| Heinrich Held | |
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| In office 1924 – 1933 |
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| Preceded by | Eugen Ritter von Knilling |
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| Succeeded by | Ludwig Siebert |
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| In office 1927 – 1932 |
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| In office 1930 – 1932 |
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| In office 1932 – 1933 |
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| Born | June 6, 1868 Erbach, Germany |
| Died | August 4, 1938 Regensburg |
| Nationality | German |
| Political party | Bavarian People's Party |
| Residence | Regensburg, Bavaria |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Heinrich Held (6 June 1868 in Erbach – 4 August 1938 in Regensburg) was a conservative politician and the last freely elected Bavarian prime minister before the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933. A minister-president (Ministerpräsident is the Head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments who presides over the council of ministers Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Eugen Ritter von Knilling ( 1 August[[ 856]] in München &ndash 20 October[[ 927]] in München was the Prime Minister of Bavaria from 1922 to 1924 Ludwig Siebert ( 10 October 1874 in Ludwigshafen - 1 November 1942 in Stock am Chiemsee) was a Nazi politician A commerce minister (sometimes trade minister or international trade minister) is a position in many Governments that is responsible for regulating Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. The finance minister is a Cabinet position in a Government. A minister of Finance (also called financial affairs the treasury the economy or economic Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Erbach is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Hunsrück in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Bavarian People's Party (Bayerische Volkspartei was the Bavarian branch of the Centre Party, which broke off from the rest of the party in 1919 to pursue Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Erbach is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Hunsrück in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Machtergreifung ( is a German word meaning "seizure of power" Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Contents |
Life
Heinrich Held was born in what is now the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate but was then part of Prussia. Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz is one of the 16 federal states (German Bundesländer) of Germany. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state His father, Johannes Held, was a local farmer and musician, his mother was Susanne Held (born Kaiser). A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a
Heinrich studied law at the universities of Straßburg, Marburg and Heidelberg before becoming a journalist in Straßburg in 1896. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the River Lahn. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area He moved to Heidelberg the year after and became editor of the Regensburger Morgenblatts, a newspaper in the Bavarian city of Regensburg, in 1899. He moved to take up the same position at the Regensburger Anzeiger the year after. From 1906, he became a co-owner of those two newspapers and begun his political involvement as a speaker in the conservative-christian workers movements.
Held became a member of the Bavarian parliament, the Landtag, in 1907, for the Zentrumspartei, and continued to be a member until 1933. A Landtag ( Diet) is a representative assembly or Parliament in German-speaking countries with some legislative authority The German Centre Party ( Deutsche Zentrumspartei or merely Zentrum) was a Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich His main interest was fiscal politics and he belonged to the left fraction of his otherwise conservative party.
He quickly rose to power within the party, becoming the leader of his parties fraction in the parliament in 1914 and shortly after also becoming the party leader. In 1917, Held was elevated to the title of Geheimer Hofrat, a member of the Bavarian privy council. Geheimrat was the title of the highest officials of a German royal or principal court and also of very eminent professors in some German universities A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a
With the end of the monarchy in Bavaria in 1918, Heinrich Held was one of the co-founders of the Bayerischen Volkspartei (BVP), the Bavarian People's Party, a conservative-catholic party advocating Bavarian independence. The Bavarian People's Party (Bayerische Volkspartei was the Bavarian branch of the Centre Party, which broke off from the rest of the party in 1919 to pursue He became the leader of the parties parliamentary fraction. Held also served as the president of the Deutscher Katholikentag from 1921, a regular gathering and discussion forum for the German catholics. Katholikentag ( lit Catholics Day) is a Festival -like gathering in German -speaking countries organized by the Catholic Laity
In July 1924, after the resignation of Gustav Ritter von Kahr, who held the almost dictatorial position of a State commissioner, Held became prime minister of Bavaria with the support of his own party and three other conservative parties, the Deutschnationaler Volkspartei, Deutscher Volkspartei and the Bauernbund. Gustav Ritter von Kahr ( November 29, 1862 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a German right-wing conservative Politician, active The Bavarian Peasants' League (Bayerischer Bauernbund or BB) was an agrarian Political party in Bavaria, Germany, from 1870-1933 His politics as prime minister were aimed at reconciliation with the federal government and a move away from separatism. He also came to an agreement with the Vatican, the Bayerische Konkordat.
He archived a moderate showing in the 1925 German presidential elections, getting 3. The presidential election ( Reichspräsidentenwahl) of 1925 was the first direct election to the office of President of the Reich ( Reichspräsident 7 percent of the votes.
He also held the offices of Ministers of State for Commerce, Industry and Trade and Ministers of State for Agriculture from 1930 to 1932. Both were merged to form the Ministry for Economy which he held from 1932 to 1933[1].
He continued to advocate the rights of the states within the German republic, publishing papers on the subject. From 1930, he ruled Bavaria in a minority government. He sharply criticized the removal of the Prussian prime minister Otto Braun by Reichskanzler Franz von Papen in 1932, a move he considered an illegal interferance of the central government in state matters[2]. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state This article is about the Prime Minister of Prussia For the Geman Communist and once the Comintern military adviser to the Chinese Commmunist revolution see Otto Braun (Li De The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler (29 October 1879 2 May 1969 was a German nobleman Catholic monarchist Politician, General Staff officer and Diplomat
An attempt supported by a wide coalition of parties, to establish Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, as a Staatskommisar with dictatorial powers in 1932 to counter the Nazis failed due to the hesitant Bavarian government under Held[3][4]. Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria or Crown Prince Rupert of Bavaria ( German: Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern) ( 18 May 1869 &ndash Held himselve had suggested the idea but wavered in the last minute, choosing not to make an announcement appointing the crown prince to the planned position[5].
The Bavarian government was forcibly removed by the Nazis on 9 March 1933. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Held resisted the attempts by the SA to overthrow his government at first but due to receiving no support from the German army, who had orders from Berlin to stay out of domestic politics, he could ultimatly not hold of the Nazis[6]. The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers The office of Bavarian prime minister was abolished and replaced by a Reichsstatthalter, a purely administrative position with no political power[7]. Held retired from politics, first escaping to Lugano, Switzerland, where his son Josef lived, later withdrawing to Regensburg. Lugano ( Latin language: Luganum) is a town (52993 inhabitants a total of 130000 people in the agglomeration in the south of Switzerland, in the Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation His government pension as a former prime minister was revoked by the Nazis[8].
His son Philipp became one of the first inmates at the Dachau concentration camp in 1933[9]. Dachau was a Nazi German Concentration camp, and the first one opened in Germany located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions Factory near the
On 4 August 1938, Heinrich Held died in Regensburg.
Honors
- Honorary doctorate at the universities of Munich, Innsbruck and Würzburg
See also
Sources
- Website of the Deutsch Historische Museum, Berlin - Biography of Heinrich Held (in German)
- Opfer und Verfolgte des NS-Regimes aus bayrischen Parlamenten (in German)
- Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg - Bosls bayrische Biographie - Heinrich Held (in German), author: Karl Bosl, publisher: Pustet, page 327
References
- ^ Ministers of Bavaria
- ^ Time Magazine - Fair or Foul 11 July 1932
- ^ Royals and the Reich: The Princes Von Hessen in Nazi Germany google book review, Page 72, author: Jonathan Petropoulos, accessdate: 29 April 2008
- ^ Rupprecht von Bayern (in German). An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. Würzburg (ˈvʏɐ̯ʦbʊɐ̯k is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany This is a list of the men who have served in the capacity of Minister President or equivalent office in Bavaria from the mid-18th century to the present Bavaria under Kirchenlexikon. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ The Royal Family, the Nazis, and the Second World War
- ^ A History of Modern Germany, 1800-2000 google book review, author: Martin Kitchen, Blackwell Publishing
- ^ Ministers of Bavaria
- ^ Opfer und Verfolgte des NS-Regimes aus bayrischen Parlamenten - Heinrich Held (in German), accessed: 6 May 2008
- ^ Opfer und Verfolgte des NS-Regimes aus bayrischen Parlamenten (in German), accessed: 6 May 2008
| Preceded by Eugen Ritter von Knilling |
Prime Minister of Bavaria 1924 – 1933 |
Succeeded by Ludwig Siebert |
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