Hebrew alphabet
Type	Abjad (sometimes used as an alphabet)
Spoken languages	Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic (see Jewish languages)
Time period	1000 BCE to the present
Sister systems	Nabataean Syriac Palmyrenean Mandaic Brāhmī Pahlavi Sogdian
Unicode range	U+0590 to U+05FF, U+FB1D to U+FB40
ISO 15924	Hebr
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. An Abjad is a type of Writing system in which each symbol stands for a Consonant; the reader must supply the appropriate Vowel. An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High The Judæo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in the Arab world; the term also refers to The Jewish languages are a set of Languages that developed in various Jewish communities around the world more notably in Europe, West Asia, and The Syriac alphabet is a Writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. Palmyrene or Palmyrenean was a West Aramaic dialect spoken in the city of Palmyra, Syria, in the early centuries AD The Mandaic alphabet is based on the Aramaic alphabet, and is used for writing the Mandaic language. Brāhmī script refers to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. The Sogdian alphabet was originally used for the Sogdian language, which belongs to the Iranian family Unicode ’s ISO 15924, Codes for the representation of names of scripts, defines two sets of codes for a number of Writing systems (scripts In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

History of the alphabet
Middle Bronze Age 19 c. The history of the Alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the History of writing. The Middle Bronze Age alphabets are two similar Undeciphered scripts dated to be from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BCE and believed to be ancestral BCE Ugaritic 15 c. The Ugaritic alphabet is a Cuneiform Abjad (alphabet without vowels used from around 1500 BCE for the Ugaritic language, an extinct BCE Phoenician 14–11 c. The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC BCE Paleo-Hebrew 10 c. The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, also know as Ktav Ivri, is an offshoot of the ancient Semitic alphabet (see the akin Phoenician alphabet) BCE Samaritan 6 c. The Samaritan alphabet is a direct descendant of the paleo-Hebrew variety of the Phoenician alphabet. BCE Aramaic 8 c. The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. BCE Brāhmī & Indic 6 c. Brāhmī script refers to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, BCE Tibetan 7 c. The Tibetan script is an Abugida of Indic origin used to write the Tibetan language as well as the Dzongkha language, Ladakhi language CE Khmer/Javanese 9 c. The Khmer script (អក្ខរក្រមខេមរភាសា âkkhârâkrâm khémârâ phéasa informally aksar Khmer អក្សរខ្មែរ is used to write the The Javanese script, natively known as Carakan ( Tjarakan) is the script originally used to write Javanese. CE Hebrew 3 c. BCE Syriac 2 c. The Syriac alphabet is a Writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. BCE Arabic 4 c. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. CE Pahlavi 3 c. BCE Avestan 4 c. The Avestan alphabet is a writing system developed during the Sassanid era (226-651 in Iran to render the Avestan language. CE Greek 9 c. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early BCE Etruscan 8 c. Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic BCE Latin 7 c. BCE Runic 2 c. CE Gothic 3 c. This article is about the 4th century alphabet of the Gothic bible CE Armenian 405 CE Glagolitic 862 CE Cyrillic 10 c. The Armenian alphabet is an Alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the year 405 or 406. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by CE Paleohispanic 7 c. The Paleohispanic scripts are the writing systems created in the Iberian peninsula before the Latin alphabet became the dominant script BCE Epigraphic South Arabian 9 c. The ancient South Arabian alphabet (also known as musnad المُسند branched from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet in about the 9th century BC. BCE Ge'ez 5–6 c. Ge'ez (gez ግዕዝ) also called Ethiopic, is an Abugida script that was originally developed to write Ge'ez, a Semitic language BCE
Meroitic 3 c. The Meroitic script is an Alphabetic script originally derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs used to write the Meroitic language of the Kingdom of Meroë / BCE
Ogham 4 c. Ogham (ogam ˈɔɣam Modern Irish or, English) is an Early Medieval Alphabet used primarily to represent the Old Irish language (and CE
Hangul 1443 CE
Canadian syllabics 1840 CE
Zhuyin 1913 CE
complete genealogy

Note: This article contains special characters. Canadian Aboriginal syllabic writing', or simply syllabics, is a family of Abugidas {dubious}} used to write a number of Aboriginal Canadian Nearly all the segmental scripts (loosely " Alphabets " but see below for more precise terminology used around the globe appear to have derived from the

The Hebrew alphabet (Hebrew: אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי‎ ^[1], alephbet ’ivri) consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. Five of these letters have a different form when appearing as the last letter in a word. The Hebrew letters are also used in mildly adapted forms for writing several languages of the Jewish diaspora, most famously Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic (for a full and detailed list, see Jewish languages). Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High The Judæo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in the Arab world; the term also refers to The Jewish languages are a set of Languages that developed in various Jewish communities around the world more notably in Europe, West Asia, and Hebrew is written from right to left. The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East,

The Hebrew word for "alphabet" is אלפבית (alephbet), named after the first two letters of the Hebrew alphabet. An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either The Hebrew alphabet is an abjad, having letters for consonants, but means were later devised to indicate vowels by separate vowel points or niqqud. An Abjad is a type of Writing system in which each symbol stands for a Consonant; the reader must supply the appropriate Vowel. In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal In Hebrew Orthography, niqqud or nikkud ( is the system of Diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations In rabbinic Hebrew, the consonant letters אהוי are used as matres lectionis to represent vowels. In the spelling of Hebrew and some other Semitic languages, Matres lectionis ( Latin "mothers of reading" singular form mater lectionis

The number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet, their order, their names, and their phonetic values are virtually identical to those of the Aramaic alphabet, as both Hebrews and Arameans borrowed the Phoenician alphabet for their uses during the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. Hebrews (or Hebertes, Eberites, Hebreians, " Habiru " or " Habiri " Hebrew: עברים The Aramaeans (also Arameans) ( Aramaic / Syriac: ܐܪܡܝܐ, Ārāmāye' were a Semitic (West Semitic language group The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age.

According to contemporary scholars ^[2], the modern script used for writing Hebrew (usually called the Jewish script by scholars, and also traditionally known as the square script, block script, or Assyrian script — not to be confused with the Eastern variant of the Syriac alphabet) evolved during the 3rd century BCE from the Aramaic script, which was used by Jews for writing Hebrew since the 6th century BCE. The Syriac alphabet is a Writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. Prior to that, Hebrew was written using the old Hebrew script, which evolved during the 10th century BCE from the Phoenician script; the Samaritans still write Hebrew in a variant of this script for religious works (see Samaritan alphabet). The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, also know as Ktav Ivri, is an offshoot of the ancient Semitic alphabet (see the akin Phoenician alphabet) The Samaritan alphabet is a direct descendant of the paleo-Hebrew variety of the Phoenician alphabet. For other opinions, see below.

Contents 1 History 2 Letter table 2.1 Description 3 Names, scripts, values, and transliteration of the letters 4 Pronunciation 4.1 Shin and sin 4.2 Dagesh 4.3 Same pronunciation 4.4 Matres lectiones 4.5 Pronunciation of Ancient Hebrew 5 Diacritics 5.1 Vowel points 5.1.1 Sh'va 5.1.2 Comparison table 5.2 Not used in Hebrew 6 Gershayim 7 Non-native sounds 8 Unicode and HTML 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links

History

Main article: History of the Hebrew alphabet

According to contemporary scholars, the original Hebrew script developed alongside others in the region during the course of the late second and first millennia BCE; it is closely related to the Phoenician script, which itself probably gave rise to the use of alphabetic writing in Greece (Greek). See also Hebrew alphabet The History of the Hebrew alphabet dates back several thousand years The Aleppo Codex ( Hebrew: כֶּתֶר אֲרָם צוֹבָא kɛθɛɾ ʔăɾɔm sˁovɔʔ Keter Aram Tsova) is a manuscript of the Hebrew Bible The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic The Masoretic Text ( MT) is the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible ( Tanakh) The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early It is sometimes claimed that around the 10th century BCE ^[3] a distinct Hebrew variant, the original "Hebrew script", emerged, which was widely used in the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah until they fell in the 8th and 6th centuries BCE, respectively. The Kingdom of Israel ( ( KJV Israel in Samaria) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel' Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. The 8th century BC started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. It is not straightforward, however, to distinguish Israelite/Judahite scripts from others which were in use in the immediate area, most notably by the Moabites and Ammonites. See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. Moab (; Greek Μωάβ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab; Egyptian Ammon or Ammonites ( also referred to in the Bible as the "children of Ammon" were a people (also known from Assyrian and other records living east

Following the Babylonian exile, Jews gradually stopped using the Hebrew script, and instead adopted the Aramaic script (another offshoot of the same family of scripts). The Babylonian captivity, Babylonian exile, is the name typically given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. This script, used for writing Hebrew, later evolved into the Jewish, or "square" script, that is still used today. Closely related scripts were in use all over the Middle East for several hundred years, but following the rise of Christianity (and later, the rise of Islam), they gave way to the Roman and Arabic alphabets, respectively. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu.

The Hebrew alphabet was later adapted in order to write down the languages of the Jewish diaspora (Karaim, Judæo-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish, etc. The Jewish diaspora ( Hebrew: Tefutzah, "scattered" or Galut גלות "exile" Yiddish: tfutses) the presence The Karaim language (Crimean dialect къарай тили Trakai dialect karaj tili is a Turkic language with Hebrew influences in a similar manner to The Judæo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in the Arab world; the term also refers to Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High ). The Hebrew alphabet was retained as the alphabet used for writing down the Hebrew language during its rebirth in the 18th to 19th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

Letter table

The Hebrew alphabet consists of the following letters, five of which have a different form at the ends of words, known as the final form. These are shown in the table below the normal form.

Aleph	Bet/Vet	Gimel	Dalet	He	Vav	Zayin	Chet	Tet	Yud	Kaph/Khaph
א	ב	ג	ד	ה	ו	ז	ח	ט	י	כ
										ך
Lamed	Mem	Nun	Samekh	Ayin	Pei/Fei	Tsadi	Quph	Reish	Shin/Sin	Tav
ל	מ	נ	ס	ע	פ	צ	ק	ר	ש	ת
	ם	ן			ף	ץ

Description

Both the old Hebrew script and the modern Hebrew script have only one case, but some letters have special final forms, called sofit (Heb. סופית, meaning in this case "final" or "ending") form, used only at the end of a word, somewhat as in the Arabic and Mandaic alphabets. is the reconstructed name of the first letter of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, continued in descended Semitic alphabets as Phoenician Bet, Beth, or Vet is the second letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Gimmel redirects here for the musical group see Gimmel (music group. Dalet ( also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Aramaic He is the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac ܗ and Arabic Waw ( also spelled vav or vau) (In Hebrew Vav) is the sixth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic Zayin (also spelled Zain or Zayn) is the seventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician 𐤆 Aramaic, Hebrew or H̱et (also spelled Khet, Kheth, Chet, Cheth, Het, or Heth) is the reconstructed name of the eighth letter (also Teth, Tet) is the ninth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tet, Yodh (also spelled Yud or Yod) is the tenth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Kaph (also spelled Kap or Kaf) is the eleventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Lamed or Lamedh is the twelfth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Lamed and Arabic Mem (also spelled Meem or Mim) is the thirteenth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Nun is the fourteenth letter of many Semitic Abjads including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet ar ن (in Samekh or Simketh is the fifteenth letter in many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic, representing /s/ For the village in Azerbaijan see Əyin. or is the sixteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Pe is the seventeenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Pei, Persian alphabet Pe pr Tsade (also spelled Ṣādē or Tzadi or Sadhe or Tzaddik) is the eighteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Qoph or Qop (In modern Hebrew Kuf, Arabic Qāf) is the nineteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic for the town in Nepal see Resh Nepal Resh is the twentieth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician Shin (also spelled Šin or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Taw or Tav is the twenty-second and last letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tav In Orthography and Typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between Majuscule ( capital or upper-case In many languages the final form is a special character used to represent a letter only when it occurs at the end of a word The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. The Mandaic alphabet is based on the Aramaic alphabet, and is used for writing the Mandaic language. ^[4] As can be seen in the tables given here, only five letters have a sofit form: ך → כ (kaph and khaph), ם → מ (mem), ן → נ (nun), ף → פ (pe and phe), ץ → צ (tsadi or tsade). ^[5]

The Hebrew alphabet is an abjad: vowels are normally not indicated. An Abjad is a type of Writing system in which each symbol stands for a Consonant; the reader must supply the appropriate Vowel. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Where they are, it is because a weak consonant such as א aleph, ה hey, ו vav, or י yod has combined with a previous vowel and become silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal When used to write Yiddish, the Hebrew writing system uses consonants to indicate all the vowels (see Yiddish orthography), except where Hebrew words are written in Yiddish. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High The Yiddish language is written using Hebrew script as the basis of a full vocalic Alphabet.

To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalisation and diacritical symbols called niqqud (ניקוד, literally "applying points"). In Hebrew Orthography, niqqud or nikkud ( is the system of Diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations One of these, the Tiberian system, eventually prevailed. Tiberian Hebrew is an extinct (yet very well documented Oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. Aaron ben Moses ben Asher (in Hebrew אהרון בן משה בן אשר in Tiberian Hebrew ʾAhărôn ben Mōšeh benʾĀšēr ( 10th century, died circa These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as Biblical books intended for study, in poetry or when teaching the language to children. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Tiberian system also includes a set of cantillation marks used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted, used in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls), called "trope". Cantillation is the ritual chanting of readings from the Bible in Synagogue services.

Hebrew letters may also be used as numbers; see the entry on Hebrew numerals. A number is an Abstract object, tokens of which are Symbols used in Counting and measuring. The system of Hebrew numerals is a quasi-decimal alphabetic Numeral system using the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. This use of letters as numbers is common in Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) in a practice known as gematria, as well as in the hebrew calendar. Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Gematria or gimatria ( Rabbinic Hebrew he גימטריה) is a system of assigning numerical value to an Alphabet. The Hebrew calendar (הלוח העברי ha'luach ha'ivri) or Jewish calendar is a Lunisolar calendar used by Jews for predominantly religious

Names, scripts, values, and transliteration of the letters

Further information: Romanization of Hebrew, Hebrew numerals, Cursive Hebrew, Rashi script

The following table is a breakdown of each letter in the Hebrew alphabet, showing the letter, its name, its numerical value, and its transliteration for English. Hebrew uses the Hebrew alphabet with optional vowel points. The romanization of Hebrew is the use of the Latin alphabet to Transliterate The system of Hebrew numerals is a quasi-decimal alphabetic Numeral system using the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Cursive Hebrew (כתב רהוט is a style of Hebrew Hand writing that is used for writing Modern Hebrew, especially for everyday writing in Israel. Rashi script ( Hebrew: כתב רש"י is a semi- cursive Typeface for the Hebrew alphabet, in which Rashi's commentaries are printed Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice There are five letters with a second, "final form", used at the end of words, represented below on the right-hand side of the letter's column. For additional ancestral scripts, see History of the Hebrew alphabet → Ancestral scripts and script varients

Symbol		Name			Israeli Transliteration	Numerical Value	Scripts
		Israeli	Ashkenazi	Unicode			Hebrew				Ancestral
							Cursive		Rashi		Phoenician	Paleo-Hebrew	Aramaic
א		alef	alef	alef	- (1)	1
ב		bet, vet	beis, veis	bet	b, v	2
ג		gimel	gimmel	gimel	g	3
ד		dalet	daled	dalet	d	4
ה		he	hei	he	h (2)	5
ו		vav	vov/vof	vav	v	6
ז		zayin	zayin	zayin	z	7
ח		khet	ches	het	kh (or ch/h) (3)	8
ט		tet	tes	tet	t	9
י		yod	yud	yord	y (4)	10
כ	ך	kaf, khaf	kof, chof	kaf	k, kh (or ch)	20
ל		lamed	lomed	lamed	l	30
מ	ם	mem	mem	mem	m	40
נ	ן	nun	nun	nun	n	50
ס		samekh	somech	samekh	s	60
ע		ayin	ayin/oyin	ayin	- (5)	70
פ	ף	pe, fe	pei, fei	pe	p, f	80
צ	ץ	tsadi	tsodi/tsodik	tsadi	ts (or tz/z)	90							,
ק		kuf	kuf	qof	k (or q)	100
ר		resh	reish	resh	r	200
ש		shin, sin	shin, sin	shin	sh, s	300
ת		tav	tov/tof, sov/sof	tav	t	400

1. unwritten in initial and final positions, though often not written at all
2. unwritten in final positions
3. "h" initial or after consonants, "ch" everywhere else
4. "i" in final positions or before consonants
5. often not written at all

Pronunciation

Further information: Hebrew phonology and International Phonetic Alphabet for Hebrew

The descriptions that follow are based on the pronunciation of modern standard Israeli Hebrew. See also Hebrew alphabet The History of the Hebrew alphabet dates back several thousand years Hebrew uses the Hebrew alphabet with optional vowel points. The romanization of Hebrew is the use of the Latin alphabet to Transliterate The system of Hebrew numerals is a quasi-decimal alphabetic Numeral system using the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Ashkenazi Hebrew is the pronunciation system for Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Ashkenazi Jewish practice In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's Cursive Hebrew (כתב רהוט is a style of Hebrew Hand writing that is used for writing Modern Hebrew, especially for everyday writing in Israel. Rashi script ( Hebrew: כתב רש"י is a semi- cursive Typeface for the Hebrew alphabet, in which Rashi's commentaries are printed The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, also know as Ktav Ivri, is an offshoot of the ancient Semitic alphabet (see the akin Phoenician alphabet) The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. Hebrew Phonology must take into account that the Hebrew language has been used primarily for liturgical, literary and scholarly purposes for most of the For a concise summary, see the article International Phonetic Alphabet for Hebrew. For further information on regional and historical variations in pronunciation, see Hebrew phonology.

Letters	א	בּ	ב	ג	גּ	ג׳	ד	דּ	ד׳	ה	ו	וּ	וֹ	וו) , ו׳)	ז	ז׳	ח	ט	י
IPA	[ʔ]	[b]	[v]	[ɡ]		[ʤ]	[d]		[ð]	[h~ʔ, -]	[v]	[uː]	[oː]	[w] (non-standard)[6]	[z]	[ʒ]	[χ~ħ]	[t]	[j]
Letters	יִ	כּ ךּ	ך כ	ל	ם מ	ן נ	ס	ע	פּ ףּ	פ ף	ץ צ	ץ׳ צ׳	ק	ר	שׁ	שׂ	תּ	ת	ת׳
IPA	[i]	[k]	[χ]	[l]	[m]	[n]	[s]	[ʔ~ʕ, - ]	[p]	[f]	[ʦ]	[tʃ]	[k]	[ʁ]	[ʃ]	[s]	[t]		[θ]

Shin and sin

Further information: Shin (letter)

Shin and sin are represented by the same letter, ש, but are two separate phonemes. This article is about the sound in spoken language For the letter see Glottal stop (letter. The voiced bilabial plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced velar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiced palato-alveolar affricate, also described as voiced domed postalveolar affricate, is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The voiced alveolar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiced dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced labiovelar (actually labialized velar) approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in certain spoken Languages including The voiced alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a Sibilant The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or domed postalveolar fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol The voiceless alveolar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The palatal approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The close front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The voiceless velar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The bilabial nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in almost all spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this The alveolar nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in numerous spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The voiceless alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a The voiceless bilabial plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless palato-alveolar affricate or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages It is The voiceless velar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced uvular fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or domed postalveolar fricative ( IPA) is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The voiceless alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a The voiceless alveolar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Shin (also spelled Šin or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU They are not mutually allophonic. In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin-dot or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and the sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.

Symbol	Name	Transliteration	IPA	Example
שׂ (left dot)	sin	s	/s/	sour
שׁ (right dot)	shin	sh	/ʃ/	shop

Dagesh

Main article: Dagesh

Historically, the consonants ב bet, ג gimel, ד dalet, כ kaf, פ pe and ת tav each had two sounds: one hard (plosive), and one soft (fricative), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice The dagesh (דָּגֵשׁ is a Diacritic used in the Hebrew alphabet. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh (דגש), while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of ב bet, כ kaf, פ pe, and ת tav (tav only changes in Ashkenazi and Yemenite pronunciations).

With dagesh					Without dagesh
Symbol	Name	Transliteration	IPA	Example	Symbol	Name	Transliteration	IPA	Example
בּ	bet	b	/b/	bun	ב	vet	v	/v/	van
[7]כּ ךּ	kaph	k	/k/	kangaroo	כ ך	khaph	kh/ch/k	/χ/	loch
פּ	pe	p	/p/	pass	פ ף	phe	ph/f	/f/	find
תּ	tav	t	/t/	talent	ת	sav*	s	/s/	sorry

* Only in Ashkenazi pronunciations. In Israeli Hebrew, it is always a tav, with a /t/ sound.
** The letters gimmel (ג) and dalet (ד) also have dagesh (dotted) forms, but these don't differ phonetically from the forms without the dagesh in most of the Modern Hebrew dialects. Israeli Hebrew also exhibits no phonetic distinction between tav (ת) with or without a dagesh.

Same pronunciation

In Israel's general population, many consonants have the same pronunciation. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. They are:

Letters				Transliteration	Pronunciation (IPA)
א aleph*	ע ayin*			-	/ʔ/
ב vet (without dagesh)	ו vav			v	/v/
ח chet	כ khaph (without dagesh)			kh/ch/h	/χ/
ט tet	ת tav			t	/t/
כּ kaph (with dagesh)	ק qoph			k	/k/
ס samekh	שׂ sin (with left dot)			s	/s/
צ tsadi*	תס tav-samech*	and	תשׂ tav-sin*	ts/tz	/ts/

* Varyingly

Matres lectiones

Main article: Mater lectionis

א aleph, ה he, ו vav and י yod are consonants that can sometimes fill the position of a vowel. In the spelling of Hebrew and some other Semitic languages, Matres lectionis ( Latin "mothers of reading" singular form mater lectionis The latter two in particular are more often vowels than they are consonants.

Symbol	Name	Vowel value
א	aleph	ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
ה	he	ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
ו	vav	ô, û
י	yud	î, ê, ệ

Pronunciation of Ancient Hebrew

Further information: Biblical Hebrew

Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. Biblical Hebrew, also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language in which the Hebrew Bible and various Israelite inscriptions The six consonants /b g d k p t/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeDKePHeT (pronounced /ˌbeɪgɛdˈkɛfɛt/) letters. (The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points. ) They were pronounced as stops [b g d k p t] at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. They were pronounced as fricatives [v ɣ ð x f θ] when preceded by a vowel (commonly indicated with a macron, [ḇ ḡ ḏ ḵ p̄ ṯ]). Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together The stop and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds [ḏ] and [ḡ] have reverted to [d] and [g] respectively, and [ṯ] has become [t], so only the remaining three consonants /b k p/ show variation.

• ו vav was a semivowel /w/ (as in English, not as in German).
• ח chet and ע ayin were pharyngeal fricatives, צ tsadi was an emphatic /s/, ט tet was an emphatic /t/, and ק qoph was /q/. A pharyngeal consonant is a type of Consonant which is articulated with the root of the Tongue against the Pharynx. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Emphatic consonant is a term widely used in Semitic Linguistics to describe one of a series of Obstruent Consonants which originally contrasted All these are common Semitic consonants. The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal
• שׂ sin (the /s/ variant of ש shin) was originally different from both שׁ shin and ס samekh, but had become /s/ the same as ס samekh by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of cognates with other Semitic languages, this phoneme is known to have originally been a lateral consonant, most likely the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/ (the sound of modern Welsh ll) or the voiceless alveolar lateral affricate /tɬ/ (like Náhuatl tl). Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Nahuatl ( is a group of related languages and dialects of the Aztecan or Nahuan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family

Diacritics

Main article: Niqqud

Niqqud is the system of dots the help determine vowels and consonants. In Hebrew Orthography, niqqud or nikkud ( is the system of Diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations In Hebrew, all forms of niqqud are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, poetry, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce.

Vowel points

Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, /i e a o u/, but many more written symbols for them:

Name	Symbol	Israeli Hebrew
		IPA	Transliteration	English Example
Hiriq		[i]	i	ski
Zeire		[ɛ] and [ɛi]	e and ei	men, main
Segol		[ɛ], ([ɛi] with succeeding yod)	e, (ei with succeeding yod)	men
Patach		[a]	a	nn
Kamatz		[a], (or [ɔ])	a, (or o)	trw
Holam		[ɔ]	o	cone
Shuruk		[u]	u	tube
Kubutz		[u]	u	tube

Note Ⅰ: The symbol "O" represents whatever Hebrew letter is used. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice Yodh (also spelled Yud or Yod) is the tenth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew
Note Ⅰ: The zeire is pronounced correctly as ei in modern Hebrew.
Note Ⅱ: The dagesh, mappiq, and shuruk have different functions, even though they look the same. The mappiq ( Hebrew: מפיק also mapiq, mapik, mappik, lit "causing to go out" is a Diacritic used in the Hebrew
Note Ⅲ: The letter ו (vav) is used since it can only be represented by that letter.

Sh'va

Main article: Sh'va

By adding two vertical dots (called Sh'va) underneath the letter, the vowel is made very short.

Name	Symbol	Israeli Hebrew
		IPA	Transliteration	English Example
Sh'va		[ɛ] or Ø	apostrophe, e, or nothing	silent
Reduced Segol		[ɛ]	e	men
Reduced Patach		[a]	a	spa
Reduced Kamatz		[ɔ]	o	cone

Comparison table

Vowel Comparison Table
Vowel Length (phonetically not manifested in Israeli Hebrew)			IPA	Transliteration	English Example
Long	Short	Very Short
ָ	ַ	ֲ	[a]	a	spa
ֵ	ֶ	ֱ	[ɛ]	e	temp
וֹ	ָ	ֳ	[ɔ]	o	coke
וּ	ֻ	n/a	[u]	u	tube
יִ	ִ		[i]	i	ski
Note Ⅰ:		By adding two vertical dots (sh'va) ְ the vowel is made very short. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral A zero, in Linguistics, is a constituent needed in an analysis but not realized in speech In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice
Note Ⅱ:		The short o and long a have the same niqqud.
Note Ⅲ:		The short o is is usually promoted to a long o in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation
Note Ⅳ:		The short u is is usually promoted to a long u in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation

Not used in Hebrew

Symbol	Explanation
װ ױ ײ ײַ	These are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew[8]. See: Yiddish orthography. The Yiddish language is written using Hebrew script as the basis of a full vocalic Alphabet.
בֿ	The rafe (רפה) niqqud is no longer used in Hebrew. In Hebrew Orthography the rafe, also raphe, ( Hebrew רפה meaning "weak limp" is a Diacritic ֿ: a short horizontal overbar It is still seen in Yiddish. In masoretic manuscripts, the soft fricative consonants are indicated by a small line on top of the letter. The Masoretic Text ( MT) is the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible ( Tanakh) Its use has been largely discontinued in printed texts.

Gershayim

Main article: Gershayim

The symbol ״ is called a gershayim and is a punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language to denote acronyms. Gershayim is a Punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language. It has two distinct meanings Gershayim is a Punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language. It has two distinct meanings It is written before the last letter in the acronym. Gershayim is also the name of a note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah, printed above the accented letter. Cantillation is the ritual chanting of readings from the Bible in Synagogue services. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to

Non-native sounds

Main articles: Geresh and Hebraization of English

The sounds [ʧ], [ʤ], [ʒ], written "צ׳", "ג׳", "ז׳" and [w], standardly transliterated as "ו" (while "ו" normally is a [v]), non-standardly sometimes transliterated וו or ׳ו‎^[8], are found in many loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary, even among people who don't know the source languages. Geresh (" ׳ " Hebrew: גֵרֵשׁ or medieval) is a sign in Hebrew writing The Hebraization of English (or Hebraicization of English) is the use of the Hebrew alphabet to transliterate English words The apostrophe-looking symbol after the Hebrew letter modifies the pronunciation of the letter and is called a geresh. Geresh (" ׳ " Hebrew: גֵרֵשׁ or medieval) is a sign in Hebrew writing

English loanwords
Name	Symbol	IPA	Transliteration	Example
Gimel with a geresh	ג׳	[ʤ]	j	George	ג׳ורג
Zayin with a geresh	ז׳	[ʒ]	varies	Jabotinsky Jacques	ז׳בוטינסקי ז׳אק
Tsadi with a geresh	צ׳	[ʧ]	ch	Chernobyl	צ׳רנוביל
Vav with a geresh or double Vav	וו or ו׳	[w] (non standard)[6]	w	William	ו׳יליאם
Tav with a geresh	ת׳	[θ]	th	Thurston	ת׳רסטון

Arabic loanwords
Name	Symbol	IPA	Arabic letter	Example		Comment
Khet with a geresh	ח׳	[χ]	Ḫāʼ (خ)	Sheikh (شيخ)‎	שייח׳
Ayin with a geresh	ע׳	[ʁ]	Ġayn (غ)	Ghaja'r	ע׳ג׳ר
Dalet with a geresh	ד׳	[ð]	Ḏāl (ذ) th	Dhu al-Hijjah (ذو الحجة)‎	ד׳ו אל-חיג'ה	* Also used for English voiced th * Often a simple ד is written. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Ghain, ghayn, or (ar ﻍ is one of the six letters in the Arabic alphabet not in the twenty-two akin to the Phoenician alphabet (the others (ar ﺫ is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being,,,,)
Tet with a geresh	ט׳	[ðˁ]	Ẓāʼ (ظ)	Tanzim (تنظيم)‎	תנט׳ים	* In scientific and professional writing * Transliterated as a regular ז in colloquial writing (תנזים)
Tsadi with a geresh	צ׳	[dˁ]	Ḍād (ض)	Ramaḍān	רמצ׳אן	* In scientific and professional writing * Transliterated as a regular ד in colloquial writing (רמדאן)

Using וו to represent [w] is, however, non-standard, while still done; standard spelling rules determine that in ktiv male—i. (ar ﺽ is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being,,,,) Ktiv Hasar Niqqud ( כתיב חסר ניקוד literally "spelling lacking niqqud" ( Colloquially known as Ktiv Male ( כתיב מלא literally "full e. text without niqqud—a "double vav" (וו) is used to indicate a vav in a non-initial and non-final position denoting the consonant [v], as opposed to a vav denoting the vowels [u] or [ɔ], which is indicated by a single ו. In Hebrew Orthography, niqqud or nikkud ( is the system of Diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations Waw ( also spelled vav or vau) (In Hebrew Vav) is the sixth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic Waw ( also spelled vav or vau) (In Hebrew Vav) is the sixth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic Waw ( also spelled vav or vau) (In Hebrew Vav) is the sixth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic ^[6]

A geresh is also used to denote initialisms, to denote a Hebrew numeral and as a note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah. Acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms are Abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name The system of Hebrew numerals is a quasi-decimal alphabetic Numeral system using the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to

Unicode and HTML

Main article: Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet

The Unicode Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB40. See Hebrew alphabet for the main article on the Hebrew alphabet In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's It includes letters, ligatures, combining diacritical marks (niqqud and cantillation marks) and punctuation. A letter is an element in an Alphabetic system of writing such as the Greek alphabet and its descendants In Digital typography, combining characters are characters that are intended to modify other characters In Hebrew Orthography, niqqud or nikkud ( is the system of Diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations Cantillation is the ritual chanting of readings from the Bible in Synagogue services. The Numeric Character References is included for HTML. A numeric character reference (NCR is a common markup construct used in SGML and other SGML-based markup languages such as HTML and XML. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used in Wiki to create the Hebrew glyphs compatible with the majority of web browsers. A glyph is an element of writing Two or more glyphs representing the same symbol whether interchangeable or context-dependent are called Allographs the abstract unit they

See also

Hebrew alphabet
א    ב    ג    ד    ה    ו
ז    ח    ט    י    כך
ל    מם    נן    ס    ע    פף
צץ    ק    ר    ש    ת
History · Transliteration Niqqud · Dagesh · Gematria Cantillation · Numeration

• Hebrew punctuation
• Mater lectionis
• History of the Hebrew language
• Syriac alphabet
• Niqqud
• Dagesh
• Gershayim
• Hebrew braille
• Cursive Hebrew
• Rashi script
• Ashuri alphabet
• Hebrew keyboard
• Romanization of Hebrew
• International Phonetic Alphabet for Hebrew
• Hebrew phonology
• Help:Hebrew

References

Bibliography

Roots of the Hebrew Alphabet

• Hoffman, Joel M. 2004. In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language. New York: New York University Press.
• Saenz-Badillos, Angel. 1993. A History of the Hebrew Language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• Steinberg, David. History of the Hebrew Language.
• Mathers table
• Aleph-Beth Quick Study Chart. February 28, 2005. The Mathers table of Hebrew and Chaldee letters is a tabular display of the pronunciation appearance numerical values transliteration names and symbolism Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Qumran Bet Community. Retrieved January 5, 2006. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

External links

• Hebrew alphabet lesson
• How to draw letters
• Official Unicode standards document for Hebrew
• Transliterate your English name into Hebrew Letters

Keyboards

• Hebrew translit - for typing Hebrew with an English keyboard (transliteration with niqqud)
• Mikledet.com - for typing Hebrew with an English keyboard (Hebrew layout and phonetic layout)
• LiteType Virtual Keyboards - zoomable keyboard with different layouts for typing and searching in Hebrew

In Hebrew Orthography, niqqud or nikkud ( is the system of Diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations A Hebrew keyboard ( Hebrew: מקלדת עברית mikledet ivrit) comes in two different Keyboard layouts Most Hebrew keyboards contain both Hebrew Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech

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