The definition was updated in the 1986 WHO "Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion" to say health is a "resource for everyday life, not the objective of living", and "health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. "[2].
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Aspects of Health
"Mens sana in corpore sano" (Juvenal)
Physical Health
Physical fitness is good bodily health, and is the result of regular exercise, proper diet and nutrition, and proper rest for physical recovery. Mens sana in corpore sano (a healthy mind in a healthy body is a famous Latin quotation often translated as "A sound mind in a sound body Physical fitness is used in two close meanings general fitness (a state of Health and well-being and specific fitness (a task-oriented definition based on the ability This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support
A strong indicator of the health of populations is height, which is generally increased by improving nutrition and health care, and is also influenced by the standard of living and quality of life. Human height varies according to both "nature" and "nurture". Human height varies according to both "nature" and "nurture". Genetics is also a major factor in people's height. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is The study of human growth, its regulators, and its implications is known as Auxology. Auxology, sometimes called Auxanology (from Greek grc αὔξω auxō, or grc αὐξάνω auxanō, "growth" and grc -λογία
Mental health
Mental health refers to a human individual's emotional and psychological well-being. Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or Emotional wellbeing or an absence of a Mental disorder. Merriam-Webster defines mental health as "A state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society, and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life. Merriam-Webster, which was originally the G & C Merriam Company of Springfield Massachusetts, is an American company that publishes reference books "
According to the World Health Organization, there is no one "official" definition of mental health. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how "mental health" is defined. In general, most experts agree that "mental health" and "mental illness" are not opposites. Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as In other words, the absence of a recognized mental disorder is not necessarily an indicator of mental health.
One way to think about mental health is by looking at how effectively and successfully a person functions. Feeling capable and competent; being able to handle normal levels of stress, maintain satisfying relationships, and lead an independent life; and being able to "bounce back," or recover from difficult situations, are all signs of mental health.
Encompassing your emotional, social, and—most importantly—your mental well-being; All these aspects—emotional, physical, and social—must function together to achieve overall health.
Determinants of health
The LaLonde report suggested that there are four general determinants of health including human biology, environment, lifestyle, and healthcare services. Social determinants of health are the economic and social conditions under which people live which determine their Health. The LaLonde report is a 1974 report produced in Canada entitled A new perspective on the health of Canadians. See also Natural environment The '''biophysical''' environment is the symbiosis between the physical environment and the Biological The term lifestyle was originally coined by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in 1929 Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing [3] Thus, health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. Health science is the applied science dealing with Health, and it includes many sub disciplines
A major environmental factor is water quality, especially for the health of infants and children in developing countries. [4]
Health maintenance
Achieving health and remaining healthy is an active process. Self care is personal health maintenance It is any activity of an individual family or community with the intention of improving or restoring health or treating or preventing disease Effective strategies for staying healthy and improving one's health include the following elements:
Nutrition
Nutrition is the science that studies how what people eat affects their health and performance, such as foods or food components that cause diseases or deteriorate health (such as eating too many calories, which is a major contributing factor to obesity, diabetes, and heart disease). Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Atherosclerosis is a Disease affecting arterial Blood vessels It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries in large part due to the accumulation The field of nutrition also studies foods and dietary supplements that improve performance, promote health, and cure or prevent disease, such as eating fibrous foods to reduce the risk of colon cancer, or supplementing with vitamin C to strengthen teeth and gums and to improve the immune system. Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation.
Personal health depends partially on the social structure of one’s life. The maintenance of strong social relationships is linked to good health conditions, longevity, productivity, and a positive attitude. This is due to the fact that positive social interaction as viewed by the participant increases many chemical levels in the brain which are linked to personality and intelligence traits. Essentially this means that positive reinforcement from a third party make one more socially adept, in control, and relaxed physically and mentally, all of which are proven to effect the nervous system(UHF).
Sports nutrition
Sports nutrition focuses on how food and dietary supplements affect athletic performance (during events), improvement (from training), and recovery (after events and training). Sports nutrition is applied in most sports training however it is most dominant in strength sports (for example Weight lifting and Bodybuilding) and endurance sports (for One goal of sports nutrition is to maintain glycogen levels and prevent glycogen depletion. Another is to optimize energy levels and muscle tone. An athlete's strategy for winning an event may include a schedule for the entire season of what to eat, when to eat it, and in what precise quantities (before, during, after, and between workouts and events). Participants in endurance sports such as the full-distance triathlon actually eat during their races. Sports nutrition works hand-in-hand with sports medicine. Sports medicine specializes in preventing diagnosing and treating injuries related to participating in sports and/or exercise specifically the rotation or deformation of joints or
Exercise
Exercise is the performance of movements in order to develop or maintain physical fitness and overall health. Physical fitness is used in two close meanings general fitness (a state of Health and well-being and specific fitness (a task-oriented definition based on the ability It is often directed toward also honing athletic ability or skill. Frequent and regular physical exercise is an important component in the prevention of some of the diseases of affluence such as cancer, heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, obesity and back pain. Diseases of affluence are those diseases which are thought to be a result of increasing wealth in a society in contrast to Diseases of poverty which result from impoverishment Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases refers to the class of diseases that involve the Heart or Blood vessels ( arteries and Diabetes mellitus type 2 or Type 2 Diabetes (formerly called non - Insulin -dependent Diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or adult-onset diabetes is a metabolic Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected Back pain (also known " dorsalgia " is Pain felt in the back that usually originates from the Muscles Nerves Bones
Exercises are generally grouped into three types depending on the overall effect they have on the human body:
- Flexibility exercises such as stretching improve the range of motion of muscles and joints. The term can also refer to the stretching of Canvas on a frame. Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the
- Aerobic exercises such as walking and running focus on increasing cardiovascular endurance and muscle density. Aerobic exercise refers to Exercise that involves or improves oxygen consumption by the body Walking (also called ambulation) is the main form of Animal Locomotion on land, distinguished from Running and crawling Running is a means for an animal to move on Foot. It is defined in Sporting terms as a Gait in which at some point all feet are off the ground Cardio is the medical term used to reference the Heart. From Greek kardia: heart.
- Anaerobic exercises such as weight training or sprinting increase muscle mass and strength. Anaerobic exercise is exercise intense enough to trigger anaerobic metabolism. Weight training is a common type of Strength training for developing the strength and size of Skeletal muscles It uses the Force of gravity Sprints are short running races in athletics. They are roughly classified as events in which top runners will not have to "pace themselves" but can run as fast as
Physical exercise is considered important for maintaining physical fitness including healthy weight; building and maintaining healthy bones, muscles, and joints; promoting physiological well-being; reducing surgical risks; and strengthening the immune system.
Proper nutrition is just as, if not more, important to health as exercise. When exercising it becomes even more important to have good diet to ensure the body has the correct ratio of macronutrients whilst providing ample micronutrients; this is to aid the body with the recovery process following strenuous exercise. When the body falls short of proper nutrition, it gets into starvation mode developed through evolution and depends onto fat content for survival. Research suggest that the production of thyroid hormones can be negatively affected by repeated bouts of dieting and calorie restriction[5]. Proper rest and recovery is also as important to health as exercise, otherwise the body exists in a permanently injured state and will not improve or adapt adequately to the exercise.
The above two factors can be compromised by psychological compulsions (eating disorders such as exercise bulimia, anorexia, and other bulimias), misinformation, a lack of organization, or a lack of motivation. An eating disorder is a compulsion to eat or avoid eating that negatively affects both one's physical and mental health Exercise bulimia is a subset of the Psychological disorder called Bulimia in which a person is compelled to exercise in an effort aimed at burning the Calories Anorexia Nervosa is a psychiatric Diagnosis that describes an Eating disorder characterized by low Body weight and Body image distortion Bulimia nervosa is an Eating disorder characterized by recurrent Binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors referred to as "purging" These all lead to a decreased state of health.
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness can occur after any exercise, particularly if the body is in an unconditioned state relative to that exercise and the exercise involves repetitive eccentric contractions. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS also sometimes called muscle fever, is the pain or discomfort often felt 24 to 72 hours after exercising and subsides generally within 2 A muscles contraction (also known as a muscle twitch or simply twitch) occurs when a Muscle fibre generates tension through the action of Actin
Hygiene
Hygiene is the practice of keeping the body clean to prevent infection and illness, and the avoidance of contact with infectious agents. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness Hygiene practices include bathing, brushing and flossing teeth, washing hands especially before eating, washing food before it is eaten, cleaning food preparation utensils and surfaces before and after preparing meals, and many others. Bathing is the immersion of the body in a Fluid, usually Water or an aqueous solution Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the Mouth and Teeth clean in order to prevent dental problems and bad breath. Hand washing is the act of cleansing the Hands with Water or another Liquid, with or without the use of Soap or other Detergents This may help prevent infection and illness. By cleaning the body, dead skin cells are washed away with the germs, reducing their chance of entering the body.
Stress management
Prolonged psychological stress may negatively impact health, such as by weakening the immune system. Stress management encompasses techniques intended to equip a person with effective coping mechanisms for dealing with psychological stress, with stress defined as a person's See negative effects of the fight-or-flight response. The fight-or-flight response', also called the fright, fight or flight response, hyperarousal or the acute stress response, was first Stress management is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. Certain nootropics do both. '''Nootropics''' popularly referred to as " smart drugs " " smart nutrients " " cognitive enhancers " and " brain enhancers Exercising to improve physical fitness, especially cardiovascular fitness, boosts the immune system and increases stress tolerance. Relaxation techniques are physical methods used to relieve stress. A Relaxation technique (also known as Relaxation training) is any method process procedure or activity that helps a person to relax to attain a state of increased calmness Examples include sexual intercourse, progressive relaxation, and fractional relaxation. Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract Progressive muscle relaxation (or PMR is a technique of Stress management developed by American physician Edmund Jacobson in the early 1920s Fractional relaxation is a method of releasing muscular tension in one small part of the body at a time such as relaxing one finger then relaxing another then adding another Psychological methods include cognitive therapy, meditation, and positive thinking which work by reducing response to stress. Cognitive Therapy (CT is a type of Psychotherapy developed by American Psychiatrist Aaron T Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the conditioned "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness Attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's like or dislike for an item Improving relevant skills and abilities builds confidence, which also reduces the stress reaction to situations where those skills are applicable. Reducing uncertainty, by increasing knowledge and experience related to stress-causing situations, has the same effect. Learning to cope with problems better, such as improving problem solving and time management skills, may also reduce stressful reaction to problems. Repeatedly facing an object of one's fears may also desensitize the fight-or-flight response with respect to that stimulus -- e. g. , facing bullies may reduce fear of bullies.
Health care
- Main article: Health care. Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing See also Public health, below
Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Nursing is a Profession focused on assisting individuals families, and communities in attaining maintaining and recovering optimal Health Allied health professions are clinical Healthcare professions distinct from Medicine and Nursing. According to the World Health Organization, health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including “preventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations”. [6] The organized provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This article describes policy-related systems For the article on hospital networks which are sometimes referred to as health care systems see Hospital network. This can include a specific governmental organization such as the National Health Service in the UK, or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in Shared Care. The National Health Service is the name commonly used to refer to the four Publicly-funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom collectively or individually (although Shared Care is a term used in Health care and Social care in Great Britain.
Natural health
In alternative medicine, natural health is an eclectic self-care system of natural therapies concerned with building and restoring health and wellness via prevention and healthy lifestyles. The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. See also Health Wellness is generally used to mean a Healthy balance of the mind-body and spirit that results in an overall feeling of Well-being. Natural health includes breathing Buteyko Method, chiropractic, naturopathy, herbalism, homeopathy, massage therapy, relaxation techniques (e. The Buteyko method or Buteyko Breathing Technique is a Holistic health philosophy primarily for the treatment of Asthma, that includes a set of breathing Chiropractic is a Health care profession that focuses on diagnosis treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the Musculoskeletal system, with special emphasis Naturopathic medicine (also known as naturopathy, or natural medicine) is a Complementary and alternative medicine which emphasizes the body's intrinsic Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as This article has been the subject of edit wars and has been placed on probation A Relaxation technique (also known as Relaxation training) is any method process procedure or activity that helps a person to relax to attain a state of increased calmness g. Yoga, Tai Chi), accupuncture, sauna, aromatherapy, ayurveda medicine, and Kneipp therapy. Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the Tai chi chuan (is an internal Chinese martial art often practiced for Health reasons History Antiquity In China, the practice of acupuncture can perhaps be traced as far back as A sauna (ˈsɔːnə or as Finnish) is a small room or house designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions or an establishment with one or more of these and auxiliary Aromatherapy is a form of Alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials known as Essential oils (EOs and other aromatic compounds from plants for Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other Sebastian Kneipp ( May 17, 1821, Stephansried, Germany &ndash June 17, 1897 in Bad Wörishofen) was a
Workplace wellness programs
Workplace wellness programs are recognized by an increasingly large number of companies for their value in improving the health and well-being of their employees, and for increasing morale, loyalty, and productivity. The workplace wellness program is offered by some employers as a combination of educational organizational and environmental activities designed to support behavior conducive to the health Workplace wellness programs can include things like onsite fitness centers, health presentations, wellness newsletters, access to health coaching, tobacco cessation programs and training related to nutrition, weight and stress management. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Weight loss, in the context of Medicine or Health or Physical fitness, is a reduction of the total Body weight, due to a mean loss of fluid Other programs may include health risk assessments, health screenings and body mass index monitoring. The body mass index ( BMI) or Quetelet index, is a statistical measurement which compares a person's weight and height Mostly overseen or not mentioned is a group of determinants of health which could be called coincidence, hazard, luck or bad luck. Coincidence is the noteworthy alignment of two or more events or circumstances without obvious causal connection A hazard is a situation which poses a level of threat to Life, Health, Property or environment. Luck (also called fortunity) is a chance happening, or that which happens beyond a person's control. These factors are quite important determinants of health but difficult to calculate.
Public health
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society, organisations, public and private, communities and individuals. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations " It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. Population health is an approach to Health that aims to improve the health of an entire population The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a pandemic). A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people is an Epidemic of Infectious disease that spreads through Public health has many sub-fields, but is typically divided into the categories of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services. Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the Health and Illness of populations and serves as the foundation and Logic of interventions made in the Biostatistics (a Portmanteau word made from biology and statistics sometimes referred to as biometry or biometrics) is the application of Statistics A service is the non-material equivalent of a good. A service provision is an economic activity that does not result in Ownership, and this is what differentiates Environmental, social and behavioral health, and occupational health, are also important fields in public health. Environmental health is the branch of Public health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural and Built environment that may affect human Health Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in
The focus of public health intervention is to prevent rather than treat a disease through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviors. In addition to these activities, in many cases treating a disease can be vital to preventing it in others, such as during an outbreak of an infectious disease. An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic Vaccination programs and distribution of condoms are examples of public health measures. Vaccination is the administration of Antigenic material (the Vaccine) to produce immunity to a disease A condom is a device most commonly used during Sexual intercourse.
Role of science in health
Health science is the branch of science focused on health, and it includes many subdisciplines. Health science is the applied science dealing with Health, and it includes many sub disciplines There are two approaches to health science: the study and research of the human body and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly
Where health knowledge comes from
Health research builds primarily on the basic sciences of biology, chemistry, and physics as well as a variety of multidisciplinary fields (for example medical sociology). Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Medical sociology is the study of individual and group behaviors with respect to health and illness Some of the other primarily research-oriented fields that make exceptionally significant contributions to health science are biochemistry, epidemiology, and genetics. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the Health and Illness of populations and serves as the foundation and Logic of interventions made in the Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is
Putting health knowledge to use
Applied health sciences also endeavor to better understand health, but in addition they try to directly improve it. Some of these are: biomedical engineering, biotechnology, nursing, nutrition, pharmacology, pharmacy, public health (see below), psychology, physical therapy, and medicine. Biomedical engineering ( BME) is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. Nursing is a Profession focused on assisting individuals families, and communities in attaining maintaining and recovering optimal Health Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The provision of services to maintain or improve people's health is referred to as health care (see above).
See also
References
- ^ WHO. Environmental health is the branch of Public health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural and Built environment that may affect human Health General fitness training works towards broad goals of overall health and well-being rather than narrow goals of sport competition larger muscles or concerns over appearance Physical fitness is used in two close meanings general fitness (a state of Health and well-being and specific fitness (a task-oriented definition based on the ability Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Health education is defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion maintenance or restoration of Health The health care industry or health profession treats and tends to patients who are injured sick disabled or infirm Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or Emotional wellbeing or an absence of a Mental disorder. Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the Mouth and Teeth clean in order to prevent dental problems and bad breath. Sleep hygiene can be defined as "all behavioural and environmental factors that precede sleep and may interfere with sleep The word longevity is sometimes used as a synonym for " Life expectancy " in Demography. Following is a list of topics related to Life extension: 0–9 15 Global Challenges A Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. Adolescent medicine is a medical subspecialty that focuses on care of patients who are in the Adolescent period of development Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or Emotional wellbeing or an absence of a Mental disorder. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. Dietary minerals are the Chemical elements required by living Organisms other than the four elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and A healthy diet is one that is arrived at with the intent of improving or maintaining optimal Health. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Population health is an approach to Health that aims to improve the health of an entire population Within the framework of WHO 's definition of Health as a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity reproductive Sex education is a broad term used to describe Education about human sexual anatomy, Sexual reproduction, Sexual intercourse, Reproductive A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent See also Reproductive health, Women's health Maternal health care is a concept that encompasses Family planning, preconception Prenatal "Constitution of the World Health Organization" World Health Organization; 2006
- ^ WHO. [1], The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, Ottawa, 1986.
- ^ Lalonde, Marc. "A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians." Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services; 1974.
- ^ The UN World Water Development Report | Facts and Figures | Meeting basic needs
- ^ Common fitness mistakes people make Stay Fit retrieved on 11-13-2006
- ^ World Heath Organization Report. (2000). Chapter 1: Why do health systems matter?. WHO. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum
- WHO (1979) Health for all.
- WHO (1980) WHO Chr. , 34(2)80
- WHO (1986) Concepts of Health Behavior Research, Reg. Health Paper No. 13, SEARO, New Delhi
- WHO (1978) Health for all.
- UNDP, Human Development Report 1999, Oxford University Press
- UNICEF,2001 State of world's children, 2001
- WHO (1979) Health for all. The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946
- Evang, K. (1967); In health of mankind; Ciba foundation; 100th symposium, Churchill, London
- Last, J. M (1983) A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press
- Raska, K (1966), WHO Chr. , 20, 315
External links
Dictionary
health
-noun
- A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity; wellness.
- The state of being free of physical or psychological disease, illness, or malfunction.
- Physical condition.
- Emotional condition.
- The overall level of function of an organism from the cellular (micro) level to the social (macro) level.
- A toast to prosperity.
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