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Hedylidae
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Suborder: Glossata
Infraorder: Heteroneura
Division: Ditrysia
(unranked) Butterflies
Superfamily: Hedyloidea
Scoble, 1986
Family: Hedylidae
Guenée, 1857, nec. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. Glossata is the Suborder of the Insect order Lepidoptera that includes all the Superfamilies of moths and butterflies that have a coilable Heteroneura is a natural group (or Clade) in the Insect order Lepidoptera that comprises over 99% of all butterflies and The Ditrysia are a natural group or clade of Insects in the Lepidopteran order containing both butterflies and Moths A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a Bergh, 1895
Genus: Macrosoma
Hübner, 1818
Diversity
35 currently recognised species
Type species
Macrosoma tipulata Hübner, 1818
Genus and synonymy

Macrosoma Hübner, 1818

  • =Epirrita Hübner, 1808 [unavailable name]
  • =Hedyle Guenée, 1857, type species Hedyle heliconiaria Guenée, 1857
  • =Phellinodes Guenée, 1857, type species Phellinodes satellitiata Guenée, 1857
  • =Venodes Guenée, 1857, type species Phellinodes satellitiata Guenée, 1857
  • =Macrophila Walker, 1862, type species Macrosoma tipulata Hübner, 1818
  • =Hyphedyle Warren, 1894, type species Hedyle rubedinaria Walker, 1862
  • =Lasiopates Warren, 1905, type species Lasiopates hyacinthina Warren, 1905

  for Species, see List of species

Hedylidae, the "American moth-butterflies", is a family of insects in the lepidopteran order, representing the superfamily Hedyloidea. Jacob Hübner ( June 20, 1761 - September 13, 1826, Augsburg) was a German Entomologist. This is a list of the Diversity of the Lepidoptera showing the estimated number of genera and species described for each superfamily and where available family In biology a type is that which fixes a name to a Taxon. Depending on the nomenclature code which is applied to the organism in question a type may be a specimen Jacob Hübner ( June 20, 1761 - September 13, 1826, Augsburg) was a German Entomologist. This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" Hedylidae, the "American moth-butterflies" is a family of Insects in the Lepidopteran order representing the superfamily Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. They are an extant sister group of the butterfly superfamilies Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. Extant is a term commonly used to refer to Taxa (such as Species, genera or families) that are still in existence (living Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry The Superfamily Papilionoidea (from the word "papilion" meaning "butterfly" contains all the butterflies except for the skippers which A skipper is a Butterfly of the family Hesperiidae (superfamily Hesperioidea named after their quick darting flight habits In 1986, Scoble combined all species into a single genus Macrosoma, comprising 35 currently recognized and entirely Neotropical species, as a novel concept of butterflies. In Biogeography, Neotropic or Neotropical refers to one of the world's eight terrestrial Ecozones This ecozone includes South and Central America the A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a [1]

Contents

Taxonomy and systematics

Hedylidae were previously treated as a tribe of Geometridae: Oenochrominae, the "Hedylicae"[2][1] Prout[3] considered they might even merit treatment as their own family. The geometer moths or Geometridae are a family of the order Lepidoptera. Scoble first considered them to be a hitherto unrecognised group of butterflies and also suggested Hedylidae might possibly constitute the sister group of the "true" butterflies (Papilionoidea, rather than of (Hesperioidea + Papilionoidea). Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry The Superfamily Papilionoidea (from the word "papilion" meaning "butterfly" contains all the butterflies except for the skippers which A skipper is a Butterfly of the family Hesperiidae (superfamily Hesperioidea named after their quick darting flight habits Weintraub and Miller[4] argued against this placement (but see[5]). In 1995, Weller and Pashley[6] found that molecular data did indeed place Hedylidae with the butterflies and a more comprehensive study in 2005[7] based on 57 exemplar taxa, three genes and 99 morphological characters, recovered the genus Macrosoma as sister to the ("true butterflies" + "skippers"). In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by A taxon (plural taxa) or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or a group of Organisms In Biological nomenclature according to History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance The term morphology in Biology refers to the outward appearance ( Shape, Structure, Colour, Pattern) of an Organism The Superfamily Papilionoidea (from the word "papilion" meaning "butterfly" contains all the butterflies except for the skippers which A skipper is a Butterfly of the family Hesperiidae (superfamily Hesperioidea named after their quick darting flight habits Since there are no obvious gaps between supposed species groups, according to basic morphological structure, Scoble (1986) synonymised the five pre-existing genera (33 of which had been described in Phellinodes) into just one genus. However, a phylogenetic analysis of all Macrosoma species is still needed.

Nomenclatural notes

In Zoological nomenclature, there exist numerous junior homonyms of Macrosoma Hübner, 1818,[8] (Macrosoma Leach 1819 (a reptile), Macrosoma de Haan 1826 (Odonata), Macrosoma Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 (Macrosoma multisulcata Berlese 1913 and M. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a set of rules in Zoology that have one fundamental aim to provide the maximum universality and continuity in the naming In biology a homonym is a name for a Taxon that is identical in spelling to another such name that belongs to a different Taxon. Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Odonata is an order of Insects encompassing dragonflies (Anisoptera and damselflies (Zygoptera floralis, Diptera: Muscidae), Macrosoma Brandt 1835 (Coelenterata), Macrosoma Hope 1837 (Coleoptera), Macrosoma Lioy 1864 or 1865 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Macrosoma Hammer 1979[9] (M. Muscidae is a family of flies found in the superfamily Muscoidea. Coelenterata is an obsolete long term encompassing two animal phyla, the Ctenophora (comb jellies and the Cnidaria ( Coral animals true Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. Flies of the Diptera family Sarcophagidae (from the Greek sarco- = Flesh, phage = eating the same roots as the word " Sarcophagus rugosa; Acarina: Oribatidae). Acarina or Acari are a Taxon of Arachnids that contains Mites and Ticks The diversity of the Acari is extraordinary and its To add to this potential confusion in lists of names, there exist two junior homonyms of Hedyle Guenée, 1857: Hedyle Bergh, 1895 (sea slugs in the order Opisthobranchia: superfamily "Acochlidioidea", family Hedylopsidae Odhner, 1952 [1] that are currently placed in the genus Hedylopsis Thiele, 1931)[2], and Hedyle Malmgren 1865 (a polychaete worm)[3]. The Polychaeta or polychaetes are a class of Annelid worms generally marine The sea slug family name "Hedylidae Bergh, 1895" (type species Hedyle weberi Bergh, 1895) is thus also invalid.

Morphology and identification

The eggs of hedylid moths have an upright configuration and are variable in shape: in Macrosoma inermis they are particularly narrow and spindle-shaped[10] resembling those of some Pieridae and in the case of M. The Pieridae are a large family of butterflies with about 76 genera containing approximately 1100 species mostly from tropical Africa and Asia tipulata they are more barrel-shaped,[11] like certain Nymphalidae. The Nymphalidae is a family of about 5000 Species of butterflies which are distributed throughout most of the world The larvae resemble probably convergently those of Apaturinae. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages [10] Adult hedylids resemble geometer moths. The geometer moths or Geometridae are a family of the order Lepidoptera. They share many characteristics both (morphological and genetic) with the superfamilies Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is The Superfamily Papilionoidea (from the word "papilion" meaning "butterfly" contains all the butterflies except for the skippers which A skipper is a Butterfly of the family Hesperiidae (superfamily Hesperioidea named after their quick darting flight habits The abdomen is very long and slim, like many Neotropical butterflies of the subfamilies Ithomiinae and Heliconiinae, hence the name of one Macrosoma species "heliconiaria". Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described In Biogeography, Neotropic or Neotropical refers to one of the world's eight terrestrial Ecozones This ecozone includes South and Central America the The Nymphalidae is a family of about 5000 Species of butterflies which are distributed throughout most of the world The Heliconiinae, commonly called heliconians or longwings, are a Subfamily of the Brush-footed butterflies ( family Nymphalidae Unlike other butterflies however, the antennae are un-clubbed, but rather filiform or bipectinate. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Antennae (singular antenna) are paired Appendages connected to the front-most segments of Arthropods In Crustaceans they are Antennae (singular antenna) are paired Appendages connected to the front-most segments of Arthropods In Crustaceans they are Antennae (singular antenna) are paired Appendages connected to the front-most segments of Arthropods In Crustaceans they are [12] Unlike the family Geometridae, in which they had been placed by the geometer expert L. The geometer moths or Geometridae are a family of the order Lepidoptera. The geometer moths or Geometridae are a family of the order Lepidoptera. B. Prout, hedylids lack tympanic organs at the base of the abdomen, but have them on the wings (see under Behaviour). A Tympanal organ is a hearing organ in Insects, consisting of a membrane ( tympanum) stretched across a frame backed by an air sac Hedylidae, the "American moth-butterflies" is a family of Insects in the Lepidopteran order representing the superfamily Unlike other butterflies, however, (except in the unique case of the remarkable Australian skipper butterfly Euschemon rafflesia whose males possess these structures), the single-spined frenulum, and retinaculum is not lost or reduced in males, except in three Macrosoma species where there is no functional wing coupling system; the retinaculum is always lost in females and the frenulum may be vestigial. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A skipper is a Butterfly of the family Hesperiidae (superfamily Hesperioidea named after their quick darting flight habits The retinaculum is a loop on the underside of the forewing of some moths The retinaculum is a loop on the underside of the forewing of some moths Vestigiality describes homologous characters of Organisms which have lost all or most of their original function in a species through [1] The family have been fully catalogued [10] and illustrated in an identification guide. [13]

Butterfly-like characteristics of Hedylidae

  1. "Mesoscutum" with "secondary line of weakness" near median "notal" wing process,[14] as in some representatives of Papilionidea and Hesperioidea (potentially unique butterfly character[15];
  2. Mesothoracic aorta with horizontal chamber, as in other butterflies (not Papilionidae), but as also in Cossidae;[12][15]
  3. Metathoracic "furca" resembling a blunt arrowhead[1]; this a variable but potentially unique character in butterflies;[15]
  4. Second median plate of forewing base lying partly under the base of vein "1A+2A", unlike the configuration in moths;[1]
  5. "Postspiracular bar" on first abdominal segment;[1]
  6. Female genitalic "anterior apophyses" reduced;[1]
  7. Male genitalia relatively "deep" dorso-ventrally;[1]
  8. Abdomen curved (especially in males), as in papilionoids;[1]
  9. Abdominal first tergal segment is strongly "pouched" (Scoble 1986; as also in Thyatirinae moths;[15]
  10. "Precoxal" sulcus joining "marginopleural" sulcus[1];
  11. Male Foreleg pretarsus lost,thus fused into two elements[16] as in nymphalid butterflies, with the mid and hindlegs used for perching, but apparently redeveloped in hesperiids;[1]
  12. Egg upright, spindle-shaped and ribbed[17] as in some Pieridae (e. The mesothorax is the middle of the three segments in the Thorax of an Insect, and bears the second pair of legs Cossidae (also cossid moths or carpenter moths) is a worldwide family of mostly large Moths It includes many species with large Caterpillars The metathorax is the posterior of the three segments in the Thorax of an Insect, and bears the third pair of legs. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described "Tornus" redirects here For the Gastropod Genus, see Tornus (gastropod. A tergum (plural terga, associated adjective tergal) is the dorsal portion of an Arthropod segment other than the head This article is about the Moth family. For the sicklefishes see Drepaneidae; for the Drepanidinae (or Drepanididae see Hawaiian honeycreeper The arthropod leg is a form of jointed Appendage of Arthropods usually used for Walking. A sulcus (pronounced with a hard c (pl sulci) is a depression or fissure in the surface of an organ especially the Brain. The arthropod leg is a form of jointed Appendage of Arthropods usually used for Walking. The arthropod leg is a form of jointed Appendage of Arthropods usually used for Walking. The Nymphalidae is a family of about 5000 Species of butterflies which are distributed throughout most of the world g. the Orange tip butterfly), some other butterflies, and as in some moth groups also;[15]
  13. Larva with "anal comb"[18], as in some Hesperioidea (not however Megathyminae) and Pieridae, but not in other Papilionoidea except one species (and also independently in Tortricidae), that is used for propulsion of frass away from the caterpillar;[15]
  14. Caterpillar with horn-like processes and a "bifid" tail as in many Nymphalidae;[17][19]
  15. Caterpillar with "secondary setae", as in Pieridae[17];
  16. Ventral larval proleg "crochet" hooks not forming a complete circle, unlike configuration in hesperiids and papilionoids;[1]
  17. Pupa affixed to the substrate via a silken girdle around the 1st abdominal segment,[20]</ref>Image of 1st abdominal segment</ref> like in Pieridae (as also in some Geometridae, especially the subfamily Sterrhinae (in which the girdle is around the abdomen), but lost in many Papilionoidea);[1]
  18. Pupal cocoon lost, as in papilionoids, and a few other groups of Lepidoptera;[1]
  19. "Temporal cleavage line" lost in the pupa (as in papilionoids). The Orange Tip (Anthocharis cardamines is a Butterfly in the Pieridae family A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example A skipper is a Butterfly of the family Hesperiidae (superfamily Hesperioidea named after their quick darting flight habits Tortricidae is a family of moths in the order Lepidoptera. They are commonly known as tortrix Moths. Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus Seta (plural setae) is a biological term derived from the Latin word for " Bristle " In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Prolegs are the fleshy stubby little structures found on the ventral surface of the Abdomen of most larval forms of Insects of the Order Lepidoptera A pupa ( Latin pupa for doll pl pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some Insects undergoing transformation "Tornus" redirects here For the Gastropod Genus, see Tornus (gastropod. The geometer moths or Geometridae are a family of the order Lepidoptera. The Superfamily Papilionoidea (from the word "papilion" meaning "butterfly" contains all the butterflies except for the skippers which A pupa ( Latin pupa for doll pl pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some Insects undergoing transformation [1]

Distribution

Hedylidae range in Central America south from central Mexico and in South America through the Amazon from southern Peru (where there are a full 26 species,[21] up to 12 at a single site: [22] to central Bolivia and southwestern Brazil[13]). The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld In the Caribbean, they also occur in Cuba, Jamaica and Trinidad. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Trinidad ( Spanish: " Trinity " is the largest and most populous of the two major islands and [13][22]

Behaviour

Hedylids are attracted to articifial lights, but occasionally some species can be found flying by day. A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. [23] Thus, they may be involved in some mimicry complexes with Ithomiinae (e. Biological mimicry occurs when a group of organisms the mimics, have The Nymphalidae is a family of about 5000 Species of butterflies which are distributed throughout most of the world g. the female only of Macrosoma lucivittata. [24] A few species are white[25] and resemble pierid butterflies (e. g. Macrosoma napiaria). Based on a study of Macrosoma heliconiaria , it has been found that hedylids have tympanic organs on their forewings for hearing[26] apparently homologous to the "Vogel's organ" in some Papilionoidea[27] that would help them evade bats at night. A Tympanal organ is a hearing organ in Insects, consisting of a membrane ( tympanum) stretched across a frame backed by an air sac "Tornus" redirects here For the Gastropod Genus, see Tornus (gastropod. In Evolutionary biology, homology has come to mean any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry. The Superfamily Papilionoidea (from the word "papilion" meaning "butterfly" contains all the butterflies except for the skippers which They have been shown to exhibit typical moth evasive behaviour towards bats such as erratic spiralling movements and dives. [28] The resting posture is often at a curious angle[4], with the thorax tilted and the posterior edge of the hindwings nearly touching the substrate (Scoble, 1986). The larvae which lack the prominent horns in the first instar tend to rest on the midrib of the leaf and often skeletonise leaves or at either side produce an untidy patchwork of holes[5]. An instar is a developmental stage of Arthropods, such as Insects, between each moult ( ecdysis) until sexual maturity is reached The elegant pupa is attached by a cremaster and silken girdle[6] and sometimes resembles a bird dropping[7].

List of species

This list of species is largely based on pheneticcharacters. Phenetics should not be confused with Phonetics, the study of speech sounds despite the similarity in pronunciation [10][13]


Biology and hostplants

The life history of Macrosoma heliconiaria was originally described from plants of Byttneria aculeata in Mexico. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. [23] This was a historical breakthrough into the biology of hedylids. In this study, Kendall commented notably "I thought the larvae might represent a satyr species, but when the first larva pupated I was sure it was a pierid. The first adult emerged as a complete surprise. The pupa. . . is secured by girdle and cremaster, not unlike a pierid". Macrosoma cascaria was later also reared on this plant in Panama. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. [17] More life histories are now known. From these data, known hostplants span a wide range of (according to the APG II system) rosid dicotyledonous plants, including the rosid order Myrtales family Melastomataceae (genera Miconia, Conostegia, and Ossaea), the eurosid I order Malpighiales, families Euphorbiaceae (Croton), and Malpighiaceae (Byrsonima), the eurosid II orders Sapindales, family Rutaceae (Zanthoxylum) and more commonly [29] Malvales, family Malvaceae, tribes: Bombacoideae (Ochroma), Malvoideae (Hampea and also Hibiscus,[13] Byttnerioideae (Byttneria aculeata, Theobroma) and Grewioideae (Luehea). In the APG II system for the classification of the Angiosperms the name rosids refers to a Clade, meaning a Monophyletic group of plants Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of Flowering plants whose Seed typically has two embryonic leaves or Cotyledons There In the APG II system for the classification of the Angiosperms the name rosids refers to a Clade, meaning a Monophyletic group of plants The Myrtales are an order of Flowering plants placed as a basal group within the rosid group of Dicotyledons (not a member of eurosids I or eurosids II The family Melastomataceae (alternatively Melastomaceae) is a taxon of dicotyledonous Flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two thirds Miconia is a genus of Flowering plants in the family Melastomataceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Americas. The family Melastomataceae (alternatively Melastomaceae) is a taxon of dicotyledonous Flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two thirds The family Melastomataceae (alternatively Melastomaceae) is a taxon of dicotyledonous Flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two thirds In the APG II system for the classification of the Angiosperms the name rosids refers to a Clade, meaning a Monophyletic group of plants The Malpighiales are a large order of Flowering plants included in the group named Eurosids I in the recent APG classification The Spurge family ( Euphorbiaceae) is a large family of Flowering plants with 300 genera and around 7500 species The Malpighiaceae a family of Flowering plants in the order Malpighiales, comprises approximately 75 genera and 1300 Species of the tropics Byrsonima is a Genus in the Malpighiaceae, a family of about 75 genera of Flowering plants in the order Malpighiales In the APG II system for the classification of the Angiosperms the name rosids refers to a Clade, meaning a Monophyletic group of plants Sapindales (pronounced /sæpɪn'deɪliz/ last two syllables just like the word dailies ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'' p Rutaceae, commonly known as the Rue or Citrus family is a family of Plants usually placed in the order Sapindales. Zanthoxylum (from the Greek ξανθὸν ξύλον "yellow wood" is a Genus of about 250 species of Deciduous and Evergreen Malvales is the name of an order of Flowering plants As circumscribed by APG II -system it includes about 6000 Species within nine Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of Flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2300 species Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of Flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2300 species Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of Flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2300 species Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of Flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2300 species Hibiscus, or rosemallow, is a large genus of about 200&ndash220 species of Flowering plants in the family Malvaceae (the mallow family Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of Flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2300 species Theobroma is a Genus of about 20 species in the family Sterculiaceae or sometimes classified as Malvaceae. Grewioideae is a subfamily of the Malvaceae family The group is named for English scientist Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712 Grewioideae is a subfamily of the Malvaceae family The group is named for English scientist Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712 The "green lizard caterpillar" Macrosoma tipulata[30] attacks an economically important local fruit tree "Cupuaçu" (Theobroma grandiflorum) in Brazil and can defoliate saplings; the biology of this species has been studied and illustrated in some detail. Cupuaçu ( Theobroma grandiflorum) also spelled Cupuassu and Copoasu, is a tropical rainforest Tree related to Cacao. Cupuaçu ( Theobroma grandiflorum) also spelled Cupuassu and Copoasu, is a tropical rainforest Tree related to Cacao. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld [11] The larva of this species lives about 15 days in 5 instars, the pupal stage lasts about 7 days and the adult lives about 10 days. M. tipulata and many other species can be found as adults through most of the year. [13]

DNA sequences

A few species have been sequenced for the mitochondrial genes "cytochrome oxidase I", and "ND1" and nuclear genes "Wingless" and "Ef-1?",[31] including Macrosoma semiermis. The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the Nucleotide bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine In Cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed Organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Nuclear gene is a Gene located in the Cell nucleus of an Eukaryote. Some species are currently being barcoded. DNA barcoding is a taxonomic method that uses a short genetic marker in an organism's mitochondrial DNA to identify it as belonging to a particular Species [32]

Cited literature

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Scoble, M. J. (1986) The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies. Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist. ) (Ent. ), 53: 251-286.
  2. ^ Prout, L. B. (1910). Lepidoptera Heterocera, Fam. Geometridae, Subfam. Oenochrominae. Genera Insectorium, 104: 1-119.
  3. ^ Prout, L. B. (1931). The American Geometridae. The Macrolepidoptera of the World, 8: 1-144
  4. ^ Weintraub, J. D. and Miller, J. S. (1987). The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of butterflies. Cladistics, 3: 299-304.
  5. ^ Scoble, M. J. (1988). Hedylidae: a response to Weintraub and Miller. Cladistics, 4: 93-96.
  6. ^ Weller, S. J. , and Pashley, D. P. (1995). In search of butterfly origins. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 4: 235-246.
  7. ^ Wahlberg, N. , Braby, M. F. , Brower, A. V. Z. , de Jong, R. , Lee, M. -M. , Nylin, S. , Pierce, N. E. , Sperling, F. A. H. , Vila, R. , Warren A. D. and Zakharov, E. (2005). Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 272: 1577-1586.
  8. ^ Synonymy
  9. ^ Hammer, M. (1979). Investigations on the oribatid fauna of Java. K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Skr. , 22(9): 34.
  10. ^ a b c d Scoble, M. J. (1990a). A catalogue of the Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea), with descriptions of two new species. Entomologica Scandinavica, 21: 113-119.
  11. ^ a b Lourido, G. , Silva, N. M. , Motta, C. S. 2007. Biological Parameters and Damage by Macrosoma tipulata Hübner (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae), in Cupuaçu tree [Theobroma grandiflorum (Wild ex Spreng Schum)] in Amazonas, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 36(1):102-106.
  12. ^ a b Scoble, M. J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. The Natural History Museum and Oxford University Press, London.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Scoble, M. J. (1990b). An identification guide to the Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea). Entomologica Scandinavica, 21: 121-158.
  14. ^ Minet, J. (1991). Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Glossata). Entomologica Scandinavica, 22: 69-95.
  15. ^ a b c d e f de Jong, R. , Vane_Wright, R. I. and Ackery, P. R. 1996. The higher classification of butterflies (Lepidoptera): problems and prospects. Entomologica Scandinavica, 27: 65-102.
  16. ^ Ackery, P. R. , de Jong, R and Vane-Wright, R. I. (1999). The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidae. Pp. 263-300 in Kristensen, N. P. (Ed. ). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Volume IV/Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
  17. ^ a b c d Scoble, M. J. , Aiello, A. (1990). Moth-like butterflies (Hedylidae: Lepidoptera): a summary, with comments on the egg. Journal of Natural History, 24(1): 159-164.
  18. ^ Scoble, M. J. , 1992. Guía de las Mariposas Hedílidas de Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae). In: Guía de Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, 1: v, 30 pp, + 61 figs.
  19. ^ Image of bifid tail
  20. ^ Image of 1st abdominal segment
  21. ^ Lamas, G. and Grados, J. (1998). Sinopsis de los Hedylidae (Lepidoptera) del Perú. Revista Peruviana Entomologia, 40: 107-109.
  22. ^ a b Grados, J. (1998). Pp 119-120 in Alonso, A. and F. Dallmeier (eds). Biodiversity Assessment of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru: Cashiriari-3 Well Site and the Camisea and Urubamba Rivers. SI/MAB Series #2. Smithsonian Institution/MAB Biodiversity Program, Washington, DC.
  23. ^ a b Kendall, R. O. , (1976). Larval foodplants and life history notes for eight moths from Texas and Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 30(4): 264-271.
  24. ^ Beccaloni, G. W. (1997). Ecology, natural history and behaviour of ithomiine butterflies and their mimics in Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 8(2): 103-124.
  25. ^ A white species of Macrosoma
  26. ^ Organ of hearing
  27. ^ Rydell, J. , Kaerma, S. , Hedelin, H. and Skals, N. (2004). Evasive response to ultrasound by the crepuscular butterfly Manataria maculata. Naturwissenschaften, 90(2): 80-83.
  28. ^ Yack, J. E. and Fullard, J. H. (1999). Ultrasonic hearing in nocturnal butterflies. Nature, 403: 265-266.
  29. ^ Janz, N. and Nylin, S. (1998). Butterflies and Plants: A Phylogenetic Study. Evolution, 52(2): 486-502.
  30. ^ Image of Macrosoma tipulata
  31. ^ Nucleotide sequences
  32. ^ DNA Barcodes for Macrosoma

Sources

External links

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