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Heitor Villa-Lobos circa 1922
Heitor Villa-Lobos circa 1922

Heitor Villa-Lobos (March 5, 1887 – November 17, 1959) was a Brazilian composer, possibly the best-known classical composer born in South America. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance He wrote numerous orchestral, chamber, instrumental and vocal works. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber An instrumental is a Musical composition or recording without Lyrics or any other sort of Vocal music; all of the Music is produced by His music was influenced by both Brazilian folk music and by stylistic elements from the European classical tradition, as exemplified by his Bachianas brasileiras ("Brazilian Bach-pieces"). Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as 1750 to 1810 The Bachianas brasileiras constitute a series of nine suites by the Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos, written for various combinations of instruments and voices

Contents

Biography

Youth and exploration

Heitor Villa-Lobos was born in Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil His father, Raul, was a wealthy, educated man of Spanish extraction, a librarian, an amateur astronomer and musician. A librarian is an information Professional trained in Library and information science, which is the organization and management of information services or materials Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena In Villa-Lobos's early childhood, Brazil underwent a period of social revolution and modernisation, finally abolishing slavery in 1888 and overthrowing the Empire of Brazil in 1889. The term social revolution may have different connotations depending on the speaker The idea of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard Evolutionary pattern as described in the Social evolutionism theories As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. The changes in Brazil were reflected in its musical life: previously European music had been the dominant influence, and the courses at the Conservatório de Música were grounded in traditional counterpoint and harmony. In Music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and Rhythm, and interdependent in Harmony In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. Villa-Lobos underwent very little of this formal training. After a few abortive harmony lessons, he learnt music by illicit observation from the top of the stairs of the regular musical evenings at his house arranged by his father. He learned to play the cello, the guitar and the clarinet. The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word When his father died suddenly in 1899 he earned a living for his family by playing in cinema and theatre orchestras in Rio. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one [1]

Around 1905 Villa-Lobos started explorations of Brazil's "dark interior", absorbing the native Brazilian musical culture. Serious doubt has been cast on some of Villa-Lobos's tales of the decade or so he spent on these expeditions, and about his capture and near escape from cannibals, with some believing them to be fabrications or wildly embellished romanticism. [2] After this period he gave up any idea of conventional training and instead absorbed the influence of Brazil's indigenous cultural diversity, itself based on Portuguese, African, and American Indian elements. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. His earliest compositions were the result of improvisations on the guitar from this period. Musical Improvisation is the creative activity of immediate Musical composition, which combines performance with communication of emotions and instrumental

Villa-Lobos played with many local Brazilian street-music bands; he was also influenced by the cinema and Ernesto Nazareth's improvised tangos and polkas. Ernesto Júlio Nazareth ( March 20, 1863 Rio de Janeiro - February 4, 1934 Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro) Tango is a style of music that originated among European immigrant populations of Argentina and Uruguay. The polka is a fast lively Central European Dance and also a genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas [3] For a time Villa-Lobos became a cellist in a Rio opera company, and his early compositions include attempts at Grand Opera. The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ Encouraged by Arthur Napoleão, a pianist and music publisher, he decided to compose seriously. Arthur Napoleão dos Santos ( March 6, 1843 Porto, Portugal - May 12, 1925 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) A pianist (/'piənɪst/ is a Musician who plays the Piano. A professional pianist can perform solo pieces play with an ensemble or Orchestra The term music publisher originally referred (before the growth of recorded music and popular music to Publishers who issued printed Sheet music. [4]

Brazilian influence

In 1912, Villa-Lobos married the pianist Lucília Guimarães, ended his travels, and began his career as a serious musician. His music began to be published in 1913. He introduced some of his compositions in a series of occasional chamber concerts (later also orchestral concerts) from 1915–1921, mainly in Rio de Janeiro's Salão Nobre do Jornal do Comércio.

The music presented at these concerts shows his coming to terms with the conflicting elements in his experience, and overcoming a crisis of identity, as to whether European or Brazilian music would dominate his style. This was decided by 1916, the year in which he composed the symphonic poems Amazonas and Uirapurú (although Amazonas was not performed until 1929, and Uirapurú was first performed in 1935). These works drew from native Brazilian legends and the use of "primitive", folk material. [5]

European influence did still inspire Villa-Lobos. In 1917 Sergei Diaghilev made an impact on tour in Brazil with his Ballets Russes. Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev (Серге́й Па́влович Дя́гилев / Sergei Pavlovich Dyagilev) also referred to as Serge, ( March 31, See also Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, The Ballets Russes ( French for The Russian Ballets) was a Ballet company established That year Villa-Lobos also met the French composer Darius Milhaud, who was in Rio as secretary to Paul Claudel at the French Legation. Darius Milhaud (darjys mijo (September 4 1892 &ndash June 22 1974 was a French Composer and teacher Paul Claudel ( 6 August 1868 &ndash 23 February 1955) was a French Poet, Dramatist and Diplomat, Milhaud brought the music of Debussy, Satie, and possibly Stravinsky; in return Villa-Lobos introduced Milhaud to Brazilian street music. Achille-Claude Debussy (aʃil klod dəbysi (August 22 1862 &ndash March 25 1918 was a French Composer. Alfred Éric Leslie Satie ( Honfleur, 17 May 1866 – Paris, 1 July 1925) was a French Composer and Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) ( &ndash 6 April 1971 was a Russian born Composer, considered by many to In 1918, he also met the pianist Artur Rubinstein, who became a lifelong friend and champion; this meeting prompted Villa-Lobos to write more piano music. Arthur Rubinstein KBE ( January 28 1887 &ndash December 20 1982) was a Polish - American pianist who is widely [6]

In about 1918 Villa-Lobos abandoned the use of opus numbers for his compositions as a constraint to his pioneering spirit. Opus, from the Latin word opus meaning "work" is usually used in the sense of "a Work of art " With the suite Carnaval das crianças ("Children's carnival") for two pianos of 1919–20, Villa-Lobos liberated his style altogether from European Romanticism. [7] The piece depicts eight characters or scenes from Rio's Lent Carnival.

In February 1922, a festival of modern art took place in São Paulo and Villa-Lobos contributed performances of his own works. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world The press were unsympathetic and the audience were not appreciative; their mockery was encouraged by Villa-Lobos's being forced by a foot infection to wear one carpet slipper. [8] The festival ended with Villa-Lobos's Quarteto simbólico, composed as an impression of Brazilian urban life.

In July 1922, Rubinstein gave the first performance of A Prole do Bebê. There had recently been an attempted military coup on Copacabana Beach, and places of entertainment had been closed for days; the public possibly wanted something less intellectually demanding, and the piece was booed. Villa-Lobos was philosophical about it, and Rubinstein later reminisced that the composer said, "I am still too good for them. " The piece has been called "the first enduring work of Brazilian modernism". [9]

Rubinstein suggested that Villa-Lobos tour abroad, and in 1923 he set out for Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city His avowed aim was to exhibit his exotic sound world rather than to study. Just before he left he completed his Nonet (for ten players and chorus) which was first performed after his arrival in the French capital. He stayed in Paris in 1923–24 and 1927–30, and there he met such luminaries as Edgard Varèse, Pablo Picasso, Leopold Stokowski and Aaron Copland. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Edgard Victor Achille Charles Varèse, whose name was also spelled Edgar Varèse Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Leopold Stokowski (born Leopold Anthony Stokowski though on occasion Aaron Copland (November 14 1900 &ndash December 2 1990 was an American Composer of concert and film music as well as an accomplished Pianist. Parisian concerts of his music made a strong impression. [10]

In the 1920s, Villa-Lobos also met the Spanish guitarist Andrés Segovia, who commissioned a guitar study: the composer responded with a set of 12 (Douze Études), each taking a tiny detail or figure from Brazilian chorões (itinerant street musicians) and transforming it into a piece that is not merely didactic. Andrés Torres Segovia 1st Marquess of Salobreña ( 21 February 1893 &ndash 2 June 1987) was a Spanish Classical guitarist The chorões were also the initial inspiration behind his series of compositions, the Chôros, which were written between 1924–29. The first European performance of Chôros no. 10, in Paris, caused a storm: L. Chevallier wrote of it in Le Monde musicale, "[…it is] an art […] to which we must now give a new name. "[11]

Vargas era

In 1930, Villa-Lobos, who was in Brazil to conduct, planned to return to Paris. One of the consequences of the revolution of that year was that money could no longer be taken out of the country, and so he had no means of paying any rents abroad. Thus forced to stay in Brazil, he arranged concerts instead around São Paulo, and composed patriotic and educational music. In 1932, he became director of the Superindendência de Educação Musical e Artistica (SEMA), and his duties included arranging concerts including the Brazilian premieres of Ludwig van Beethoven's Missa Solemnis and Johann Sebastian Bach's B Minor Mass as well as Brazilian compositions. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The Missa solemnis in D Major Op 123 was composed by Ludwig van Beethoven from 1819-1823 WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" The Mass in B minor ( BWV 232 is a musical setting (or more formally a Missa tota) of the Latin Mass by Johann Sebastian Bach, also His position at SEMA led him to compose mainly patriotic and propagandist works. His series of Bachianas brasileiras were a notable exception. The Bachianas brasileiras constitute a series of nine suites by the Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos, written for various combinations of instruments and voices In 1936, Villa-Lobos and his wife separated.

Villa-Lobos's writings of the Vargas era include propaganda for Brazilian nationhood ("brasilidade"),[12] and teaching and theoretical works. Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (ʒeˈtulju doɾˈnɛlis vaɾgɐs April 19, 1882 – August 24, 1954) served as president of Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people His Guia Prático ran to 11 volumes, Solfejos (two volumes, 1942 and 1946) contained vocal exercises, and Canto Orfeônico (1940 and 1950) contained patriotic songs for schools and for civic occasions. His music for the film O Descobrimento do Brasil ("The Discovery of Brazil") of 1936, which included versions of earlier compositions, was arranged into orchestral suites, and includes a depiction of the first mass in Brazil in a setting for double choir. In Music, a suite is an ordered set of Instrumental or Orchestral pieces normally performed in a Concert For other uses see Mass (disambiguation The Mass, a form of sacred musical composition, is a choral composition that

Villa-Lobos published A Música Nacionalista no Govêrno Getúlio Vargas ca. 1941, in which he characterised the nation as a sacred entity whose symbols (including its flag, motto and national anthem) were inviolable. Villa-Lobos was the chair of a committee whose task was to define a definitive version of the Brazilian national anthem. The melody of the Brazilian national anthem (from Portuguese: Hino Nacional Brasileiro) was composed by Francisco Manuel da Silva in 1822 and [13]

After 1937, during the Estado Novo period when Vargas seized power by decree, Villa-Lobos continued producing patriotic works directly accessible to mass audiences. Independence Day on September 7 1939 involved 30 000 children singing the national anthem and items arranged by Villa-Lobos. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. For the 1943 celebrations he also composed the ballet Dança da terra, which the authorities deemed unsuitable until it was revised. The 1943 celebrations did include Villa-Lobos's hymn Invocação em defesa da pátria shortly after Brazil's declaring war on Germany and its allies. [14]

Villa-Lobos's demagogue status damaged his reputation among certain schools of musicians, among them disciples of new European trends such as serialism— which was effectively off limits in Brazil until the 1960s. Demagogy (also demagoguery) ( Ancient Greek δημαγωγία from dēmos "people" and agein "to lead" refers to a political In Music, serialism is a technique for composition that uses sets to describe musical elements, and allows the manipulation of those This crisis was, in part, due to some Brazilian composers finding it necessary to reconcile Villa-Lobos's own liberation of Brazilian music from European models in the 1920s with a style of music they felt to be more universal. [15]

Composer in demand

Vargas fell from power in 1945. Villa-Lobos was able, after the end of the war, to travel abroad again; he returned to Paris, and also made regular visits to the United States as well as travelling to Great Britain, and Israel. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. He received a huge number of commissions, and fulfilled many of them despite failing health. He composed concertos for piano, cello (the second one in 1953), classical guitar (in 1951 for Segovia, who refused to play it until the composer provided a cadenza in 1956[16]), harp (for Nicanor Zabaleta in 1953) and harmonica (for John Sebastian, Sr. The term Concerto (plural concertos or concerti) usually refers to a three part musical work in which one solo instrument is accompanied by an Orchestra In Music, a cadenza (Italian for cadence) is generically an improvised or written-out ornamental passage played or sung by a soloist or soloists usually The harp is a Stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. Nicanor Zabaleta ( January 7, 1907 – March 31, 1993) was a Basque - Spanish world-class virtuoso and populariser of the A harmonica is a free reed Wind instrument which is played by blowing air into it or drawing air out by placing lips over individual holes (reed chambers or in 1955–6). Other commissions included his Symphony no. 11 (for the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1955), and the opera Yerma (1955–56) based on the play by Federico García Lorca. The Boston Symphony Orchestra is an American orchestra based at Symphony Hall in Boston Massachusetts, USA Yerma is an Opera in three acts by Heitor Villa-Lobos to the homonimous tragedy by Federico García Lorca. Federico García Lorca' ( 5 June 1898 &ndash 19 August 1936) was a Spanish Poet and dramatist also remembered as His prolific output of this period prompted criticisms of note spinning and banality: critical reactions to his Piano Concerto No. 5 included the comments "bankrupt" and "piano tuners' orgy". [17]

His music for the film Green Mansions starring Audrey Hepburn and Anthony Perkins, commissioned by MGM in 1958, earned Villa-Lobos $25,000, and he conducted the soundtrack recording himself. Green Mansions is a 1959 American romantic Adventure film directed by Mel Ferrer. Audrey Hepburn ( &ndash) was an English/Dutch Academy Award - Emmy Award - Tony Award - and Grammy Award -winning film and stage actress Anthony Perkins ( April 4, 1932 – September 12, 1992) was an Academy Award -nominated Golden Globe -winning American [18] The film was in production for many years. Originally to be directed by Vincente Minnelli, it was taken over by Hepburn's husband Mel Ferrer. Vincente Minnelli ( February 28, 1903 &ndash July 25, 1986) was a famous Academy Award -winning Hollywood director Mel Ferrer ( August 25 1917 – June 2 2008) was an American Actor, Film director and Film producer [19] MGM decided only to use part of Villa-Lobos' music in the actual film, turning instead to Bronislaw Kaper for the rest of the music. Bronisław Kaper ( February 5, 1902, Warsaw - April 26, 1983, Beverly Hills, California) was a Polish [20] From the score, Villa-Lobos compiled a work for soprano soloist, male chorus, and orchestra, which he titled Forest of the Amazons and recorded it in stereo with Brazilian soprano Bidu Sayão, an unidentified male chorus, and the Symphony of the Air for United Artists. Bidú Sayão ( Rio de Janeiro, May 11, 1902 - March 12, 1999) was Brazil's most famous opera singer and one The NBC Symphony Orchestra was a Radio orchestra established by David Sarnoff of the National Broadcasting Company especially for conductor Arturo This article is about the film studio Previously it was affiliated with a cinema chain bearing its name now owned by Regal Entertainment Group. The spectacular recording was issued both on LP and reel-to-reel tape. [21]

In June 1959, Villa-Lobos alienated many of his fellow musicians by expressing disillusionment, saying in an interview that Brazil was "dominated by mediocrity". [22] In November he died in Rio; his state funeral was the final major civic event in that city before the capital transferred to Brasília. Brasília (bɾaˈziliɐ is the Capital of Brazil. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country along a Plateau [23] He is buried in the Cemitério São João Batista in Rio de Janeiro. Cemitério São João Batista (Cemetery of Saint John the Baptist) is a Municipal cemetery in the neighborhood of Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro.

Music

See also: List of compositions by Heitor Villa-Lobos

His earliest pieces originated in guitar improvisations, for example Panqueca ("Pancake") of 1900. This is a list of selected compositions by the Brazilian Composer Heitor Villa-Lobos. The concert series of 1915–21 included first performances of pieces demonstrating originality and virtuosic technique. Some of these pieces are early examples of elements of importance throughout his œuvre. His attachment to the Iberian Peninsula is demonstrated in Canção Ibéria of 1914 and in orchestral transcriptions of some of Enrique Granados' piano Goyescas (1918, now lost). The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Pantaléon Enrique Costanzo Granados y Campiña (27 July 1867 &ndash 24 March 1916 was a Spanish pianist and Composer of classical music. Other themes that were to recur in his later work include the anguish and despair of the piece Desesperança— Sonata Phantastica e Capricciosa no. 1 (1915), a violin sonata including "histrionic and violently contrasting emotions",[24] the birds of L'oiseau blessé d'une flèche (1913), the mother-child relationship (not usually a happy one in Villa-Lobos's music) in Les mères of 1914, and the flowers of Suíte floral for piano of 1916–18 which reappeared in Distribuição de flores for flute and guitar of 1937.

Reconciling European tradition and Brazilian influences was also an element that bore fruit more formally later. His earliest published work Pequena suíte for cello and piano of 1913 shows a love for the cello, but is not notably Brazilian, although it contains elements that were to resurface later. [25] His three-movement String Quartet no. A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece 1 (Suíte graciosa) of 1915 (expanded to six movements ca. 1947[26]) is influenced by European opera,[27] while Três danças características (africanas e indígenas) of 1914–16 for piano, later arranged for octet and subsequently orchestrated, is radically influenced by the tribal music of the Caripunas Indians of Mato Grosso. Mato Grosso ('matu 'gɾosu is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest in area, located in the western part of the country [28]

With his tone poems Amazonas (1916, first performed in Paris in 1929) and Uirapurú (1916, first performed 1935) he created works dominated by indigenous Brazilian influences. The works use Brazilian folk tales and characters, imitations of the sounds of the jungle and its fauna, imitations of the sound of the nose-flute by the violinophone, and not least imitations of the uirapuru itself. A Stroh violin, or violinophone, is a Violin that amplifies its sound through a metal resonator and metal horns rather than a wooden sound box as on The Musician Wren or Organ Wren ( Cyphorhinus aradus) is a species of Wren named for its elaborate song [29]

His meeting with Artur Rubinstein in 1918 prompted Villa-Lobos to compose piano music such as Simples coletânea of 1919 — which was possibly influenced by Rubinstein's playing of Ravel and Scriabin on his South American tours — and Bailado infernal of 1920. [30] The latter piece includes the tempi and expression markings "vertiginoso e frenético", "infernal" and "mais vivo ainda" ("faster still").

Carnaval des crianças of 1919–20 saw Villa-Lobos's mature style emerge; unconstrained by the use of traditional formulae or any requirement for dramatic tension, the piece at times imitates a mouth organ, children's dances, a harlequinade, and ends with an impression of the carnival parade. See also Commedia dell'arte Harlequinade is a type of theatrical performance piece usually a slapstick adaptation of the Commedia dell'arte This work was orchestrated in 1929 with new linking passages and a new title, Momoprecoce. Naïveté and innocence is also heard in the piano suites A Prole do Bebê ("The Baby's Family") of 1918–21.

Around this time he also fused urban Brazilian influences and impressions, for example in his Quarteto simbólico of 1921. He included the urban street music of the chorões, who were groups containing flute, clarinet and cavaquinho (a Brazilian guitar), and often also including ophicleide, trombones or percussion. The ophicleide ( is a family of conical bore Brass keyed bugles History and playing It is reported to have been invented in 1817 and patented The trombone is a Musical instrument in the brass family Like all brass instruments it is a lip-reed Aerophone: sound is produced when the player’s Villa-Lobos occasionally joined such bands. Early works showing this influence were incorporated into the Suíte popular brasileiro of 1908–12 assembled by his publisher, and more mature works include the Sexteto místico (ca. 1955, replacing a lost and probably unfinished one begun in 1917[31]), and Canções típicas brasileiras of 1919. His guitar studies are also influenced by the music of the chorões. [32]

All the elements mentioned so far are fused in Villa-Lobos's Nonet. Subtitled Impressão rápida do todo o Brasil ("A brief impression of the whole of Brazil"), the title of the work denotes it as ostensibly chamber music, but it is scored for flute/piccolo, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, bassoon, celesta, harp, piano, a large percussion battery requiring at least two players, and a mixed chorus.

In Paris, his musical vocabulary established, Villa-Lobos solved the problem of his works' form. It was perceived as an incongruity that his Brazilian impressionism should be expressed in the form of quartets and sonatas. He developed new forms to free his imagination from the constraints of conventional musical development such as that required in sonata form. [33] The multi-sectional poema form may be seen in the Suite for Voice and Violin, which is somewhat like a triptych, and the Poema da criança e sua mama for voice, flute, clarinet, and cello (1923). The extended Rudepoema for piano, written for Rubinstein, is a multi-layered work, often requiring notation on several staves, and is both experimental and demanding. Wright calls it "the most impressive result" of this formal development. [34] The Ciranda, or Cirandinha is a stylised treatment of simple Brazilian folk melodies in a wide variety of moods. A ciranda is a child's singing game, but Villa-Lobos's treatment in the works he gave this title are sophisticated. Another form was the Chôros. Villa-Lobos composed more than a dozen works with this title for various instruments, mostly in the years 1924–1929. He described them as "a new form of musical composition", a transformation of the Brazilian music and sounds "by the personality of the composer". [35]

After the revolution of 1930, Villa-Lobos became something of a demagogue. Demagogy (also demagoguery) ( Ancient Greek δημαγωγία from dēmos "people" and agein "to lead" refers to a political He composed more backward-looking music such as the Missa São Sebastião of 1937, and published teaching pieces and ideological writings. [36]

He also composed between 1930 and 1945 nine pieces he called Bachianas brasileiras ("Brazilian Bach pieces"). These take the forms and nationalism of the Chôros, and add the composer's love of Bach. Villa-Lobos's use of archaisms was not new (an early example is his Pequena suíte for cello and piano, of 1913). The pieces evolved over the period rather than being conceived as a whole, some of them being revised or added to. They contain some of his most popular music, such as No. 5 for soprano and 8 cellos (1938–1945), and No. 2 for orchestra of 1930 (the Tocata movement of which is O trenzinho do caipira, "The little train of the Caipira"). They also show the composer's love for the tonal qualities of the cello, both No. 1 and No. 5 being scored for no other instruments. In these works the often harsh dissonances of his earlier music are less evident: or, as Simon Wright puts it, they are "sweetened". The transformation of Chôros into Bachianas brasileiras is demonstrated clearly by the comparison of No. 6 for flute and bassoon with the earlier Chôros No. 2 for flute and clarinet. The dissonances of the later piece are more controlled, the forward direction of the music easier to discern. Bachianas brasileiras No. 9 takes the concept so far as to be an abstract Prelude and Fugue, a complete distillation of the composer's national influences. [37] Villa-Lobos eventually recorded all nine of these works for EMI in Paris, mostly with the musicians of the French National Orchestra; these were originally issued on LPs and later reissued on CDs. The EMI Group is a British music company comprising the major record company EMI Music – which operates several labels and is based in Kensington in [38] He also recorded the first section of Bachianas brasileiras No. 5 with Bidu Sayão and a group of cellists for Columbia. Bidú Sayão ( Rio de Janeiro, May 11, 1902 - March 12, 1999) was Brazil's most famous opera singer and one Columbia Records is an American Record label founded in 1888 Columbia is the oldest surviving Brand name in pre-recorded sound being the first record company [39]

During his period at SEMA, Villa-Lobos composed five string quartets, nos. 5 to 9, which explored avenues opened by his public music that dominated his output. He also wrote more music for Segovia, the Cinq préludes, which also demonstrate a further formalisation of his composition style. After the fall of the Vargas government, Villa-Lobos returned full-time to composition, resuming a prolific rate of completing works. His concertos— particularly those for guitar, harp and harmonica— are examples of his earlier poema form. The harp concerto is a large work, and shows a new propensity to focus on a small detail, then to fade it and bring another detail to the foreground. This technique also occurs in his final opera, Yerma, which contains a series of scenes each of which establishes an atmosphere, similarly to the earlier Momoprecoce.

Villa-Lobos's final major work was the music for the film Green Mansions (though in the end, most of his score was replaced with music by Bronislaw Kaper,[40]) and its arrangement as Floresta do Amazonas for orchestra, and some short songs issued separately. Green Mansions is a 1959 American romantic Adventure film directed by Mel Ferrer. Bronisław Kaper ( February 5, 1902, Warsaw - April 26, 1983, Beverly Hills, California) was a Polish In 1957, he wrote a 17th String Quartet, whose austerity of technique and emotional intensity "provide a eulogy to his craft". [41] His Benedita Sabedoria, a sequence of a capella chorales written in 1958, is a similarly simple setting of Latin biblical texts. These works lack the pictorialism of his more public music.

Except for the lost works, the Nonetto, the two concerted works for violin and orchestra, Suite for Piano and Orchestra, a number of the symphonic poems, most of his choral music and all of the operas, his music is well represented on the world's recital and concert stages and on CD. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio

Works

Choros

Bachianas brasileiras

Concertos

Symphonies

Other orchestral works

Chamber music

String quartets

Operas

Ballets

Film music

Piano solo

Recordings

Notes

  1. ^ Wright 1992, 2
  2. ^ Peppercorn 1972. Artists Composers Thomas Adès Karl Jenkins Sir Paul McCartney Ian Anderson The Amazon Standard Identification Number ( ASIN) is a unique identification number assigned by Amazon Artists Composers Thomas Adès Karl Jenkins Sir Paul McCartney Ian Anderson The Amazon Standard Identification Number ( ASIN) is a unique identification number assigned by Amazon The Amazon Standard Identification Number ( ASIN) is a unique identification number assigned by Amazon
  3. ^ Wright 1992, 3
  4. ^ Wright 1992, 4
  5. ^ Wright 1992, 13–19
  6. ^ Wright 1992, 24
  7. ^ Wright, 1992, 28–30
  8. ^ Wright 1992, 38
  9. ^ Wright 1992, 31–32
  10. ^ See, for example, the influence of the brilliance of his orchestral palette on the young Olivier Messiaen, discussed in Griffiths 1985, [p. Olivier Messiaen ( December 10 1908 &ndash April 27 1992 was a French Composer, organist and ornithologist. ?].
  11. ^ Le Monde musicale 12 (31 Dec. 1927) quoted in Wright 1992, 77
  12. ^ For example, Villa-Lobos [?1941]
  13. ^ Wright 1992, 108
  14. ^ Wright 1992, 115
  15. ^ Wright 1992, 117–8
  16. ^ Wright, 1992, p. 123
  17. ^ The critic of Musical Opinion in 1955, quoted in Wright 1992, 121–22
  18. ^ Wright 1992, 136
  19. ^ The MGM Story
  20. ^ Heitor Villa-Lobos website
  21. ^ United Artists reel-to-reel tape, released 1959
  22. ^ Wright 1992, 139
  23. ^ Wright 1992, 138
  24. ^ Wright 1992, 6
  25. ^ Wright 1992, 8–9)
  26. ^ Peppercorn 1991, 32
  27. ^ Villa-Lobos in Sua Obra (2), 229, quoted in Wright, 1992, 9
  28. ^ Wright 1992, 9
  29. ^ Wright 1992, 13–21
  30. ^ Wright 1992, 24
  31. ^ See Peppercorn 1991, 38–39
  32. ^ Wright 1992, 59
  33. ^ Wright, 1992, 41ff
  34. ^ Wright 1992, 48
  35. ^ Note in the score of Chôros No. 3, quoted in Wright 1992, 62
  36. ^ Such as Villa-Lobos [1941?].
  37. ^ Wright, 1992, 81–99 discusses the Bachianas brasileiras in some detail
  38. ^ EMI catalogue
  39. ^ Sony Masterworks catalogue
  40. ^ Green Mansions film credits
  41. ^ Wright 1992, 139

References and further reading

Persondata
NAME Villa-Lobos, Heitor
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION 20th century composer
DATE OF BIRTH March 5, 1887
PLACE OF BIRTH Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
DATE OF DEATH November 17, 1959
PLACE OF DEATH
Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
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