of helictites? (Abstract) By George W. Moore, Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 62, p. 37 (2000).