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Hazing is an often ritualistic test and a task, which may constitute harassment, abuse or humiliation with requirements to perform random, often meaningless tasks, sometimes as a way of initiation into a social group. A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions Harassment refers to a wide spectrum of offensive behaviour The term commonly refers to behaviour intended to disturb or upset and when the term is used in a legal sense it refers Abuse refers to the use or treatment of something (a person item substance concept or vocabulary that is harmful Humiliation (also called stultification) is the abasement of pride mortification Initiation is a Rite of passage Ceremony marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society The definition can refer to either physical (sometimes violent) or mental (possibly degrading) practices; it may also include an 'erotic' element (notably nudity).

The word "hazing" is most frequently encountered in the United States and Canada. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries, ragging, fagging or fooling is usually used instead. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Rag (student society Ragging is a form of abuse on newcomers to educational institutions in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and in many other countries Fagging was the system in schools and particularly English public schools, whereby younger pupils acted as servants to the older boys In Australia, the term "bastardisation" is used. In continental European languages, terms with a 'christening' theme or etymology are often preferred (e. g. baptême in French, doop in Dutch in Flanders) or variations on a theme of naïveté and the rite of passage such as a derivation from a term for freshman (e. g. bizutage in French, ontgroening 'de-green[horn]ing' in Dutch) or a combination of both, such as in the Finnish mopokaste (literally "motorbicycle baptism", "motorbicycle" being the nickname for freshmen, stemming from the concept that they would be barred from riding a full motorcycle by their age). Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. In Swedish, the term used is "nollning", literally, zeroing. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

Often most or all of the endurance, or at least the more serious ordeal, is concentrated in an orgiastic collective session, which may be called hell night, or prolonged to a hell week and/or retreat or camp, sometimes again at the pledge's birthday (e. Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering g. by birthday spanking), but some traditions keep terrorizing pledges (a common term for the initiation candidates; alternative terms include newbie, rookie, mainly in athletic teams and freshman) over a long period, resembling fagging. Spanking is a form of Corporal punishment that generally consists of striking the Buttocks of a Child or Teenager, usually by the parents Newbie (also said as nooby or newby is a slang term for a newcomer to Online gaming or an Internet activity For the Walt Disney Pictures film about Jim Morris, see The Rookie (2002 movie. A freshman, fresher, fish, or frosh is a first-year student in an educational institution Fagging was the system in schools and particularly English public schools, whereby younger pupils acted as servants to the older boys

Hazing is often used as a method to promote group loyalty and camaraderie through shared suffering (male bonding in fraternities), either with fellow participants, past participants or both. Male bonding is a term that is used in Ethology, Social science, and in general usage to describe patterns of Friendship and/or cooperation in men

A tentative explanation from evolutionary psychology is that grave hazing can activate the psychological trait known as Stockholm syndrome. Evolutionary psychology ( EP) attempts to explain mental and psychological traits such as Memory, Perception, Stockholm syndrome is a psychological response sometimes seen in an abducted hostage in which the hostage shows signs of loyalty to the hostage-taker regardless of the danger

Contents

History

Francisco de Quevedo includes a scene of students hazing one another in his picaresque novel El Buscón (1626). Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Santibáñez Villegas ( Madrid, September 14, 1580 &ndash Villanueva de los Infantes, September 8, The picaresque novel ( Spanish: "picaresca", from "pícaro", for " Rogue " or " Rascal " is a El Buscón (full title Historia de la vida del Buscón llamado Don Pablos ejemplo de vagamundos y espejo de tacaños (literally History of the life [1] In 1684, Joseph Webb was expelled from Harvard for hazing. [2]

Scope

Hazing has been reported in a variety of social contexts, including:

It is a subjective matter where to draw to line between "normal" hazing (somewhat abusive) and a mere rite of passage (essentially bonding; proponents may argue they can coincide), and there is a gray area where exactly the other side passes over into sheer degrading, even harmful abuse that should not be tolerated even if accepted voluntarily (serious but avoidable accidents do still happen; deliberate abuse with similar grave medical consequences occurs, in some traditions rather often). A rite of passage is a Ritual that marks a change in a person's social or sexual status Furthermore, as it must be a ritual initiation, a different social context may mean a same treatment is technically hazing for some, not for others, e. g. , a line-crossing ceremony when passing the equator at sea is hazing for the sailor while the extended (generally voluntary, more playful) application to passengers is not. The ceremony of Crossing the Line is an initiation Rite in the Royal Navy, U

Controversy

A still from video footage taken of a hazing incident involving students from Glenbrook North High School that received wide publicity for the gravity of the hazing practices that were carried out.
A still from video footage taken of a hazing incident involving students from Glenbrook North High School that received wide publicity for the gravity of the hazing practices that were carried out. Glenbrook North High School, or GBN, is a public four-year High school located in Northbrook Illinois, a suburb of Chicago Illinois, in the

The practice of ritual abuse among social groups is poorly understood. This is partly due to the secretive nature of the activities, especially within collegiate fraternities and sororities, and in part a result of long-term acceptance of hazing. Thus, it has been difficult for researchers to agree on the underlying social and psychological mechanisms that perpetuate hazing.

In military circles hazing is sometimes assumed to test recruits under situations of stress and hostility. Although in no way a recreation of combat, hazing does put people into stressful situations that they are unable to control, which allegedly should weed out those weaker members prior to being put in situations where failure to perform will cost lives. A portion of the training course known as SERE (Survive, Evade, Resist, Escape) simulates as closely as is feasible the physical and psychological conditions of a POW camp. SERE, an Acronym for S urvival E vasion R esistance and E scape is a U Part of the purpose of SERE training is to train and test soldiers on their ability to resist methods of interrogation. The problem with this approach, according to opponents, is that the stress and hostility comes from inside the group, from the assumed "good guys", and not from outside as in actual combat situation, creating suspicion and distrust towards the superiors and comrades-in-arms. A possible argument against the Stockholm Syndrome theory is that in order to be willing participants recruits may be motivated by a desire to prove to senior soldiers their stability in future combat situations, making the unit more secure. Stockholm syndrome is a psychological response sometimes seen in an abducted hostage in which the hostage shows signs of loyalty to the hostage-taker regardless of the danger Blatantly brutal hazing can in fact produce negative results, making the units more prone to break, desert or mutiny than those without hazing traditions, as observed in the Russian army in Chechnya, where units with the strongest traditions of dedovschina were the first to break and desert under enemy fire. The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika Dedovshchina (дедовщи́на is the name given to the informal system of subjugation of new junior conscripts for the Russian armed forces, Interior At worst, hazing may lead into fragging incidents. Fragging is a term from the Vietnam War, used primarily by US

Outside of the criminal context, a form of the syndrome may take place in military basic training, in which "training is a mildly traumatic experience intended to produce a bond," with the goal of forming military units which will remain loyal to each other even in life-threatening situations.

It would be more difficult to make such a case in favour of hazing ceremonies in academic bodies and social clubs, where the origin is imitating educational (parental and school) discipline in substitute households and internal teaching.

In a 1999 study, a survey of 3,293 collegiate athletes, coaches, athletic directors and deans found a variety of approaches to prevent hazing, including strong disciplinary and corrective measures for known cases, implementation of athletic, behavioral, and academic standards guiding recruitment; provisions for alternative bonding and recognition events for teams to prevent hazing; and law enforcement involvement in monitoring, investigating, and prosecuting hazing incidents. [3]

Hoover's research suggested half of all college athletes are involved in alcohol-related hazing incidents, while one in five are involved in potentially illegal hazing incidents. Only another one in five was involved in what Hoover described as positive initiation events, such as taking team trips or running obstacle courses.

"Athletes most at risk for any kind of hazing for college sports were men; non-Greek members; and either swimmers, divers, soccer players, or lacrosse players. The campuses where hazing was most likely to occur were primarily in eastern or southern states with no anti-hazing laws. The campuses were rural, residential, and had Greek systems," Hoover wrote. Hoover uses the term "Greek" to refer to U. S. -style fraternities and sororities. Fraternities and sororities (from the Latin words la frater and la soror, meaning "brother" and "sister" respectively are fraternal

Non-fraternity members were most at risk of hazing, Hoover reported. Football players are most at risk of potentially dangerous or illegal hazing, the study found.

In the May issue of the American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Michelle Finkel, MD, reported that hazing injuries are often not recognized for their true cause in emergency medical centers. Doctor of Medicine ( MD or MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine" is a doctoral The doctor said hazing victims sometimes hide the real cause of injuries out of shame or to protect those who caused the harm. In protecting their abusers, hazing victims can be compared with victims of domestic violence, Finkel wrote.

Finkel cites hazing incidents including "beating or kicking to the point of traumatic injury or death, burning or branding, excessive calisthenics, being forced to eat unpleasant substances, and psychological or sexual abuse of both males and females". In Martial arts, Combat sports or Violence, a kick is a strike using the Foot, leg, or Knee (also known as a knee Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. Injury or bodily injury is Damage or Harm caused to the Structure or function of the Body caused by an outside agent or Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Human branding is the process in which a mark usually a symbol or ornamental pattern is burned into the skin of a living person with the intention that the resulting scar makes it permanent Calisthenics form a category of Physical exercises closely related to but not a part of Gymnastics. Reported coerced sexual activity is sometimes considered "horseplay" rather than rape, she wrote. Finkel quoted from Hank Nuwer's book Wrongs of Passage which counted 56 hazing deaths between 1970 and 1999. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) [4]

Even in the modern western military, which combines discipline with welfare priorities, initiation practices can cause controversy. Although not a part of the training programme of the British Royal Marines, there is a tradition (in many military - especially elite - corps) of subjecting the newly trained ranks to a hell night-type "joining run", a macho preparation of men in the prime of their lives for the ordeals of warfare, going beyond what most civilians (and even many service personnel) would find acceptable; it usually combines humiliation (such as nudity) with physical endurance. The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy

In November 2005, there was an internationally publicised incident when a video of an extreme case of such a joining run, made secretly in May 2005, was released to the printed and broadcasting media. It showed newly trained Marines, one group naked with others watching, fighting each other with mats wrapped around their arms, and one being kicked in the face after refusing to remove the padding and fight barefisted. "When one falls, a man in a fancy dress surgeon's outfit - allegedly an NCO - kicks him in the face, leaving him unconscious", according to the Telegraph. The victim, according to the BBC, said "It's just Marine humour". The Marine who leaked the video said "The guy laid out was inches from being dead". Under further investigation, the Marines had just returned from a six month tour of Iraq, and were in their 'cooling down' period, in which they spend two weeks at a naval base before they are allowed back into society. The man who suffered the kick to the head did not press charges.

Crime

In the U. S. hazing has resulted in several deaths and serious injuries. Matthew Carrington was killed at California's Chico State University on February 2, 2005. Matt's Law ( a/k/a ( Senate Bill 1454) sponsored by Tom Torlakson (D- Antioch) is a California law that allows for Felony California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. California State University Chico is the second-oldest campus in the California State University system Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. As a direct result a number of colleges and parents, as well as sorority and fraternity members are taking steps to bring an end to criminal hazing practices. Hazing is considered a felony in several U. S. states, and anti-hazing legislation has been proposed in other states. SB 1454, or Matt's Law, was developed in Carrington’s memory, and is one bill up for legislation to eliminate hazing in California. Matt's Law ( a/k/a ( Senate Bill 1454) sponsored by Tom Torlakson (D- Antioch) is a California law that allows for Felony

There is anti-hazing legislation in several countries, e. g. in France (the French term is bizutage) imposing a punishment up to six months in prison or 7,500 euros. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e

In the Philippines, hazing accompanied by any forms of temporary or permanent physical injuries (from light injuries to injuries resulting to death), sexual abuse (in any form) or any acts that lead to mental incapacity are punishable by law. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Penalties vary depending on how serious the offense is. [5]

In Indonesia, 35 people died since 1993 as a result of hazing initiation rites in the Institute of Public Service (IPDN). The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The latest is in April 2007 when Cliff Muntu died after being beaten by the seniors. Cliff Muntu ( June 8, 1987 - April 3, 2007) was a sophomore student of IPDN, who died as a result of being beaten by his seniors during [6] The video of the hazing initiation rites can be viewed on Youtube.

In India, ragging has been banned for last few years. Recently in a historical judgement, the Honbl. Supreme Court of India has directed to lodge criminal cases against those who would rag. The states have been ordered to deal with ragging ( hazing ) strictly.

In Russia the victim of a high-profile hazing attack, Andrei Sychyov required the amputation of his legs and genitalia after he was forced to squat for three hours whilst being beaten and tortured by a group on New Years' Eve 2005. Andrei Sychev (Андрей Сергеевич Сычёв also transliterated Sychyov or Sychov, born 1986, is a former Russian soldier who served in The brutal attack on Sychyov, and its horrific consequences highlighted the widespread problem of dedovshchina - or hazing - in the Russian armed forces. The instigator of the attack, Sergeant Alexander Sivyakov was eventually jailed for four years.

Methods

Before the Great Depression, U. S. hazing achieved an art form status amongst benevolent fraternities such as the Mooses and the Freemasons. Moose International is a fraternal and service organization founded in 1888 consisting of the Loyal Order of Moose, with nearly 1 million men in roughly 2000 Lodges in all The DeMoulin Catalog is a catalog of many hazing implements used, most famously the electric carpet. The Electric Carpet is the archetypical example of device used in Hazing, and has been at least popularly associated with Freemasonry. In many cases nowadays, the hardest abuse is usually only enacted for a photograph (sometimes even posted on the Internet) or video.

Reported hazing activities can involve all kinds of ridicule and humiliation within the group or in public — many of which could easily be considered abusive if a candidate were not a consenting adult — while others are quite innocent, akin to pranks. Examples of hazing, often performed in combination, include:

Branding as fraternity initiation
Branding as fraternity initiation
A Happy Corner
A Happy Corner

Of course in certain circles there are also more specific practices, using ingredients particularly pertinent to their activities. For example, in various trades hazing for apprentices when finishing their apprenticeship: in printing, it consisted of applying to the apprentice's privates bronze blue, a color made from mixing black printers ink and dark blue printers ink which takes a long time to wash off; similarly, mechanics get them smeared with old dirty grease. Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill

References in popular culture

Movies where hazing plays an important part in the plot and/or constitutes a forceful scene include if.... (1968), Animal House (1978), Full Metal Jacket (1987), Sorority Babes in the Slimeball Bowl-O-Rama (1988, female pledges paddled during initiation ritual), Dazed and Confused (1993; high school freshmen are put through many rituals, including fake "air raids", being covered in food, spanked with a paddle, and forced to lie in a trucks bed while it goes through the car wash), A Few Good Men (1992), The Lords of Discipline (1983), The Skulls (2000), Old School (2003), Jarhead (2005), The Good Shepherd (2006), American Pie Presents: Beta House (2007). if is an award-winning 1968 Feature film by British director Lindsay Anderson satirising English public school Full Metal Jacket ( 1987) is a War film based on the novel The Short-Timers by Gustav Hasford. Dazed and Confused is a 1993 Comedy / Coming of age Film written and directed by Richard Linklater detailing a final A Few Good Men is a play by Aaron Sorkin, first produced on Broadway by David Brown in 1989 The Lords of Discipline (published 1980 is a novel by Pat Conroy. The Skulls is a 2000 Film starring Joshua Jackson, Paul Walker, and Leslie Bibb; and directed by Rob Cohen. Old School is a 2003 comedy motion picture released by DreamWorks, about three thirty-somethings who seek to re-live their college days Jarhead is a 2005 Film based on US Marine Anthony Swofford 's 2003 Gulf War Memoir The Good Shepherd is a 2006 Spy film directed by Robert De Niro and starring Matt Damon and Angelina Jolie, with American Pie Presents Beta House is a 2007 comedy Film that was shot in Toronto and Hamilton (some scenes at McMaster University Ontario In Followers (2000), three friends want to pledge, but only the white ones are accepted, and must target their refused black friend. In Frat Brothers of the KVL (2007), a lacrosse team's excessively dangerous hazing gone out of control with fatal results is the main theme.

Some TV series:

See also

Sources and references

  1. ^ http://aaswebsv.aas.duke.edu/celestina/QUEVEDO-FD/BUSCON/
  2. ^ {{{author}}}, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University. Andrei Sychev (Андрей Сергеевич Сычёв also transliterated Sychyov or Sychov, born 1986, is a former Russian soldier who served in Fagging was the system in schools and particularly English public schools, whereby younger pupils acted as servants to the older boys The ceremony of Crossing the Line is an initiation Rite in the Royal Navy, U Orientation week is the first week of the academic year at a University or other tertiary institution and a variety of events are held to help orient and welcome A prank is defined as "acting like a clown or buffoon" or "dressing showily" or alternatively "a ludicrous or grotesque act done for fun and amusement" Rag (student society Ragging is a form of abuse on newcomers to educational institutions in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and in many other countries Social defeat refers to losing a confrontation among conspecific animals or any kind of hostile dispute among humans in either a dyadic or in a group-individual context generating Stag Night is the UK Canadian Irish and New Zealand term for a Bachelor party Stag Night (2008 is a horror film written and directed Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Volume 3 1678 - 1689. , [[{{{publisher}}}]], [[{{{date}}}]].
  3. ^ Dr. Nadine C. Hoover, Alfred University, 1999.
  4. ^ The updated list of hazing deaths in colleges is at http://hazing.hanknuwer.com/listoflists.html
  5. ^ [1] The Philippine Anti-Hazing Law. From the Virtual Library of the Chan Robles Law Office (a law firm based in the Philippines)
  6. ^ Inu Kencana, Whistleblower from IPDN

External links

Dictionary

hazing

-noun

  1. (US) An initiation or behavior that involves humiliation, harassment or abuse, particularly in universities and in the military.
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