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Health science is the applied science dealing with health, and it includes many sub disciplines. Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity See also health science academic disciplines. An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level

There are two approaches to health science: the study and research of the human body and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly

Health research builds upon the basic sciences of biology, chemistry, and physics as well as a variety of multidisciplinary fields (for example medical sociology). Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Medical sociology is the study of individual and group behaviors with respect to health and illness Some of the other primarily research-oriented fields that make exceptionally significant contributions to health science are biochemistry, epidemiology, and genetics. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the Health and Illness of populations and serves as the foundation and Logic of interventions made in the Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is See also life sciences and life science academic disciplines. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level

Applied health sciences also endeavor to better understand health, but in addition they try to directly improve the health of individuals and of people in general. Some of these are: biomedical engineering, biotechnology, nursing, nutrition, pharmacology, pharmacy, public health, psychology, physical therapy, and medicine. Biomedical engineering ( BME) is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. Nursing is a Profession focused on assisting individuals families, and communities in attaining maintaining and recovering optimal Health Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The provision of services to improve people's health is referred to as health care (see below). See also branches of medicine. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the

The health sciences industry, a multi-billion dollar business sector, is a cross-section of the life sciences and the health care and medical diagnostics industries.

Contents

Acquisition of health-related knowledge

Main articles: Life science and Biomedical research

Medical research is basic and applied research conducted to improve the evaluation of new treatments for both safety and efficacy in what are termed clinical trials, or to develop new treatments (referred to as preclinical research). Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Biomedical research (or experimental medicine) in general simply known as medical research, is the Basic research or Applied research conducted Basic Research is an Herbal supplement and cosmetics manufacturer based in Salt Lake City, Utah that distributes products through a large number of Applied research: is Research accessing and using some part of the research communities' (the Academy 's accumulated theories knowledge methods and techniques In health care clinical trials are conducted to allow safety and Efficacy data to be collected for new drugs or devices Pre-clinical development is a stage of research that begins before Clinical trials (testing in humans can begin and during which important feasibility iterative testing and

The increased longevity of humans over the past century is due in large part to medical research. Among the major advancements in medicine have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statings and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease Measles (rubeola is a Disease caused by a virus specifically a Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Atherosclerosis is a Disease affecting arterial Blood vessels It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries in large part due to the accumulation Microsurgery is a general term for Surgery requiring an operating Microscope. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the human genome project. The Human Genome Project (HGP was an international Scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance and the obesity epidemic. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a Microorganism to withstand the effects of Antibiotics. Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected

Application of health-related knowledge (health care)

Main article: Health care

Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Nursing is a Profession focused on assisting individuals families, and communities in attaining maintaining and recovering optimal Health Allied health professions are clinical Healthcare professions distinct from Medicine and Nursing. According to the World Health Organization, health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including “preventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations”. [1] The organized provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This article describes policy-related systems For the article on hospital networks which are sometimes referred to as health care systems see Hospital network. This can include a specific governmental organization such as the National Health Service in the UK, or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in Shared Care. The National Health Service is the name commonly used to refer to the four Publicly-funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom collectively or individually (although Shared Care is a term used in Health care and Social care in Great Britain.

There are a large number of health professions. The health care industry or health profession treats and tends to patients who are injured sick disabled or infirm The terms medicine or biomedicine, and medical doctor or M. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Biomedicine, also known as theoretical medicine, is a term that comprises the knowledge and research which is more or less in common to the fields of human medicine A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health D. refer to the dominant conventional practices in the West. There are a wide range of traditional areas of health care. The most common areas are: medicine, nursing, midwifery, and various forms of therapy to supplement the healing process and restore proper activity (e. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Nursing is a Profession focused on assisting individuals families, and communities in attaining maintaining and recovering optimal Health Midwifery is a Health care profession where providers give Prenatal care to expecting Mothers attend the birth of the Infant g. Dietetics, recreational, physical, occupational, speech, and respiratory). A dietitian (also 'dietician' though 'dietitian' is used consistently by professionals is an expert in Food and Nutrition. Play therapy is generally employed with children ages 3 to 11 play provides a way for Children to express their experiences and feelings through a natural self-guided Occupational Therapy, often abbreviated "OT", is the "use of productive or creative activity in the treatment or rehabilitation of physically cognitively or Speech-language pathology is the study of disorders that affect a person's Speech, Language, cognition voice swallowing ( Dysphagia) and the rehabilitative Respiratory Therapy is categorized as an Allied health profession in the United States and Canada

Like health science in general, health care includes both the study and application of preventing and curing human diseases and disorders. Medical doctors include physicians and surgeons. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental

There are many different branches of medicine; the other health care professions also have specialties or focus on specific populations or settings of care. Public health studies the effect of environmental factors such as available health care resources on the health of the general population, often focusing on particular populations, such as mothers and children. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Dietitians educate people about proper nutrition, particularly specific dietary needs of populations such as people with diabetes, breastfeeding women, and people with celiac disease. A dietitian (also 'dietician' though 'dietitian' is used consistently by professionals is an expert in Food and Nutrition. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Breastfeeding is the feeding of an Infant or young Child with Breast milk directly from human Breasts, not from a Baby bottle or other Other less common medical areas include first aid and triage. First aid is the provision of initial care for an Illness or Injury. Triage (ˈtriːɑːʒ is a process of prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition so as to treat as many as possible when resources are insufficient for all

Dental health has grown in importance in recent decades making dentistry a major field of health sciences. Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity Counselling, hospice care, home care, nutrition, medical social work, alternative medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology are all considered part of health science. Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living Palliative care (from Latin palliare to cloak is any form of medical care or treatment that concentrates on reducing the severity of Disease Symptoms Home care, (commonly referred to as domiciliary care) is Health care or supportive care provided in the patient's Home by Healthcare Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Medical Social Work is a sub-discipline of Social work. Medical social workers typically work in a hospital skilled nursing facility or hospice, have a graduate degree The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of Chemicals on living organisms

Veterinary medicine is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal originated food (like milk and meat) and animal husbandry.

Health practices

Conventional Western practices

Historical western
Further information: Ancient Greek medicine, Medicine in ancient Rome, Byzantine medicine, and Medieval medicine

Traditional or folk medicine

Main article: Folk medicine

Complementary and alternative medicine

Main articles: Complementary and alternative medicine and Alternative medicine

New Age or spritualist

Contemporary themes

Because health science deal with human life, issues of medical ethics, an important area of ethics, arise frequently. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Athletic trainers treat and recondition athletes who have sustained an athletic injury Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity A dietitian (also 'dietician' though 'dietitian' is used consistently by professionals is an expert in Food and Nutrition. Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the Health and Illness of populations and serves as the foundation and Logic of interventions made in the Genetic counseling is the process by which patients or relatives at risk of an inherited disorder are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder the probability of developing Medical physics is the application of Physics to Medicine. It generally concerns physics as applied to Medical imaging and Radiotherapy, although Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Medical technology refers to the diagnostic or therapeutic application of Science and Technology to improve the management of Health conditions Nursing is a Profession focused on assisting individuals families, and communities in attaining maintaining and recovering optimal Health Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Occupational Therapy, often abbreviated "OT", is the "use of productive or creative activity in the treatment or rehabilitation of physically cognitively or Optometry is a health care profession concerned with Eyes and related structures as well as vision, Visual systems and vision information Osteopathy is an approach to Healthcare that emphasizes the role of the Musculoskeletal system in Health and Disease. Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs In Medicine, a prosthesis (plural prostheses) is an Artificial extension that replaces a missing Body part. Orthotics is an allied health care medical profession or field that is concerned with the design development fitting and manufacturing of Orthoses, which are devices that support Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living Cognitive Therapy (CT is a type of Psychotherapy developed by American Psychiatrist Aaron T Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Speech-language pathology is the study of disorders that affect a person's Speech, Language, cognition voice swallowing ( Dysphagia) and the rehabilitative Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC Ancient Roman Medicine combined various techniques using different tools and rituals Byzantine medicine is the medicine practiced in the Byzantine Empire from about 400 AD to 1453 AD For contemporary medicine practiced outside of Europe see Islamic medicine, Byzantine medicine, Traditional Chinese medicine, and Ayurveda Bloodletting (or blood-letting, in modern medicine referred to as phlebotomy) was a tremendously popular medical practice from antiquity up to the late Heroic medicine is a term for aggressive medical practices or methods of treatment and usually refers to those which were later superseded by scientific advances Magnet therapy, magnetic therapy, magnetotherapy or magnotherapy is a Complementary and alternative medicine practice involving the use of static Patent medicine is the somewhat misleading term given to various medical Compounds sold under a variety of names and labels though they were for the most part actually Phrenology (from Greek: φρήν phrēn, "mind" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" is a defunct field of study once Trepanation (also known as trepanning, trephination, trephining or burr hole) is surgery in which a hole is Drilled or scraped into The term traditional medicine ( Indigenous medicine or folk medicine) describes medical knowledge systems which developed over centuries within various societies Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. History Antiquity In China, the practice of acupuncture can perhaps be traced as far back as Traditional Korean medicine ( Hangul: 한의학 Hanja: 韓醫學 developed with the influence of Traditional Chinese medicine. The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. The Alexander Technique is a discipline with a focus on the self-perception of movement and is aimed at alleviating pain promoting rehabilitation improving breathing and decreasing Chiropractic is a Health care profession that focuses on diagnosis treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the Musculoskeletal system, with special emphasis The Dorn method is a form of manual holistic alternative therapy used to correct misalignments in the spinal column and other Joints In its Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as Holistic health is a Philosophy of medical care that views physical and mental aspects of life as closely interconnected and equally important approaches to treatment This article has been the subject of edit wars and has been placed on probation Hypnosis is often thought to be a wakeful state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility with diminished peripheral awareness Naturopathic medicine (also known as naturopathy, or natural medicine) is a Complementary and alternative medicine which emphasizes the body's intrinsic Naturopathic medicine (also known as naturopathy, or natural medicine) is a Complementary and alternative medicine which emphasizes the body's intrinsic Orthomolecular medicine is a form of Complementary and alternative medicine which aims to prevent and treat disease with substances which are natural to the body Osteopathy is an approach to Healthcare that emphasizes the role of the Musculoskeletal system in Health and Disease. Christian Science is believed by its supporters to be a system of spiritually scientific truths which are summed up in the two commandments having one God one Mind one Life Truth Faith healing is the attempt to use Religious or spiritual means such as Prayer, mental practices spiritual insights or other techniques to prevent See also Transcendental Meditation Maharishi Vedic Medicine (MVM also known as Maharishi's Consciousness-Based Health Care or Maharishi Ayurveda was founded internationally is a Spiritual practice developed in 1922 by Mikao Usui. After three weeks of Fasting and Meditating on Mount Kurama, in Japan Medical ethics is primarily a field of Applied ethics, the study of Moral values and judgments as they apply to Medicine. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Medical ethics includes questions on topics such as a patient's right to privacy. Euthanasia, abortion, human cloning, stem cell research and genetic engineering are especially controversial issues directly related to health science. Euthanasia (literally "good death" in Ancient Greek) refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner An Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a Human being human cell, or human tissue. Stem cells are cells found in most if not all multi-cellular Organisms. Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct

History of health science

Main articles: History of biology and History of medicine

The foundations for the Health Sciences fields are as old as the human race. The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanations for birth, Death, and Disease. Humans have always been in need of solutions to address illness, injury, and various health related issues such as childbirth. With modern technology and the backing of the pure sciences, the scientific accuracy of these fields has greatly improved. Nevertheless, many cultures have used and continue to use various herbs and other culturally specific solutions to help solve health problems that may or may not be backed by any scientific support.

See also

Main list: List of basic health science topics

External links and references

References

  1. ^ World Heath Organization Report. Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing The following is a partial list of acronyms commonly used in health care. Biomedical research (or experimental medicine) in general simply known as medical research, is the Basic research or Applied research conducted Biomedical engineering ( BME) is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field Biomedical technology involves the application of Engineering and Technology principles to the domain of living or biological Systems Usually biomedical Biomedical informatics is the broad discipline concerned with the study and application of Computer science, Information science, Informatics, Cognitive Emergency medical services (abbreviated to the initialism "EMS" in many countries are a branch of Emergency services dedicated to providing out-of-hospital Evidence-based medicine (EBM aims to apply Evidence gained from the Scientific method to certain parts of medical practice Health economics is a branch of Economics concerned with issues related to scarcity in the allocation of Health and Health care. All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanations for birth, Death, and Disease. Health informatics or medical informatics is the intersection of Information science, Computer science, and Health care. Medical ethics is primarily a field of Applied ethics, the study of Moral values and judgments as they apply to Medicine. Generally speaking preventive medicine is the part of Medicine engaged with preventing Disease rather than curing it Publicly funded health care, or publicly funded healthcare, is Health care that is financed entirely or in majority part by citizens' tax payments instead of through Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Henderson Health Sciences Magnet Middle School is a Magnet school in Little Rock, Arkansas, USA (2000). Why do health systems matter?. WHO.  
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