Louis Hector Berlioz (December 11, 1803 – March 8, 1869) was a French Romantic composer, best known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Grande Messe des morts (Requiem). Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance An Episode in the Life of the Artist Opus 14 usually referred to by its subtitle Symphonie fantastique ( Fantasy Symphony) is The Grande Messe des morts, Op. 5 (or Requiem) by Hector Berlioz was composed in 1837. The Requiem (from Latin requiem, accusative case of requies, rest or Requiem Mass (informally a funeral Mass also known formally (in Latin as the Berlioz made great contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation and by utilizing huge orchestral forces for his works, sometimes calling for over 1,000 performers. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Grand Traité d’Instrumentation et d’Orchestration Modernes, abbreviated in English as the Treatise on Instrumentation (sometimes Treatise on Orchestration ^[1] At the other extreme, he also composed around 50 songs for voice and piano. A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 Student life 1.2.1 Paris 1.2.2 Italy 1.3 Decade of productivity 1.4 Mid-life 1.4.1 Les Troyens 1.5 Later years 2 Berlioz as a conductor 3 Legacy 4 Influences 4.1 Literature 4.1.1 Shakespeare 4.1.2 Faust 4.1.3 The Romantics 4.2 Music 4.2.1 Beethoven 4.2.2 Other composers 5 Works 5.1 Musical works 5.2 Literary works 6 References 7 External links

Biography

Early years

Berlioz was born in France at La Côte-Saint-André^[2] in the département of Isère, near Lyon. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. La Côte-Saint-André is a small village in France, situated between Vienne, Lyon, and Grenoble in the Department of Isère, most In the Terminology of Political geography and Historiography a National department (département departamento is an administrative Isère ( Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department, in the Rhône-Alpes ( Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. ^[3] His father, a respected^[4] provincial physician^[5] and scholar, was responsible for much of the young Berlioz's education. The father is defined as the Male Parent of an offspring The Adjective "paternal" refers to father parallel to "maternal" for A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health ^[4] His father was an atheist,^[5] with a liberal outlook;^[6] his mother was an orthodox Roman Catholic. Atheism Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal "Mom" "Mum" and "Mommy" redirect here ^[4][5] He had five siblings in all, three of whom did not survive to adulthood. ^[7] The other two, Nanci and Adèle, remained close to Berlioz throughout his life. ^[6]

Unlike many other composers of the time, Berlioz was not a child prodigy; he began studying music at age 12, when he began writing small compositions and arrangements. List of child prodigies|Fictional child prodigies A child prodigy is a one who masters one or more skills or arts at an early age As a result of his father's discouragement, he never learned to play the piano, a peculiarity he later described as both beneficial and detrimental. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers ^[8] He became proficient at guitar and flute. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its ^[9][10] He learnt harmony by textbooks alone—he was not formally trained. ^[10][9] The majority of his early compositions were romances and chamber pieces. Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber ^[9][11]

Still at age 12, as recalled in his Mémoires, he experienced his first passion for a woman, an 18 year old next door neighbour named Estelle Fornier (née Dubœuf). The Mémoires de Hector Berlioz are an Autobiography by French Composer Hector Berlioz. ^[4][12] Berlioz appears to have been innately Romantic, - this characteristic manifesting itself in his love affairs, adoration of great romantic literature,^[13] and his weeping at passages by Virgil ^[6] (by age twelve he had learned to read Virgil in Latin and translate it into French under his father's tutelage), Shakespeare, and Beethoven. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the For other uses see Love Affair or Scandal An affair may refer to a form of nonmonogamy, to Infidelity or to Adultery. Romanticism largely began as a reaction against the prevailing Enlightenment ideals of the day Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The father is defined as the Male Parent of an offspring The Adjective "paternal" refers to father parallel to "maternal" for William Shakespeare ( baptised Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist.

Student life

Paris

In 1821, at age 18, Berlioz was sent to Paris to study medicine,^[14][5] a field for which he had no interest and, later, outright disgust after viewing a human corpse being dissected. Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium Henrietta Constance (Harriet Smithson (1800 - 3 March 1854 was an Irish actress, the first wife of Hector Berlioz, and the inspiration for his Ophelia is a Fictional character in the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare ( baptised Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The human body is the entire physical and mental structure of a Human Organism. Dissection (also called anatomization) is usually the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the function ^[4][5] (He gives a colorful account of this account in his Mémoires. )^[15] He began to take advantage of the institutions he now had access to in the city, including his first visit to the Paris Opéra, where he saw Iphigénie en Tauride by Christoph Willibald Gluck, a composer whom he came to admire above all, jointly alongside Ludwig van Beethoven. The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat Iphigénie en Tauride ( Iphigeneia in Tauris) is an Opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck in four acts Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist.

He also began to visit the Paris Conservatoire library, seeking out scores of Gluck's operas and making personal copies of parts of them. The Conservatoire de Paris is an institution of higher education that has played an important role in the development of Music in France and Western Europe A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution Sheet music is a hand-written or printed form of Musical notation; like its analogs -- books pamphlets etc Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto He recalled in his Mémoires his first encounter with Luigi Cherubini, the Conservatoire's then music director. Luigi Cherubini ( September 8 or September 14, 1760 &ndash March 15, 1842) was an Italian born composer who spent most of his Cherubini attempted to throw the impetuous Berlioz out of the library since he was not a formal music student at that time. ^[16][17] Berlioz also heard two operas by Gaspare Spontini, a composer who influenced him through their friendship, and whom he later championed when working as a critic. Gaspare Luigi Pacifico Spontini ( 14 November, 1774 &ndash 24 January, 1851) was an Italian Opera Composer The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word From then on, he devoted himself to composition. He was encouraged in his endeavors by Jean-François Le Sueur, director of the Royal Chapel and professor at the Conservatoire. Jean-François Le Sueur (or Lesueur) ( 15 February 1760 — 6 October 1837) was a French Composer, best known for his In 1823, he wrote his first article—a letter to the journal Le Corsaire defending Spontini's La Vestale. Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common See also Marie Sallé, whose stage name was "La Vestale" By now he had composed several works including Estelle et Némorin and Le Passage de la mer Rouge (The Crossing of the Red Sea) - both now lost - the latter of which convinced Lesueur to take Berlioz on as one of his private pupils. ^[4]

Despite his parents' disapproval,^[13] in 1824 he formally abandoned his medical studies^[5] to pursue a career in music. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year He composed the Messe solennelle. Messe solennelle is a setting of the Catholic Solemn Mass by the French composer Hector Berlioz. This work was rehearsed and revised after the rehearsal but not performed until the following year. Berlioz later claimed to have burnt the score,^[18] but it was miraculously re-discovered in 1991. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. ^[19][20] Later that year or in 1825, he began to compose the opera Les francs-juges, which was completed the following year but went unperformed. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Les francs-juges is the title of an unfinished Opera by the French composer Hector Berlioz written to a Libretto by his friend The work survives only in fragments;^[21] the overture survives and is sometimes played in concert. Overture ( French ouverture meaning opening in Music is the instrumental introduction to a Dramatic choral or occasionally

In 1826 he began attending the Conservatoire^[14] to study composition under Le Sueur and Anton Reicha. For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance Anton ( Antonín, Antoine) Reicha ( Rejcha) ( February 26, 1770 &ndash May 28, 1836) was a Czech -born He also submitted a fugue to the Prix de Rome, but was eliminated in the primary round. This article concerns the French government prize For similarly named prizes aimed at other countries' nationals see Prix de Rome (disambiguation. Winning the prize would become an obsession until he finally won it in 1830, with his submitting a new cantata every year until he succeeded at his fourth attempt. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display The French composer Hector Berlioz made four attempts at winning the Prix de Rome music prize finally succeeding in 1830 The reason for this interest in the prize was not just academic recognition. The prize included a five year pension^[22]-much needed income for the struggling composer. In 1827 he composed the Waverly overture after Walter Scott's^[14] Waverley novels. Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout The Waverley Novels are a long series of books by Sir Walter Scott. He also began working as a chorus singer at a vaudeville theatre to contribute towards an income. For the musical composition see Chorale. A choir, chorale, or chorus is a Musical ensemble of Singers The Comédie en vaudeville was a theatrical entertainment which began in Paris towards the end of the 17th century in which Comedy was enlivened though lyrics using ^[5][12] Later that year, he saw his future wife Harriet Smithson at the Odéon theatre playing Ophelia and Juliet in Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. Henrietta Constance (Harriet Smithson (1800 - 3 March 1854 was an Irish actress, the first wife of Hector Berlioz, and the inspiration for his The Odéon is one of France 's six "national theatres " located in the VIe arrondissement, on the Left Bank of Paris, next Ophelia is a Fictional character in the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. Juliet Capulet is one of the title characters in William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the William Shakespeare ( baptised He immediately became infatuated by both actress^[13] and playwright. Infatuation is the state of being completely carried away by unreasoned passion or Love; addictive love An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. ^[14] From then on, he began to send Harriet messages, but she considered Berlioz's letters introducing himself to her so overly passionate that she refused his advances. ^[5]

In 1828 Berlioz heard Beethoven's third and fifth symphonies performed at the Paris Conservatoire - an experience that he found overwhelming. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The Symphony No 3 in E flat major ( Op 55 by Ludwig van Beethoven (known as the Eroica which is Italian for "heroic" Ludwig van Beethoven 's Symphony No 5 in C minor Op 67 was written in 1804–08 The Conservatoire de Paris is an institution of higher education that has played an important role in the development of Music in France and Western Europe ^[23] He also read Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust for the first time (in French translation), which would become the inspiration for Huit scènes de Faust (his Opus 1), much later re-developed as La damnation de Faust. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's Faust is a tragic play. It was published in two parts de Faust der Tragödie erster Teil (translated French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Opus, from the Latin word opus meaning "work" is usually used in the sense of "a Work of art " La damnation de Faust (English The Damnation of Faust) is a work for Orchestra, voices and chorus written by Hector Berlioz (he He also came into contact with Beethoven's string quartets^[24] and piano sonatas, and recognised the importance of these immediately. A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece The Baroque keyboard sonata In the Baroque era the use of the term "sonata" generally referred to either the Sonata da chiesa ( Church sonata He began to study English so that he could read Shakespeare. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States At a similar time, he also began to write musical criticism. ^[5]

He began and finished composition of the Symphonie fantastique in 1830, a work which would bring Berlioz much fame and notoriety. An Episode in the Life of the Artist Opus 14 usually referred to by its subtitle Symphonie fantastique ( Fantasy Symphony) is For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display He entered into a relationship with - and subsequently became engaged to - Camille Moke, despite the symphony being inspired by Berlioz's obsession with Harriet Smithson. Henrietta Constance (Harriet Smithson (1800 - 3 March 1854 was an Irish actress, the first wife of Hector Berlioz, and the inspiration for his As his fourth cantata for submittal to the Prix de Rome neared completion, the July Revolution broke out. A cantata (derived from the Italian word 'cantare' meaning 'to sing' is a vocal composition with an instrumental Accompaniment and often The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French "I was finishing my cantata when the Revolution broke out," he recorded in his Mémoires, "I dashed off the final pages of my orchestral score to the sound of stray bullets coming over the roofs and pattering on the wall outside my window. The Mémoires de Hector Berlioz are an Autobiography by French Composer Hector Berlioz. On the 29th I had finished, and was free to go out and roam about Paris 'till morning, pistol in hand". ^[25] Shortly later, he finally won the prize^[26][27] with the cantata Sardanapale. The French composer Hector Berlioz made four attempts at winning the Prix de Rome music prize finally succeeding in 1830 He also arranged the French national anthem La Marseillaise as well as composed an overture to Shakespeare's The Tempest, which was the first of his pieces to play at the Paris Opéra, but an hour before the performance began, quite ironically, a sudden storm created the worst rain in Paris for 50 years, meaning the performance was almost deserted. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's " La Marseillaise " (la maʁsɛˡjɛz in English The Song of Marseille) is the National anthem of France. The Tempest is a comedy written by William Shakespeare. It is generally dated to 1610-11 and accepted as the last play written solely by him although The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat A storm is any disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere, especially affecting its surface and strongly implying Severe weather. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city ^[28] Berlioz met Franz Liszt who was also attending the concert. This proved to be the beginning of a long friendship. Liszt would later transcribe the entire Symphonie fantastique for piano to enable more people to hear it. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers

Italy

On December 30], 1831, Berlioz left France for Rome, prompted by a clause in the Prix de Rome which required winners to spend two years studying there. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 This article concerns the French government prize For similarly named prizes aimed at other countries' nationals see Prix de Rome (disambiguation. Although none of his major works was actually written in Italy, his travels and experiences there would later influence and inspire much of his music. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This is most evident in the thematic aspects of his music, particularly Harold en Italie (1834), a work inspired by Byron’s Childe Harold. Harold en Italie (English Harold in Italy Symphony with Viola obbligato) Op Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Childe Harold's Pilgrimage is a lengthy Narrative poem written by the poet George Gordon Lord Byron when at Kinsham. Berlioz later recalled that his, "intention was to write a series of orchestral scenes, in which the solo viola would be involved as a more or less active participant [with the orchestra] while retaining its own character. By placing it among the poetic memories formed from my wanderings in Abruzzi, I wanted to make the viola a kind of melancholy dreamer in the manner of Byron’s Childe-Harold. "^[29]

While in Rome, he stayed at the French Academy in the Villa Medici. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The French Academy in Rome (Académie de France à Rome is an Academy located in the Villa Medici, within the Villa Borghese, on the Pincio (Pincian Hill For the Medici Villas in Tuscany, see Medici villas. The Villa Medici is an architectural complex centred He found the city distasteful, writing, "Rome is the most stupid and prosaic city I know; it is no place for anyone with head or heart. "^[6] He therefore made an effort to leave the city as often as possible, making frequent trips to the surrounding country. During one of these trips, while Berlioz enjoyed an afternoon of sailing, he encountered a group of Carbonari. The Carbonari ("charcoal burners" were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. These were members of a secret society of Italian patriots based in France with the aim of creating a unified Italy. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[30]

During his stay in Italy, he received a letter from the mother of his fiancée informing him that she had called off their engagement. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** Instead her daughter was to marry Camille Pleyel (son of Ignaz Pleyel), a rich piano manufacturer. Ignace Joseph Pleyel ( June 18, 1757 &ndash November 14, 1831) was an Austrian-born French Composer of the The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers Enraged, Berlioz decided to return to Paris and take revenge on Pleyel, his fiancée, and her mother by killing all three of them. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city He created an elaborate plan, going so far as to purchase a dress, wig and hat with a veil (with which he was to disguise himself as a woman in order to gain entry to their home). A dress (also frock, gown) is a garment consisting of a Skirt with an attached Bodice or with a matching bodice giving the effect of a one-piece A wig is a head of Hair made from horse-hair human hair wool feathers buffalo hair or synthetic worn on the head for fashion or various other aesthetic and stylistic A hat is a headcovering It may be worn for protection against the elements for religious reasons for safety or as a Fashion accessory. A veil is an article of clothing worn almost exclusively by women that is intended to cover some part of the head or Face. Deception (also called beguilement or subterfuge) is the act of convincing another to believe Information that is not true or not the whole truth as in ^[31] He even stole a pair of double-barrelled pistols from the Academy to kill them with, saving a single shot for himself. ^[31] Meticulously careful, Berlioz purchased phials of strychnine and laudanum^[31] to use as poisons in the event of a pistol jamming. A vial (also phial) is a relatively small Glass vessel or Bottle, especially used to store Medication as liquids powders or in other forms like Strychnine (ˈstrɪkniːn (British US /-naɪn/ or /-nɪn/ (US Laudanum (ˈlȯd-nəm or ˈlȯ-də-nəm also known as Opium Tincture or Tincture of Opium, is an Alcoholic herbal preparation

Despite this careful planning, Berlioz failed to carry through with the plot. By the time he had reached Genoa, he realised he left his disguise in the side pocket of a carriage during his journey. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English After arriving in Nice (at that time, part of Italy), he reconsidered the entire plan, deciding it to be inappropriate and foolish. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek ^[31] He sent a letter to the Academy in Rome, requesting that he be allowed to return. This request was accepted,^[12] and he prepared for his trip back.

Before returning to Rome, Berlioz composed the overtures to King Lear in Nice^[7] and Rob Roy,^[9] and began work on a sequel to the Symphonie fantastique, Le retour à la vie (The Return to Life),^[32] renamed Lélio in 1855. The French composer Hector Berlioz wrote a number of Overtures many of which have become popular concert items King Lear is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1603 and 1606 and is considered one of his greatest works Rob Roy (1817 is a novel by Walter Scott about Frank Osbaldistone the son of an English merchant who goes to the Scottish Highlands to collect a An Episode in the Life of the Artist Opus 14 usually referred to by its subtitle Symphonie fantastique ( Fantasy Symphony) is Lélio ou Le retour à la vie (English Lélio or the Return to Life) Op Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year

Upon his return to Rome, Berlioz posed for a portrait painting by Emile Signol (completed in April 1832), which Berlioz did not consider to be a good likeness of himself. Émile Signol (1804 – 1892 was a French Artist, born in Paris. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian ^[33]

Berlioz continued to travel throughout his stay in Italy. He visited Pompeii, Naples, Milan, Tivoli, Florence, Turin and Genoa. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Tivoli, the classical Tibur, is an ancient Italian town in Lazio, about 30 km from Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Italy was important in providing Berlioz with experiences that would be impossible in France. At times, it was as if he himself was actually experiencing the Romantic tales of Byron in person; consorting with brigands, corsairs, and peasants. An outlaw or bandit is a person living the lifestyle of outlawry; the word literally means "outside the Law " by folk-etymology from the original Corsairs were French Privateers from the north-western French port of St-Malo, located on the northern coast of Brittany. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground ^[6] In November 1832 he returned to Paris to promote his music, after spending 15 months in Italy, nearly killing his former fiancée’s family, and discovering a deeper romantic side of himself that would continue to affect his music forever. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian

Decade of productivity

Between 1830 and 1840, Berlioz wrote many of his most popular and enduring works. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year ^[20] The foremost of these are the Symphonie fantastique (1830), Harold en Italie (1834), the Grande Messe des morts (Requiem) (1837) and Roméo et Juliette (1839). An Episode in the Life of the Artist Opus 14 usually referred to by its subtitle Symphonie fantastique ( Fantasy Symphony) is Harold en Italie (English Harold in Italy Symphony with Viola obbligato) Op Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Grande Messe des morts, Op. 5 (or Requiem) by Hector Berlioz was composed in 1837. The Requiem (from Latin requiem, accusative case of requies, rest or Requiem Mass (informally a funeral Mass also known formally (in Latin as the Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Roméo et Juliette is a "symphonie dramatique" a large scale Choral symphony by French Composer Hector Berlioz. Events Felix Mendelssohn conducts the first performance of Franz Schubert 's Great C Major Symphony Classical Music

On Berlioz's return to Paris, a concert including Symphonie fantastique (which had extensively revised in Italy)^[34] and Le retour à la vie was performed, with among others in attendance: Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, père, Heinrich Heine, Niccolò Paganini, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, George Sand, Alfred de Vigny, Théophile Gautier, Jules Janin and Harriet Smithson. An Episode in the Life of the Artist Opus 14 usually referred to by its subtitle Symphonie fantastique ( Fantasy Symphony) is Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Lélio ou Le retour à la vie (English Lélio or the Return to Life) Op Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Christian Johann Heinrich Heine ( December 13, 1797 – February 17, 1856) was a Journalist, Essayist and one of the Niccolò Paganini ( October 27, 1782 &ndash Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 Alfred Victor de Vigny ( March 27, 1797 &ndash September 17, 1863) was a French Poet, Playwright, and Novelist See also Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier ( August 30, 1811 – October 23, 1872) was a French Poet, Dramatist Jules Gabriel Janin ( February 16, 1804 - June 19, 1874) was a French writer and Critic. Henrietta Constance (Harriet Smithson (1800 - 3 March 1854 was an Irish actress, the first wife of Hector Berlioz, and the inspiration for his At this time, Berlioz also met playwright Ernest Legouvé who became a lifelong friend. A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. Gabriel Jean Baptiste Ernest Wilfrid Legouvé ( 5 February 1807 - 14 March 1903) was a French Dramatist. A few days after the performance, Berlioz and Harriet were finally introduced and entered into a relationship. Despite Berlioz not understanding spoken English and Harriet not knowing any French,^[12] on 3 October 1833, they married in a civil ceremony at the British Embassy with Liszt as one of the witnesses. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The United Kingdom has a large network of diplomatic missions around the world ^[7] The following year their only child, Louis Berlioz, was born - a source of initial disappointment, anxiety and eventual pride to his father. ^[6]

In 1834, virtuoso violinist and composer Niccolò Paganini commissioned Berlioz to compose a viola concerto,^[14] intending to premiere it as soloist. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A virtuoso (from Italian virtuoso, late Latin virtuosus, Latin virtus meaning skill manliness excellence is an individual The following lists of violinists are available List of classical violinists, names of great violinist from baroque era till 20th century The viola concerto is a Concerto contrasting a Viola with another body of musical instruments usually a full Orchestra or String orchestra but This became the symphony for viola and orchestra, Harold en Italie. A symphony is a Musical composition, often extended and usually for Orchestra. The viola is a bowed String instrument. It is the middle voice of the Violin family, An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Harold en Italie (English Harold in Italy Symphony with Viola obbligato) Op Paganini changed his mind about playing the piece himself when he saw the first sketches for the work; he expressed misgivings over its outward lack of complexity. The premiere of the piece was held later that year. After initially rejecting the piece, , Paganini, as Berlioz's Mémoires recount, knelt before Berlioz in front of the orchestra after hearing it for the first time and proclaimed him a genius and heir to Beethoven. The Mémoires de Hector Berlioz are an Autobiography by French Composer Hector Berlioz. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. ^[35][36] The next day he sent Berlioz a gift of 20,000 francs,^[7][12] the generosity of which left Berlioz uncharacteristically lost for words. The franc (represented by the franc sign ₣ or more commonly just F) is a former Currency of France. ^[37] Around this time, Berlioz decided to conduct most of his own concerts, tired as he was of conductors who did not understand his music. This decision launched what was to become a lucrative and creatively fruitful career in conducting music both by himself and other leading composers.

Berlioz composed the opera Benvenuto Cellini in 1836. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Benvenuto Cellini is an Opera in two acts with music by Hector Berlioz and Libretto by Léon de Wailly and Auguste Barbier Events April - Soprano Maria Malibran is seriously injured in a riding accident but refuses to see a doctor she dies later in the year at the age of 28 He was to spend much effort and money in the following decades trying to have it performed successfully. Benvenuto Cellini was premiered at the Paris Opéra on 10 September, but was a failure due to a hostile audience. The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. ^[26][32] One of his most enduring pieces followed Benvenuto Cellini—the Grande Messe des morts, first performed at Les Invalides^[38] in December of that year. The Grande Messe des morts, Op. 5 (or Requiem) by Hector Berlioz was composed in 1837. Les Invalides in Paris, France, is a complex of buildings in the city's 7th arrondissement containing Museums and monuments all relating ^[39] Its gestation was difficult; due to the state commission for the work^[36][27] much bureaucracy had to be endured. Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government There was also opposition from Luigi Cherubini, who was at the time the music director of the Paris Conservatoire. Luigi Cherubini ( September 8 or September 14, 1760 &ndash March 15, 1842) was an Italian born composer who spent most of his The Conservatoire de Paris is an institution of higher education that has played an important role in the development of Music in France and Western Europe Cherubini felt that a government-sponsored commission should naturally be offered to himself rather than the young Berlioz, who was considered an eccentric. ^[4] (It should be noted, however, that regardless of the animosity between the two composers, Berlioz learned from and admired Cherubini's music,^[40] such as the requiem. )^[41]

Thanks to the money Paganini had given him after hearing Harold, Berlioz was able to pay off Harriet's and his own debts and suspend his work as a critic. Debt is that which is owed usually referencing Assets owed but the term can cover other obligations The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word This allowed him to focus on writing the "dramatic symphony" Roméo et Juliette for voices, chorus and orchestra. Roméo et Juliette is a "symphonie dramatique" a large scale Choral symphony by French Composer Hector Berlioz. For the musical composition see Chorale. A choir, chorale, or chorus is a Musical ensemble of Singers An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Berlioz later identified this "choral symphony," as he called it, as his favourite composition. A choral symphony is a large Musical composition, generally including an Orchestra, a Choir and soloists which adheres to some extent (He considered his Requiem his best work, however: "If I were threatened with the destruction of the whole of my works save one, I should crave mercy for the Messe des morts". )^[42] It was a success both at home and abroad, unlike later great vocal works such as La damnation de Faust and Les Troyens, which were commercial failures. La damnation de Faust (English The Damnation of Faust) is a work for Orchestra, voices and chorus written by Hector Berlioz (he Les Troyens (in English The Trojans) is a French Opera in five acts by Hector Berlioz. Roméo et Juliette was premiered in a series of three concerts later in 1839 to distinguished audiences, one including Richard Wagner. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common

The same year Roméo premiered, Berlioz was appointed Conservateur Adjoint (Deputy Librarian) Paris Conservatoire Library. The Conservatoire de Paris is an institution of higher education that has played an important role in the development of Music in France and Western Europe Berlioz supported himself and his family by writing musical criticism for Paris publications, primarily Journal des Débats for over thirty years, and also Gazette musicale and Le Rénovateur. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Journal des débats ("Journal of Debates" was a French Newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times ^[9] While his career as a critic and writer^[14] provided him with a comfortable income, and he had an obvious talent for writing, he came to detest^[20][43][26] the amount of time spent attending performances to review, as it severely limited his free time to promote his own composition^[14] and produce more compositions. It should also be noted that despite his prominent position in musical criticism, he did not use his articles to promote his own works. ^[32]

Mid-life

After the 1830s, Berlioz found it increasingly difficult to achieve recognition for his music in France. The Musée d'Orsay is a Museum in Paris, France, on the left bank of the Seine, housed in the former railway station the Gare Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. As a result, he began to travel to other countries more often. Between 1842 and 1863 he traveled to Germany, England, Austria, Russia and elsewhere,^[9][13] where he conducted operas and orchestral music - both his own and others'. Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well During his lifetime, Berlioz was as famous a conductor as he was as a composer. Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance ^[44]

In 1840, the Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale was commissioned to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution of 1830. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale (English Grand Funereal and Triumphal Symphony) op The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Due to a strict deadline, it was performed only days after it was completed. The performance was held in the open air on 28 July, conducted by Berlioz himself, at the Place de la Bastille. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. The Place de la Bastille is a square in Paris, where the Bastille prison stood until the ' Storming of the Bastille ' and its subsequent physical destruction The piece was difficult to hear due to the crowds and timpani of the drum corps. Timpani (also known colloquially as kettledrums or kettle drums) are Musical instruments in the percussion family ^[36] The following year he began but later abandoned the composition of a new opera, La Nonne sanglante; some fragments survive. ^[45]

In 1841, Berlioz wrote recitatives for a production of Weber's Der Freischütz at the Paris Opéra and also orchestrated Weber’s Invitation à la valse to add ballet music to it. For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Recitative /rɛsɪtə'tiv/ (also known by its Italian name "recitativo" (/retʃita'tivo/ is a style of delivery (much used in Operas Oratorios Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber ( 18 December 1786 in Eutin, Holstein, Germany - 5 June 1826 in London Der Freischütz is an Opera in three acts by Carl Maria von Weber to a Libretto by Friedrich Kind. The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance Later that year Berlioz finished composing the song cycle Les nuits d'été for piano and voices (later to be orchestrated). Les nuits d'été op 7 (Summer Nights is a Song cycle by the French composer Hector Berlioz. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers He also entered into a relationship with singer Marie Recio who would become his second wife. An intimate relationship is a particularly close Interpersonal relationship. A wife is a Female spouse or participant in a Marriage, or Civil union or Civil partnership.

In 1842, Berlioz embarked on a concert tour of Brussels, Belgium from September to October. Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those In December he began a tour in Germany which continued until the middle of next year. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Towns visited included Berlin, Hanover, Leipzig, Stuttgart, Weimar, Hechingen, Darmstadt, Dresden, Brunswick, Hamburg, Frankfurt and Mannheim. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, Hechingen is a Town in the Zollernalbkreis of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Braunschweig, known as Brunswiek in Low German, is a city of 245810 people (as of 31 December 2007 located in Lower Saxony, Germany. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Mannheim is a City in Germany. With 327318 inhabitants it is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg after the capital Stuttgart In Leipzig he met Felix Mendelssohn and Robert Schumann, the latter of whom had written an enthusiastic article on the Symphonie fantastique. Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic An Episode in the Life of the Artist Opus 14 usually referred to by its subtitle Symphonie fantastique ( Fantasy Symphony) is He also met Heinrich Marschner in Hanover, Wagner in Dresden and Giacomo Meyerbeer in Berlin. Heinrich Marschner ( Zittau, 16 August, 1795 - Hanover, 16 December, 1861) was a German composer of 23 Operas Giacomo Meyerbeer ( September 5, 1791 &ndash May 2, 1864) was a noted German -born Opera Composer, and ^[45] Back in Paris, Berlioz began to compose the concert overture Le Carnaval romain, based on^[14] music from Benvenuto Cellini. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of Orchestral Music in one movement in which some extramusical program provides a narrative or illustrative element Benvenuto Cellini is an Opera in two acts with music by Hector Berlioz and Libretto by Léon de Wailly and Auguste Barbier The work was finished the following year and was premiered shortly after. Nowadays it is among the most popular of his overtures.

In early 1844, Berlioz's highly influential^[3][5] Treatise on Instrumentation was published for the first time. Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Grand Traité d’Instrumentation et d’Orchestration Modernes, abbreviated in English as the Treatise on Instrumentation (sometimes Treatise on Orchestration At this time Berlioz was producing several serialisations for music journals which would eventually be collected into his Mémoires and Les Soirées de l’Orchestre (Evenings with the Orchestra). The Mémoires de Hector Berlioz are an Autobiography by French Composer Hector Berlioz. ^[45] He took a recouperation trip to Nice late that year, during which he composed the concert overture La Tour de Nice (The Tower of Nice), later to be revised and renamed Le Corsaire. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek ^[45] Berlioz separated from his wife Harriet, who had long since been suffering from alcohol abuse due to the failure of her acting career,^[5] and moved in with Marie Recio. Legal separation (sometimes "separate maintenance" " divorce a mensa et thoro," or "divorce from bed-and-board" is a possible step towards A wife is a Female spouse or participant in a Marriage, or Civil union or Civil partnership. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions He continued to provide for Harriet for the rest of her life. He also met Mikhail Glinka (who he had initially met in Italy and remained a close friend), who was in Paris between 1844-5, and persuaded Berlioz to embark on one of two tours of Russia. Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (Михаи́л Ива́нович Гли́нка ( –) was the first Russian composer to gain wide recognition inside his own country Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Berlioz's joke "If the Emperor of Russia wants me, then I am up for sale" was taken seriously. ^[7] The two tours of Russia (the second in 1867) proved so financially successful^[7] that they secured Berlioz's finances despite the large amounts of money he was losing in writing unsuccessful compositions. In 1845 he embarked on his first large-scale concert tour of France. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He also attended and wrote a report on the inauguration of a statue to Beethoven in Bonn,^[45] and began composing La damnation de Faust, incorporating the earlier Huit scènes de Faust. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia La damnation de Faust (English The Damnation of Faust) is a work for Orchestra, voices and chorus written by Hector Berlioz (he On his return to Paris, the recently completed La damnation de Faust was premiered at the Opéra-Comique, but after two performances, the run was discontinued and the work was a popular failure^[46] (perhaps due to its halfway status between opera and cantata), despite receiving generally favourable critical reviews. The théâtre national de l’Opéra-Comique ( National Opéra Comic Theatre) is an opera company and Opera house in Paris. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto A cantata (derived from the Italian word 'cantare' meaning 'to sing' is a vocal composition with an instrumental Accompaniment and often ^[47] This left Berlioz heavily in debt^[45] to the tune of 5-6000 francs. The franc (represented by the franc sign ₣ or more commonly just F) is a former Currency of France. ^[47] Becoming ever more disenchanted with his prospects in France, he wrote:

“

Great success, great profit, great performances, etc. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. etc. . . . France is becoming more and more philistine towards music, and the more I see of foreign lands the less I love my own. Art, in France, is dead; so I must go where it is still to be found. In England apparently there has been a real revolution in the musical consciousness of the nation in the last ten years. We shall see. [6]

”

In 1847, during a seven-month visit to England, he was appointed conductor at the London Drury Lane Theatre^[45] by its then-musical director, the popular French musician Louis-Antoine Jullien. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Theatre Royal Drury Lane is a West End theatre in Covent Garden, in the City of Westminster, a borough of London. Louis Antoine Jullien ( April 23, 1812 - March 14, 1860) was a French conductor. He was impressed with its quality when he first heard the orchestra perform at a promenade concert. Although the term Promenade Concert is normally associated today with the series of concerts founded in 1895 by Robert Newman and the conductor Henry Wood ^[48] In London he also learnt that he knew far more English than he had supposed, although still did not understand half of what was said in conversation. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ^[48] He began writing his Mémoires. During his stay in England, the February Revolution broke out in France. The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Berlioz arrived back in France in 1848, only to be informed that his father has died shortly after his return. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The father is defined as the Male Parent of an offspring The Adjective "paternal" refers to father parallel to "maternal" for Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific He went back to his birthplace to mourn his father along with his sisters. ^[45] After his return to Paris, Harriet suffered a series of strokes which left her almost paralysed. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Berlioz paid for four servants to look after her on a permanent basis and visited her almost daily. A domestic worker, domestic, servingman, servingwoman, or servant is one who works and often also lives within the employer's household ^[45] He began composition of his Te Deum. The Te Deum (Op 22 / H118 by Hector Berlioz ( 1803 - 1869) was completed in 1849.

In 1850 he became Head Librarian at the Paris Conservatoire, the only official post he would ever hold, and a valuable source of income. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link The Conservatoire de Paris is an institution of higher education that has played an important role in the development of Music in France and Western Europe ^[45] During this year Berlioz also conducted an experiment on his many vocal critics. He composed a work entitled the Shepherd's Farewell and performed it in two concerts^[49] under the guise of it being by a composer named Pierre Ducré. This composer was of course a fictional construct by Berlioz. ^[50] The trick worked, and the critics praised the work by 'Ducré' and claimed it was an example that Berlioz would do well to follow. "Berlioz could never do that!", he recounts in his Mémoires, was one of the comments. ^[49] Berlioz later incorporated the piece into La fuite en Egypte from L'enfance du Christ. L'enfance du Christ ( English: The Childhood of Christ) Opus 25 is a choral work by the French composer Hector Berlioz ^[51] In 1852, Liszt revived Benvenuto Cellini^[32] in what was to become the "Weimar version" of the opera, containing modifications made with the approval of Berlioz. Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Benvenuto Cellini is an Opera in two acts with music by Hector Berlioz and Libretto by Léon de Wailly and Auguste Barbier Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, ^[52] The performances were the first since the disastrous premiere of 1838. Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Berlioz travelled to London in the following year to stage it at Theatre Royal, Covent Garden but withdrew it after one performance due to the hostile reception. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Theatre Royal Drury Lane is a West End theatre in Covent Garden, in the City of Westminster, a borough of London. Covent Garden (Pronunciation kɒvʌnt is a district in London, England, located on the easternmost parts of the City of Westminster and the southwest ^[6] It was during this visit that he witnessed a charity performance involving six thousand five hundred children singing in St Paul's Cathedral. St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. ^[53] Harriet Smithson died in 1854. Henrietta Constance (Harriet Smithson (1800 - 3 March 1854 was an Irish actress, the first wife of Hector Berlioz, and the inspiration for his Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year L'enfance du Christ was completed later that year and was well-received upon its premiere. L'enfance du Christ ( English: The Childhood of Christ) Opus 25 is a choral work by the French composer Hector Berlioz Unusually for a late Berlioz work, it appears to have remained popular long after his death. ^[46] In October, Berlioz married Marie Recio. In a letter written to his son, he said that having lived with her for so long, it was his duty to do so. SON DNA binding protein, also known as SON, is a human Gene. In early 1855 Le Retour à la vie was revised and renamed Lélio. Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Lélio ou Le retour à la vie (English Lélio or the Return to Life) Op Shortly afterwards, the Te Deum received its premiere with Berlioz conducting. The Te Deum (Op 22 / H118 by Hector Berlioz ( 1803 - 1869) was completed in 1849. During a short visit to London, Berlioz had a long conversation with Wagner over dinner. A second edition of Treatise on Instrumentation was also published, with a new chapter detailing aspects of conducting. Grand Traité d’Instrumentation et d’Orchestration Modernes, abbreviated in English as the Treatise on Instrumentation (sometimes Treatise on Orchestration Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures ^[45]

Les Troyens

In 1856 Berlioz visited Weimar where he attended a performance of Benvenuto Cellini, conducted by Liszt. A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year His time with Liszt also highlighted Berlioz's increasing lack of appreciation for Wagner's music, much to Liszt's annoyance. ^[54]

Berlioz was convinced by Princess Sayn-Wittgenstein - with whom he had corresponded for some time - that he should begin to compose a new opera. Sayn-Wittgenstein was a County of mediæval Germany, located in the Sauerland of eastern North Rhine-Westphalia. This work would eventually become Les Troyens,^[45] a monumental grand opera with a libretto (which he wrote himself) based on Books Two and Four of Virgil's Aeneid. Les Troyens (in English The Trojans) is a French Opera in five acts by Hector Berlioz. Grand Opera is a genre of 19th-century Opera generally in four or five acts characterised by large-scale casts and orchestras and (in their original productions lavish and A libretto is the text used in an extended Musical work such as an Opera, Operetta, Masque, sacred or secular Oratorio and Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in The idea of creating an opera based on the Aeneid had already been in his mind several years,^[6] by the time Sayn-Wittgenstein had approached him, and despite a long disillusionment, his creative flame seems to have remained lit. Les Troyens proved to be a very personal work for Berlioz, as it paid homage to his first literary love, whom he still cherished- even after his discoveries of Shakespeare and Goethe. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter William Shakespeare ( baptised ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer ^[55] The opera was planned around five acts, similar in size to the grand opera of Meyerbeer. Giacomo Meyerbeer ( September 5, 1791 &ndash May 2, 1864) was a noted German -born Opera Composer, and It was composed with the Paris Opéra in mind, a most prestigious venue. Théâtre de l’Académie Royale de Musique (aka the Salle de la rue Le Peletier, or casually as the Paris Opéra, or simply as the Opéra) was Berlioz’s chances of securing a production in which his work would receive attention equal to its merits were negligible from the start – a fact he must have been aware of. ^[55][6] Despite these grim prospects, Berlioz saw the work through to its completion in 1858. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common

The onset of an intestinal illness which would plague Berlioz for the rest of his life had now become apparent to him. In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists ^[45] During a visit to Baden-Baden, Edouard Bénazet commissioned a new opera from Berlioz. Baden-Baden is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on the western foothills of the Black Forest, on the banks of the Oos River Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto The opera was never written due to the onset of illness,^[45] but two years later Berlioz wrote Béatrice et Bénédict for him instead, which was accepted. Béatrice et Bénédict ( Beatrice and Benedict) is a comic Opera in two acts by Hector Berlioz. ^[6] In 1860 the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris agreed to stage Les Troyens, only to reject it next year. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Théâtre Lyrique (or Théâtre-Lyrique Impérial was one of three separate 19th century Opera houses in Paris (the other two being Opèra and Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city It was soon picked up again by the Paris Opéra. The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat ^[45] Béatrice et Bénédict was completed on 25 February 1862. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday

Marie Recio, Berlioz's wife, died unexpectedly of a heart attack on 13 June at the age of 48. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Berlioz met a young woman called Amélie^[56] at Montmartre Cemetery, and though she was only 24, they developed a close relationship. Montmartre Cemetery ( Fr: Cimetière de Montmartre is a famous cemetery located at 37 Avenue Samson in the 18th ''arrondissement'' of Paris ^[45] The first performances of Béatrice et Bénédict were held at Baden-Baden on 9th and 11 August. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation The work had had extensive rehearsals for many months, and despite problems Berlioz found in making the musicians play as delicately as he would like, and even discovering that the orchestra pit was too small before the premiere, the work was a success. An orchestra pit is area in a theater (usually located in a lowered area in front of the stage in which musicians perform ^[57] Berlioz later remarked that his conducting was much improved due to the considerable pain he was in on the day, allowing him to be "emotionally detached" and "less excitable". ^[57] Béatrice was sung by Madame Charton-Demeur. Both she and her husband were staunch supporters of Berlioz's music, and she was present at Berlioz's deathbed. Les Troyens was dropped by the Paris Opéra with the excuse that it was too expensive to stage; it was replaced by Wagner's Tannhäuser. The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat Tannhäuser ( Middle High German: Tanhûser; died after 1265 was a German Minnesänger and Poet. ^[12] The work was attacked by his opponents for its length and demands, and with memories of the failure of Benvenuto Cellini at the Opéra were still fresh. Benvenuto Cellini is an Opera in two acts with music by Hector Berlioz and Libretto by Léon de Wailly and Auguste Barbier ^[6] It was then accepted by the new director of the recently re-built Théâtre-Lyrique. In 1863 Berlioz published his last signed article for the Journal des Débats. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Journal des débats ("Journal of Debates" was a French Newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times ^[45] After resigning, an act which should have raised his spirits given how much he detested his job, his disillusionment became even stronger. ^[6] He also busied himself judging entrants for the Prix de Rome - arguing successfully for the eventual winner, the 21 year old Jules Massenet. This article concerns the French government prize For similarly named prizes aimed at other countries' nationals see Prix de Rome (disambiguation. Jules (Émile Frédéric Massenet ( May 12, 1842 – August 13, 1912) was a French composer best known for his Operas ^[58] Amélie requested that they end their relationship, which Berlioz did, to his despair. ^[45] The staging of Les Troyens was fraught with difficulties when performed in a truncated form at the Théâtre-Lyrique. It was eventually premiered on 4 November and ran for 21 performances until 20 December. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Madame Charton-Demeur sang the role of Didon. Dido was according to Greek and Roman sources the founder and first Queen of Carthage (in modern-day Tunisia) It was first performed in Paris without cuts as recently as 2003 at the Théâtre du Châtelet, conducted by John Eliot Gardiner. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Théâtre du Châtelet is a Theatre and Opera house in Paris, France. Sir John Eliot Gardiner CBE FKC (born April 20, 1943, Fontmell Magna, Dorset ^[59]

Later years

In 1864 Berlioz was made Officier de la Légion d’honneur. A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year On 22 August, Berlioz heard from a friend that Amélie, who had been suffering from poor health, had died at the age of 26. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. A week later, while walking in the Montmartre Cemetery, he discovered Amélie’s grave: she had been dead for six months. Montmartre Cemetery ( Fr: Cimetière de Montmartre is a famous cemetery located at 37 Avenue Samson in the 18th ''arrondissement'' of Paris A grave is a place where a dead body (usually a human although sometimes an animal is buried ^[45] By now, many of Berlioz's friends and family had died, including both of his sisters. Events like these became all too common in his later life, as his continued isolation from the musical scene increased as the focus shifted to Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ^[10] He wrote:

“

I am in my 61st year; past hopes, past illusions, past high thoughts and lofty conceptions. My son is almost always far away from me. I am alone. My contempt for the folly and baseness of mankind, my hatred of its atrocious cruelty, have never been so intense. And I say hourly to Death: ‘When you will’. Why does he delay?[10]

”

Berlioz met Estelle Fornier - the object of his childhood affections - in Lyon for the first time in 40 years, and began a regular correspondence with her. ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. ^[45] Berlioz soon realised that he still longed for her, and eventually she had to inform him that there was no possibility that they could become closer than friends. ^[60] By 1865, an initial printing of 1200 copies of his Mémoires was completed. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Mémoires de Hector Berlioz are an Autobiography by French Composer Hector Berlioz. A few copies were distributed amongst his friends, but the bulk were, slightly morbidly, stored in his office at the Paris Conservatoire, to be sold upon his death. The Conservatoire de Paris is an institution of higher education that has played an important role in the development of Music in France and Western Europe ^[6] He travelled to Vienna in December 1866 to conduct the first complete performance there of La damnation de Faust. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common La damnation de Faust (English The Damnation of Faust) is a work for Orchestra, voices and chorus written by Hector Berlioz (he In 1867 Berlioz's son Louis, a merchant shipping captain, died^[9] of yellow fever^[5] in Havana. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading ^[12] After learning this, Berlioz burnt a large number of documents and other mementos which he had accumulated during his life,^[45] keeping only a conducting baton given to him by Mendelssohn and a guitar given to him by Paganini. A baton is a stick that is used by conductors primarily to indicate the musical beat of a piece through horizontal and vertical movements Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles Niccolò Paganini ( October 27, 1782 &ndash ^[12] He then wrote his will. In Common law, a will or testament is a document by which a person (the Testator) regulates the rights of others over his or her Property The intestinal pains had been gradually increasing, and had now spread to his stomach, and whole days were passed in agony. At times he experienced spasms in the street so intense that he could barely move. A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a Muscle, a group of muscles or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden Contraction of an Orifice ^[61] Later that year he embarked on his second concert tour of Russia, which would also be his last of any kind. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The tour was extremely lucrative for him, so much so that Berlioz turned down an offer of 100,000 francs from American Steinway to perform in New York. The franc (represented by the franc sign ₣ or more commonly just F) is a former Currency of France. Steinway & Sons (often called Steinway) is a Piano maker since 1853 in New York City, USA. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous ^[7] In Saint Petersburg, Berlioz experienced a special pleasure at performing with the "first-rate" orchestra of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well The NA Rimsky-Korsakov Saint Petersburg State Conservatory ( Russian: Санкт-Петербургская государственная консерватория имени ^[7] He returned to Paris in 1868, exhausted, with his health damaged due to the Russian winter. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap ^[12] He immediately travelled to Nice to recuperate in the Mediterranean climate, but slipped on some rocks by the sea shore, possibly due to a stroke, and had to return to Paris, where he lived as an invalid. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain A patient is any person who receives medical attention care or treatment. ^[12]

On 8 March 1869,^[2] Berlioz died at his Paris^[3] home, No. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city 4 rue de Calais, at 30 minutes past midday. He was surrounded by friends at the time. His funeral was held at the recently completed Église de la Trinité^[62] on 11 March, and he was buried in Montmartre Cemetery with his two wives, who were exhumed and re-buried next to him. A funeral is a Ceremony marking a person's Death. Funerary customs comprise the complex of Beliefs and practices used by a Culture to remember Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Montmartre Cemetery ( Fr: Cimetière de Montmartre is a famous cemetery located at 37 Avenue Samson in the 18th ''arrondissement'' of Paris Burial, also called interment and inhumation, is the act of placing a person or object into the ground His last words were reputed to be "Enfin, on va jouer ma musique"^[63][64][44] (They are finally going to play my music). From any other composer, these would be suspected to be apocryphal, but with Berlioz one cannot be so sure.

Berlioz as a conductor

Berlioz's work as a conductor was highly influential^[44] and brought him fame across Europe. Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures ^[9][13] He was considered by Charles Hallé, Hans von Bülow and others to be the greatest conductor of his era. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Charles Hallé ( 11 April 1819 &ndash 25 October WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Hans Guido Freiherr von Bülow (January 8 1830 &ndash February 12 1894 ^[65] Berlioz initially began conducting due to frustrations over the inability of other conductors - more used to performing older and simpler music - to master his advanced and progressive works,^[66] with their extended melodies^[44] and rhythmic complexity. ^[36] He began with more enthusiasm than mastery,^[66] and was not formally trained,^[66] but through perseverance his skills improved. He was also willing to take advice from others, as evidenced by Spontini criticising his early use of large gestures while conducting. Gaspare Luigi Pacifico Spontini ( 14 November, 1774 &ndash 24 January, 1851) was an Italian Opera Composer ^[65] One year later, according to Hallé, his movements were much more economical, enabling him to control more nuance in the music. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Charles Hallé ( 11 April 1819 &ndash 25 October ^[65] His expert understanding of the way the sound of each instrument interacts with each other (demonstrated in his Treatise on Instrumentation) was attested to by the critic Louis Engel, who mentions how Berlioz once noticed, amidst an orchestral tutti, a minute pitch difference between two clarinets. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. Grand Traité d’Instrumentation et d’Orchestration Modernes, abbreviated in English as the Treatise on Instrumentation (sometimes Treatise on Orchestration The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word Tutti is an Italian word literally meaning all or together. As a musical term it is used in various ways The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word ^[65] Engel offers an explanation of Berlioz's ability to detect such things as in part due to the sheer nervous energy he was experiencing during conducting. ^[65]

Despite this talent, Berlioz never held an employed position of conductor during his lifetime, forced to be content with only guest conducting. This was almost not the case. In late 1835, he was approached by the management of a new concert hall in Paris, the Gymnase Musical, and offered a position as their musical director. Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A concert hall is a cultural building which serves as performance venue chiefly for classical instrumental music Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city ^[67] To Berlioz this was an ideal opportunity. Not only would it give him a large annual salary (between 6000 to 12,000 francs),^[67] but it would also give him a platform from which to perform his own music, and the music of fellow progressives. The franc (represented by the franc sign ₣ or more commonly just F) is a former Currency of France. Berlioz accepted the offer, and signed the contract for the position. ^[67] However, a new decree issued by the revolutionary government forced him to change his mind. The obstacle was one of the many restrictions that the revolutionary government had placed on the running of musical establishments, forbidding the performance of vocal music,^[67] so they did not compete with the influential Paris Opéra (among other organisations). The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat There were passionate arguments and attempts to circumvent this restriction, but they fell on deaf ears, and the Gymnase Musical became a dance hall instead. ^[67] This left Berlioz dejected, and would prove to have been a crucial cross-roads in his life, forcing him to work long hours as a critic, which severely impaired his free time available for composition.

From then on, he conducted at many different occasions, but mainly during grand tours of various countries where he was paid handsomely for visiting. In particular, towards the end of his life, he made a lot of money by touring Russia twice, the final visit proving extremely lucrative and also being the final conducting tour before his death. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending This enabled him not only to perform his music to a wider audience, but also to increase his influence across Europe - for example, his orchestration was studied by many Russian composers. Not just fellow hyper-Romantic Tchaikovsky, but also members of The Five are indebted to these techniques, including Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, but even Modest Mussorgsky - often portrayed as uninterested in refined orchestration - revered Berlioz^[68] and died with a copy of Berlioz's Treatise on Instrumentation on his bed. The Five, also known as The Mighty Handful (Могучая кучка Moguchaya kuchka) refers to a circle of Composers who met in Saint Petersburg Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov ( Николай Андреевич Римский-Корсаков, Nikolaj Andreevič Rimskij-Korsakov) also Nikolay Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (Моде́ст Петро́вич Му́соргский Modest Petrovič Musorgskij) ( March 21 March 9 1839 &ndash March ^[64] Similarly, his conducting technique as described by contemporary sources appears to set the groundwork for the clarity and precision favoured in the French School of conducting right up to the present, exemplified by such figures as Pierre Monteux, Désiré-Emile Inghelbrecht, Charles Münch, André Cluytens, Pierre Boulez and Charles Dutoit. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Pierre Monteux ( April 4, 1875 &ndash July WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Charles Münch (September 26 1891 &ndash November 6 1968 was an André Cluytens ( March 26, 1905 - June 3, 1967) was a Belgian -born French conductor WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Pierre Boulez (pjɛʁ buˈlɛz (b Charles Édouard Dutoit (born October 7, 1936) is a Swiss conductor, particularly noted for his interpretations of French and Russian 20th century

Legacy

Although neglected in France for much of the 19th century, the music of Berlioz has often been cited as extremely influential in the development of the symphonic form,^[69] instrumentation,^[70] and the depiction in music of programmatic and literary ideas, features central to musical Romanticism. A pencil is a Writing or Drawing instrument consisting of a thin stick of Pigment (usually Graphite, but can also be coloured pigment or Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium Alphonse Legros ( 8 May 1837 - 8 December 1911) painter and Etcher, was born in Dijon. Circa (often abbreviated c, ca, ca or cca and sometimes Italicized to show it is Latin) means "about" Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar A symphony is a Musical composition, often extended and usually for Orchestra. Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 He was considered extremely progressive for his day, and he, Wagner, and Liszt have been called the "Great Trinity of Progress" of 19th century Romanticism. Richard Pohl, the German critic in Schumann's musical journal, the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, called Berlioz "the true pathbreaker". Richard Pohl ( September 12, 1826 &ndash December 17, 1896) was a German music critic writer poet and amateur composer Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic Die Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (English - New Journal of Music was a music magazine published in Leipzig, founded by Robert Schumann. Liszt was an enthusiastic performer and supporter, and Wagner himself, after first expressing great reservations about Berlioz, wrote to Liszt saying: "we, Liszt, Berlioz and Wagner, are three equals, but we must take care not to say so to him. " As Wagner here implies, Berlioz himself was indifferent to the idea of what was called "la musique du passé" (music of the past), and clearly influenced both Liszt and Wagner (and other forward-looking composers) although he increasingly began to dislike many of their works. Wagner's remark also suggests the strong ethnocentrism characteristic of European composers of the time on both sides of the Rhine. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own Culture. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Berlioz not only influenced Wagner through his orchestration and breaking of conventional forms, but also in his use of the idée fixe in the Symphonie fantastique which foreshadows the leitmotif. An Episode in the Life of the Artist Opus 14 usually referred to by its subtitle Symphonie fantastique ( Fantasy Symphony) is A leitmotif (ˌlaɪtmoʊˈtiːf (also leitmotiv; lit "leading motif" is a recurring Musical theme, associated with a particular person place ^[71][72] Liszt came to see Berlioz not only as a composer to support, but also to learn from, considering Berlioz an ally in his aim for "A renewal of music through its closer union with poetry". ^[73]

During his centenary in 1903, while receiving attention from all leading musical reference books, he was still not generally accepted as being one of the great composers. An anniversary (from the Latin anniversarius, from the words for year and to turn meaning (returning yearly known in English since c. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting ^[74] Some of his music was still in neglect and his following was smaller than other, mainly German, composers. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Even half a century did not change much,^[74] and it took until the 1960s for the right questions to be asked about his work, and for it to be viewed in a more balanced and sympathetic light. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 One of the pivotal events in this fresh ignition of interest in the composer was a performance of Les Troyens by Rafael Kubelík in 1957 at Covent Garden. Les Troyens (in English The Trojans) is a French Opera in five acts by Hector Berlioz. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Rafael Jeroným Kubelík ( June 29 1914 &ndash Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) WikipediaWikiProject Opera --> The Royal Opera House is an Opera house and major performing ^[75] The music of Berlioz enjoyed a revival during the 1960s and 1970s, due in large part to the efforts of French conductor Charles Münch and of British conductor Sir Colin Davis, who recorded his entire oeuvre, bringing to light a number of Berlioz's lesser-known works. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Charles Münch (September 26 1891 &ndash November 6 1968 was an The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For the former Formula One driver see Colin Davis (driver WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes In Fine art, a work of art (or artwork or work) is a creation such as a Song, Book, Film, Video game, An unusual (but telling) example of the increase of Berlioz's fame in the 60s was an explosion of forged autographs, manuscripts, and letters, evidently created to cater for a much greater interest in the composer. An autograph is a Document written entirely in the handwriting of its Author, as opposed to a typeset document or A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way A letter is a Written Message from one person to another Letters especially a regular exchange between two persons (sometimes called Pen pals ^[76] Davis's recording of Les Troyens was the first near-complete recording of that work. The work, which Berlioz never saw staged in its entirety during his life, is now a part of the international repertoire,^[59] if still something of a rarity. Les Troyens was the first opera performed at the newly built Opéra Bastille in Paris on March 17, 1990 in a production claimed to be complete, but lacking the ballets. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto L’Opéra de la Bastille (Bastille Opera is a modern Opera house in Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance ^[75]

In 2003, the bicentenary of Berlioz's birth, his achievements and status are much more widely recognised,^[77] and his music is viewed as both serious and original, rather than an eccentric novelty. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[74] Newspaper articles reported his colourful life with zeal, very many festivals dedicated to the composer were held,^[78][79] readings of his books^[77] and a French dramatised television biography^[80] all helped to create a lot of exposure to the composer's life and music - far more than the previous centenary anniversary. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Numerous recording projects were begun or reissued,^[81] and broadcasts of his music increased. ^[78] Prominent Berlioz conductor Colin Davis had already been in the process of recording much of Berlioz's music on the LSO Live label, and has continued this project to this date with a L'enfance du Christ recording issued in 2007. L'enfance du Christ ( English: The Childhood of Christ) Opus 25 is a choral work by the French composer Hector Berlioz Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The internet was also a factor in the celebrations, with the comprehensive hberlioz. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks com site (which has been online since 1997) being an easily available source of information to anyone interested in the composer. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The 'Berlioz 2003' celebrations, organised by French academic institutions,^[77] also had a promenent website, listing events, publications and gatherings^[77] the domain of which has now lapsed. There was also a site maintained by the Association nationale Hector Berlioz. ^[82] A proposal was made to remove his remains to the Panthéon, and while initially encouraged by French President Jacques Chirac,^[83][77] it was postponed by him, claimed to be because it was too shortly after Alexandre Dumas was moved there. The Panthéon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Pantheon meaning "All the gods" is a building in the Latin Quarter The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected ^[84] He may have also been influenced by a political dispute over Berlioz's worthiness as a republican,^[64][70] since Berlioz, who regularly met kings and princes, had severely criticized the 1848 Revolution, speaking of the "odious and stupid republic". The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 There were also objections from supporters of Berlioz, some of whom claimed that Berlioz was an anti-establishment figure and would have no interest in such a ceremony, and that he was happy to be buried next to his two wives in the location he has been in for almost 150 years. ^[70] Since Chirac retired as President, the future of Berlioz's resting place is still unclear. ^[84]

Influences

Literature

Berlioz had a keen affection for literature, and many of his best compositions are inspired by literary works. For Symphonie fantastique, Berlioz was inspired in part by Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. An Episode in the Life of the Artist Opus 14 usually referred to by its subtitle Symphonie fantastique ( Fantasy Symphony) is Thomas de Quincey (15 August 1785 &ndash 8 December 1859 was an English author and intellectual best known for his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater Confessions of an English Opium-Eater ( 1821) is an autobiographical account written by Thomas De Quincey, about his Laudanum ( For La damnation de Faust, Berlioz drew on Goethe's Faust; for Harold en Italie, he drew on Byron's Childe Harold; for Benvenuto Cellini, he drew on Cellini's own autobiography. La damnation de Faust (English The Damnation of Faust) is a work for Orchestra, voices and chorus written by Hector Berlioz (he ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Faust or Faustus ( Latin for "auspicious" or "lucky" is the protagonist of a classic German Legend in which he makes Harold en Italie (English Harold in Italy Symphony with Viola obbligato) Op Benvenuto Cellini is an Opera in two acts with music by Hector Berlioz and Libretto by Léon de Wailly and Auguste Barbier Benvenuto Cellini For Roméo et Juliette, Berlioz turned, of course, to Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the For his magnum opus, the monumental opera Les Troyens, Berlioz turned to Virgil's epic poem The Aeneid. Magnum opus (sometimes Opus magnum, plural magna opera) from the Latin meaning great work, refers to the best the greatest Les Troyens (in English The Trojans) is a French Opera in five acts by Hector Berlioz. For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in In his last opera, the comic opera Béatrice et Bénédict, Berlioz prepared a libretto based loosely on Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing. Comic opera, or light opera, denotes a sung dramatic work of a light or comic nature usually with a happy ending Béatrice et Bénédict ( Beatrice and Benedict) is a comic Opera in two acts by Hector Berlioz. A libretto is the text used in an extended Musical work such as an Opera, Operetta, Masque, sacred or secular Oratorio and Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare. First published in 1600 it is likely to have been first performed in the autumn or winter His composition " Tristia" (for Orchestra and Chorus) drew its inspiration from Shakespeare's Hamlet. Tristia Op 18 is a musical work consisting of three short pieces for Orchestra and chorus by the French composer Hector Berlioz. Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601

Shakespeare

In 1827, Berlioz watched Irish actress Harriet Smithson at the Odéon theatre playing Ophelia and Juliet in Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. Henrietta Constance (Harriet Smithson (1800 - 3 March 1854 was an Irish actress, the first wife of Hector Berlioz, and the inspiration for his The Odéon is one of France 's six "national theatres " located in the VIe arrondissement, on the Left Bank of Paris, next Ophelia is a Fictional character in the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. Juliet Capulet is one of the title characters in William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the William Shakespeare ( baptised This led to two intense infatuations. One was to Smithson, which would result in a disastrous marriage. The other was to Shakespeare, which would become a lifelong love. ^[14] He followed the rest of the 1827 season closely, until the company moved to the Salle Favart, and began learning the plays from pocket translations on sale. ^[85] Though the performances were in English, of which Berlioz knew virtually none, he was still able to grasp the grandeur and sublimnity of Shakespeare's language along with the richness of the plays' dramatic design. ^[86]

The timing for these performances, not just for Berlioz' career but also for French Romanticism in general, could not have been more apt. Berlioz was on the verge of producing his most Romantic works—as were the writers Vigny, Dumas, Gautier and several others in attendance that night. Vigny may refer to the following places in France Vigny Moselle, a commune in the Moselle department Vigny Val-d'Oise, a commune in Shakespeare served as a model for French Romanticism,^[87] with Hugo extolling Shakespeare as a challenge to French classicism and the model for the new Romantic theater. ^[86]

Shakespeare for Berlioz represented the summit of poetic utterance, with the bard's veracity of dramatic expression and freedom from formal constraints resounding in the composer's spirit. More profoundly, Shakespeare became a source, by way of its dramtic truth, for Berlioz' fundamental notion of expresive truth;^[86] this was how he could call Romeo and Juliet "the supreme drama of my life. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the "^[88] He read from the plays constantly, often aloud for anyone who would listen. He quoted from them for the rest for the rest of his life and would associate any personal upheaval with its Shakespearian counterpart. ^[89]

Berlioz was especially taken with Shakespeare's ability to pinpoint the heart of a dramatic conflict and penetrating the secrrets of intense love. These secrets, Berlioz suggested in the text of Roméo and Juliette the playwright took with him to heaven. Time and again through the years, Berlioz would distill the favorite image of a play and distill it into musical terms. Roméo et Juliette may have been the first. Roméo et Juliette is a "symphonie dramatique" a large scale Choral symphony by French Composer Hector Berlioz. Later came The Tempest, King Lear, a funeral march for the final scene in Hamlet, the love scene for Les Troyens (which, somce claim, Berlioz took from The Merchant of Venice), and Béatrice and Benedict. ^[90]

Faust

Berlioz discovered Goethe's Faust through Gérard de Nerval's translation, published in December 1827. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Faust or Faustus ( Latin for "auspicious" or "lucky" is the protagonist of a classic German Legend in which he makes Gérard de Nerval (ʒeʁaːʁ də nɛʁval ( May 22, 1808 &ndash January 26, 1855) was the Nom-de-plume of the Its impact on Berlioz was, again, profound and immediate, with the Faustian concept of man striking several chords with the composer. He described Shakespeare and Goethe in an 1828 letter as "the silent confidants of my suffering; they hold the key to my life. "^[91]In any event, Shakespearian tragedy and Faustian mystique became of one type in his mind. ^[92]

The Romantics

Simultaneous with Berlioz' discovery of Shakespeare was his immersion in the texts of true Romanticism. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the These included the works of Moore, Scott and Byron. All three inspired Berlioz to compose works based on theirs. He also immersed himself in Chateaubriand, E.T.A. Hoffmann, James Fenimore Cooper and his compatriots Hugo, Vigny, de Musset and Nerval. Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann ( January 24, 1776 &ndash June 25, 1822) better known by his Pen name E James Fenimore Cooper (September 15 1789 &ndash September 14 1851 was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay Along with his poetry he is known for writing La Confession d'un enfant du siècle ( The Confession of a Child of the Century He later added Balzac, Flaubert and Gautier to his list of favorites; he also used Gautier's poems as texts for his song cycle Les nuits d'eté'. Gustave Flaubert (gystaːv flobɛːʁ in French ( December 12, 1821 &ndash May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among ^[93]

Perhaps as a result of this reading and seeing himself as an archetypical tragic hero, Berlioz began to weave personal references into his music. It may in face have been Shakespeare, shread with the other young artist-heroes of 19th-century France, that drew Berlioz firmly into the brotherhood of Romanticism.

Music

Beethoven

Berloiz writes in his Memoirs, "In an artist's life one thunderclap sometimes follows swistly on another . . . I had just had the successive revelations of Beethoven and Weber. Now at another point on the horizon I saw the giant form of Beethoven rear up. the shock was almost as great as that of Shakespeare had been. Beethoven opened before me a new world of music, as Shakespeare had revealed a new universe of poetry. "^[94]

He was able to hear Beethoven's works through the performances of the Société des Concerts do Conservatoire, an ochestra founded by François-Antoine Haberneck and his colleagues to promote modern orchestral music. The inaugural concert, on 9 March 1828, featured the French premiere of the Eroica Symphony. The Symphony No 3 in E flat major ( Op 55 by Ludwig van Beethoven (known as the Eroica which is Italian for "heroic" ^[95] Despite protests from French and Italian composers,^[96]by the end of the first season Haberneck and the orchestra had also performed the Fifth Symphony, the Third Piano Concerto, the Violin Concerto as well as other works. Ludwig van Beethoven 's Symphony No 5 in C minor Op 67 was written in 1804–08 The Piano Concerto No 3 in C minor, Op  37 was composed by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1800 and first performed on April 5 1803 with the composer as soloist Ludwig van Beethoven 's Violin Concerto in D major Op 61, was written in 1806. ^[97]

For Berlioz the experience of hearaing the Eroica brought the last and greatest revelation of the power of instrumental music as an expressive language, along with the freedom of action with which it could be expressive. ^[98] He understood at once that the symphony was a dramatic form to an extene that he had not previously realized,^[99] and that in Beethoven he saw a way to the dramatic manner in which he desired to compose.

Most tellingly, hearing the Eroica inspired Berlioz to widen his horizons for the first time past opera and other vocal works and consider the expressive power of purely instrumental music. ^[100] Previously, he had adhered to Le Sueur's belief that symphonic music was a lesser, limited form of composition that had been taken by Mozart and Haydn as far as possible. Jean-François Le Sueur (or Lesueur) ( 15 February 1760 — 6 October 1837) was a French Composer, best known for his ^[101] He would find instrumental music to be far more penetrating in expression and articulation than vocal setting. ^[100] "Now that I have heard that terrifying giant Beethoven," he wrote, "I know exactly where my musical art stands; the question is to take it from there and push it further. "^[102]

Other composers

Next to those of Beethoven, Berlioz showed deep reverence for the works of Gluck, Mozart, Étienne Méhul, Carl Maria von Weber and Gaspare Spontini, as well as respect for those of Rossini, Meyerbeer and Verdi. Etienne Henri (or Nicolas) Méhul ( June 22, 1763 - October 18, 1817) was a French Composer, "the Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber ( 18 December 1786 in Eutin, Holstein, Germany - 5 June 1826 in London Gaspare Luigi Pacifico Spontini ( 14 November, 1774 &ndash 24 January, 1851) was an Italian Opera Composer Giacomo Meyerbeer ( September 5, 1791 &ndash May 2, 1864) was a noted German -born Opera Composer, and

Curiously perhaps, the adventures in chromaticism of his prominent contemporaries and associates Frederic Chopin and Richard Wagner seemed to have little effect on Berlioz's style.

Works

See also: List of works by Hector Berlioz

Musical works

The five movement Symphonie fantastique, partly due to its fame, is considered by most to be Berlioz's most outstanding work,^[103] and the work had a considerable impact when new. An Episode in the Life of the Artist Opus 14 usually referred to by its subtitle Symphonie fantastique ( Fantasy Symphony) is Events Felix Mendelssohn arrives in Italy Classical music Frédéric Chopin - Revolutionary An Episode in the Life of the Artist Opus 14 usually referred to by its subtitle Symphonie fantastique ( Fantasy Symphony) is ^[3][4] It is famous for its innovations in the form of the programmatic symphony. Programme music is a form of Art music intended to evoke extra-musical ideas images in the mind of the listener by musically representing a scene image or mood The story behind this work relates to Berlioz himself and can be considered somewhat autobiographical. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" ^[104]

In addition to the Symphonie fantastique, some other orchestral works of Berlioz currently in the standard orchestral repertoire include his "légende dramatique" La damnation de Faust and "symphonie dramatique" Roméo et Juliette (both large-scale works for mixed voices and orchestra), and his concertante symphony (for viola and orchestra) Harold en Italie, several concert overtures also remain enduringly popular, such as Le Corsaire and Le Carnaval romain. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well La damnation de Faust (English The Damnation of Faust) is a work for Orchestra, voices and chorus written by Hector Berlioz (he Roméo et Juliette is a "symphonie dramatique" a large scale Choral symphony by French Composer Hector Berlioz. For the musical composition see Chorale. A choir, chorale, or chorus is a Musical ensemble of Singers Sinfonia concertante is a Musical form that originated in the Classical music era, and is a mixture of the Symphony and the Concerto genres The viola is a bowed String instrument. It is the middle voice of the Violin family, Harold en Italie (English Harold in Italy Symphony with Viola obbligato) Op A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of Orchestral Music in one movement in which some extramusical program provides a narrative or illustrative element Amongst his more vocally-oriented works, the song cycle Les nuits d'été and the oratorio L'enfance du Christ have retained enduring appeal, as have the quasi-liturgical Te Deum and Grande Messe des morts. Song cycles in classical music The first generally accepted example of a song cycle is Ludwig van Beethoven 's An die ferne Geliebte (1816 Les nuits d'été op 7 (Summer Nights is a Song cycle by the French composer Hector Berlioz. An oratorio is a large Musical composition including an Orchestra, a Choir, and soloists The oratorio was somewhat modeled after the Opera L'enfance du Christ ( English: The Childhood of Christ) Opus 25 is a choral work by the French composer Hector Berlioz A Liturgy is a set form of ceremony or pattern of worship Christian liturgy is a pattern for worship used (whether recommended or prescribed by a Christian congregation or The Grande Messe des morts, Op. 5 (or Requiem) by Hector Berlioz was composed in 1837.

The unconventional music of Berlioz irritated the established concert and opera^[6] scene. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Berlioz often had to arrange for his own performances as well as pay for them himself. This took a heavy toll on him financially^[47] and emotionally. The nature of his large works - sometimes involving hundreds of performers^[105] - made financial success difficult. His journalistic abilities became essential for him to make a living and he survived as a witty critic,^[14] emphasizing the importance of drama and expressivity in musical entertainment. The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. It was perhaps this expense which prevented Berlioz from composing more opera than he did. His talent in the genre is obvious, but opera is the most expensive of all classical forms, and Berlioz in particular struggled to arrange stagings of his operas, due in part to the unwillingness of conservative Paris opera companies to perform his work. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city ^[26]

• Benvenuto Cellini. Ouverture, for piano and 4 hands(From the Sibley Music Library Digital Score Collection)
• Carnaval romain, for piano and 4 hands(From the Sibley Music Library Digital Score Collection)

Literary works

While Berlioz is best known as a composer, he was also a prolific writer, and supported himself for many years by writing musical criticism, utilising a bold, vigorous style, at times imperious and sarcastic. A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word Sarcasm is stating the opposite of an intended meaning especially in order to sneeringly slyly jest or mock a person situation or thing He wrote for many journals, including Le Rénovateur,^[106] Journal des Débats and Gazette musicale. Journal des débats ("Journal of Debates" was a French Newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times ^[107] He was active in the Débats for over thirty years until submitting his last signed article in 1863. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[45] Almost from the founding, Berlioz was a key member of the editorial board of the Gazette as well as a contributor, and acted as editor on several occasions^[108] while the owner was otherwise engaged. Berlioz took full advantage of his times as editor, allowing himself to increase his articles written on music history rather than current events, evidenced by him publishing seven articles on Gluck in the Gazette between June 1834 and January 1835. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common ^[108] An example of the amount of work he produced is indicated in his producing over one-hundred articles^[108] for the Gazette between 1833 and 1837. Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common This is a conservative estimate, as not all of his submissions were signed. ^[108] In 1835 alone, due to one of his many times of financial difficulty, he wrote four articles for the Monde dramatique, twelve for the Gazette, nineteen for the Débats and thirty-seven for the Rénovateur. ^[109] These were not mere scribbes, but in-depth articles and reviews with little duplication,^[109] which took considerable time to write.

Another noteworthy indicator of the importance Berlioz placed on journalistic integrity and even-handedness were the journals which he both did and did not write for. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common During the middle of the 1830s the Gazette was considered an intellectual journal, strongly supporting the progressive arts and Romanticism in general, and opposing anything which it considers as debasing this. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the ^[108] Exemplified in its long-standing criticism of Henri Herz, and his seemingly endless stream of variations on opera themes, but in to its credit, it also positively reviewed his music on occasion. Henri Herz ( Vienna, 6 January 1803 &ndash Paris, 5 January 1888) was a pianist and composer Austrian Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto ^[110] Its writers included Alexandre Dumas, Honoré de Balzac and George Sand. Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 ^[108] The Gazette wasn't even unanimous in its praise of Berlioz's music, although it always recognised him as an important and serious composer to be respected. ^[110] An example of another journal of the same time is the Revue musicale, which thrived on personal attacks, many against Berlioz himself from the pen of critic François-Joseph Fétis. François-Joseph Fétis ( March 25, 1784 &mdash March 26, 1871) was a Belgian musicologist, Composer, critic ^[111] At one point, Robert Schumann was motivated to publish a detailed rebuttal of one of Fétis' attacks on Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique^[34] in his own Neue Zeitschrift für Musik journal. Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic An Episode in the Life of the Artist Opus 14 usually referred to by its subtitle Symphonie fantastique ( Fantasy Symphony) is Die Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (English - New Journal of Music was a music magazine published in Leipzig, founded by Robert Schumann. ^[111] Fétis would later contribute to the debasement of the reputation of the Gazette when this journal failed and was absorbed by the Gazette, he found himself on the editorial board. ^[111]

The books which Berlioz has become acclaimed for were compiled from his journal articles. ^[45] Les Soirées de l’Orchestre (Evenings with the Orchestra) (1852), a scathing satire^[112] of provincial musical life in 19th century France, and the Treatise on Instrumentation, a pedagogic work, were both serialised originally in the Gazette musicale. Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Grand Traité d’Instrumentation et d’Orchestration Modernes, abbreviated in English as the Treatise on Instrumentation (sometimes Treatise on Orchestration In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or ^[45] Many parts of the Mémoires (1870) were originally published in the Journal des Débats, as well as Le Monde Illustré. The Mémoires de Hector Berlioz are an Autobiography by French Composer Hector Berlioz. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[113] The Mémoires paint a magisterial (if biased) portrait of the Romantic era through the eyes of one of its chief protagonists. Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 Evenings with the Orchestra is more overtly fictional than his other two major books, but its basis in reality is its strength,^[112] making the stories it recounts all the funnier due to the ring of truth. W. H. Auden praises it, saying "To succeed in [writing these tales], as Berlioz most brilliantly does, requires a combination of qualities which is very rare, the many-faceted curiosity of the dramatist with the aggressively personal vision of the lyric poet. Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W "^[114] The Treatise established his reputation as a master of orchestration. Orchestration is the study or practice of writing Music for Orchestra (or more loosely for any Musical ensemble) or of adapting for orchestra music composed ^[9] The work was closely studied by Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss and served as the foundation for a subsequent textbook by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov who as a music student attended the concerts Berlioz conducted in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 &ndash 8 September 1949 was a German Composer of the late Romantic era and early modern era particularly noted Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov ( Николай Андреевич Римский-Корсаков, Nikolaj Andreevič Rimskij-Korsakov) also Nikolay Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River ^[64]

References

External links

• The Hector Berlioz Website Comprehensive Berlioz reference site, including scores, analysis and libretti
• Association Nationale Hector Berlioz The French National Berlioz Society
• Festival Berlioz Held in the birthplace of the famous classical composer Hector Berlioz, this festival commemorates the man and his work
• The Complete Berlioz List of works by Berlioz @ UC Davis
• The Berlioz Song Site Scores and texts of Berlioz songs for voice and piano
• Berlioz was listed in the International Music Score Library Project
• Berlioz cylinder recordings, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara library
• Completely Berlioz A forum and wealth of information
• Berlioz's Percussion Repertoire, from Bell Percussion's Composer Repertoire resource
• Memorial Page at FindaGrave

Persondata
NAME	Berlioz, Hector
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	French composer
DATE OF BIRTH	1803-12-11
PLACE OF BIRTH	La Côte-Saint-André, Isère, France
DATE OF DEATH	1869-03-08
PLACE OF DEATH	Paris

The University of California Davis, commonly known as UC Davis, or just UCD, is a public coeducational university located in the city of Davis, The International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP) is a project for the creation of a virtual library of Public domain music scores, based on the The Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project is a free digital collection maintained by the University of California Santa Barbara Libraries with streaming and downloadable The University of California Santa Barbara ( UCSB) is a selective research-oriented public university located on the Pacific Ocean in Santa Barbara County California 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office La Côte-Saint-André is a small village in France, situated between Vienne, Lyon, and Grenoble in the Department of Isère, most Isère ( Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department, in the Rhône-Alpes ( Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

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