Hazara is a valley and region located in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Until the year 2000 the region was an administrative subdivision of the NWFP known as Hazara Division - headquartered at the city of Abbottabad. Abbottabad ( Pashto: ایبٹ آباد) is the principal city of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan [1] However in 2000 Divisions of Pakistan|divisions, as part of an administrative shake up, were abolished. Although the administrative division has been abolished by the government, the identity and name have been retained and used for other purposes. For example, the University of Hazara, based in Mansehra, provides higher education to people of the region. Hazara University is located in Dhodial town Mansehra District, Hazara in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Mansehra (مانسہرہ city is located at in Mansehra District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan.
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History
According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. The Imperial Gazetteer of India prepared by Sir William Wilson Hunter from 1881 onwards is an important historical reference book 13, p. 76: "The origin of the name Hazāra is obscure. It has been identified with Abisāra, the country of Abisares, the chief of the Indian mountaineers at the time of Alexander's invasion. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Dr. Stein regards it as derived from Urasā, the ancient name of PAKHLI; but a possible derivation is from Hazara-i-Karlugh, or the Karlugh legion, which was settled in this tract by Timur after his invasion of India. The Hazara-i-Karlugh were the Turkic soldiers that founded and ruled the Turki Shahi dynasties from 1400 to 1700 in what is now the current Hazara area of Pakistan The Karlugh Turks are a prominent Karluk Turkic tribe that resides mainly in the Hazara region of current Pakistan. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among "[2]
In spite of Imperial Gazetteer's above-quoted views, modern historians and distinguished Indologists including Dr H. Indology refers to the academic study of the languages texts History and Cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and as such a subset of Asian studies C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee, Dr B. C. Law, Dr J. C. Vidyalankar, Dr M. Witzel, Dr M. R. Singh and prof K. N. Dhar concur with Dr Stein's identification of modern Hazara with the ancient Sanskrit name Urasa [3]. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical
Evidence from 7th C Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang [4] attests that Hazara District of Kashmir had formed part of epic Kamboja and that the Kamboja rulers of this region observed a republican system of government [5]. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Indian epic poetry is the Epic poetry written in the Indian subcontinent. Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty
Alexander the Great & Ashoka
Alexander the Great, after conquering parts of Punjab, established his rule over a large part of Hazara. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' In 327 B. C. , Alexander handed this area over to Abisaras (Αβισαρης), the Raja of Poonch state. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Abisares (or Abhisara; in Greek Αβισαρης called Embisarus (Eμβισαρoς by Diodorus, was an Indian king beyond the river
Hazara remained a part of Taxila during the rule of the Maurya dynasty. For the Genus of metalmark butterflies, see Taxila (butterfly. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Ashoka was the Governor of this area when he was a prince. Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi After the death of Ashoka’s father, Bindusara, Ashoka inherited the throne and ruled this area as well as Gandhara. Bindusara was the second Mauryan emperor (Born c 320 BC ruled 298 - c Gandhāra ( Sanskrit: गन्धार Urdu: گندھارا Gandḥārā; also known as Waihind in Persian is the name of an ancient Today, the famous edicts of Ashoka, inscribed on three rocks near Bareri Hill, serve as evidence of his rule. These edicts also show that this area was a famous religious centre for pilgrims. The name Mansehra is a modified form of the name Maan Singh, who once ruled over this area.
Hazara has several places of significance for the Hindus related to the Pandavas . A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical
| “ | 'There are the five Pandavas , the heroes of the Mahabharat favourite objects of worship in the east and sometimes addressed as the Panj Pir. In the Hindu epic Mahābhārata, the Pandava (or Pandawa brothers ( Sanskrit: पाण्डव pāṇḍavaḥ are the five acknowledged sons of Many are the legends current about these heroes and they are localised at quite a number of places . The Hill of Mokshpuri , just above Dunga Gali has an elevation of 9232 feet . Mukeshpuri or Moshpuri is 2800 Metre (9100 foot) high hill in the Nathiagali Hills of Pakistan. Dunga Gali or Doonga Gali is one of the tourist mountain resort towns of the Galyat area of Pakistan it has an altitude of 2500m Its name means 'the hill of salvation' and on its summit is a Panduan da Sthan , or place of the Pandavas , where it is said they were visited and tempted by Apsaras who still frequent the place . In the Hindu epic Mahābhārata, the Pandava (or Pandawa brothers ( Sanskrit: पाण्डव pāṇḍavaḥ are the five acknowledged sons of APSARA (Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap is the Cambodian management authority responsible for protecting the archeological park of [6] | ” |
In the 2nd century CE, a mythical Hindu king Raja Risalu, son of Raja Salbahan of Sialkot, brought the area under his control. The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Raja Sálbán (also known as Salvahan was a King of South Asia in the second century CE who is believed to have founded the fort (later a city of Sialkot Sialkot ( Urdu / Punjabi:) the capital of Sialkot District, is a city situated in the north-east of the Punjab province in The local people consider him as their hero and, even today, parents tell their children the stories of Raja Risalu and his wife Rani Konklan on winter nights. When a Chinese pilgrim, Hiun-Tsang, visited this area, it was under the control of Durlabhavardhana, the ruler of Kashmir. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir
The Turkish Shahi and Hindu Shahi Dynasties ruled Hazara one after another. For a town in Bareilly District India see Shahi Uttar Pradesh. Among the Hindu Shahi dynasty rulers, Raja Jayapala is the best known. Jayapala Shahi, the son of Asatapala and father of Anandapal, succeeded the last Brahmin Hindu Shahi Bhima and thus began the start Mehmood of Ghazni defeated Raja Jayapala during his first Indian campaign. Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī ( November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030) also known as Yāmīn However, there is no historical evidence that Mehmood of Ghazni ever visited or passed through Mansehra. After the fall of Hindu Shahi dynasty, in the 11th century, the Kashmiris took control of this area under the leadership of Kalashan (1063 to 1089). From 1112 to 1120, King Susala ruled this area. In the 12th century, Asalat Khan captured this area but soon after Mohammad of Ghor's death the Kashmiris once again regained control of Hazara. Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori ( Persian, Pashto, Urdu: محمد شہاب الدین غوری also spelled Mohammad Ghauri, originally named Mu'izzuddin
Turkish rule
In 1399, the great Muslim warrior Timur, on his return to Kabul, stationed his Turk soldiers in Hazara to protect the important route between Kabul and Kashmir. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with By 1472, Prince Shahab-ud-Din came from Kabul and established his rule over the region. Prince Shahab-ud-Din, a Turk of central Asian origin, founded the state and named it Pakhli Sarkar and chose Gulibagh as his capital. During the Mughal rule, these local Turkish chiefs acknowledged Mughal authority. In fact, Hazara (Pakhli) provided the main route to Kashmir and was the most commonly used route for Emperor Akbar to travel to Kashmir. Pakhli was an ancient Sarkar (an administrative unit used during Mughal times of the Indian Subcontinent Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar During the last days of Emperor Akbar's rule, the Turkish Chief Sultan Hussain Khan revolted against the Mughals. He claimed that the Mughals were interfering with his internal affairs. After this complaint, he was exiled by the Mughals, but later was pardoned and given back his land. Now, descendants of these Turkish rulers live in village Behali and some other villages of Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur districts. Behali is village and Union Council (an administrative subdivision of Mansehra District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Sikh rule
When Ahmad Shah Durrani expanded his kingdom to Punjab, Hazara also came under his control. Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (c1723-1773 ( also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( احمد شاه ابدالي) and born as Ahmad Khān Abdālī, Durrani considered it wise to rule the area through local tribal chiefs, like Saadat Khan and Faqir Khan Of Garhi Habibullah. Durrānī ( or Abdālī ( is the name of a chief Tribal Confederation in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Saadat Khan was such an authoritative man amongst Swatis whereas Faqir Khan was the khakan of his Mughal tribe and they were considerd to be the fighting machines, even disputed matters of Jadoons and Tanolis had been sent to them for rectification through jirgas. The Jadoon ( Urdu: جدون is a Pakhtun tribe located partly in Gadoon area in Swabi on the southern slopes of Mahaban Mountains and partly in Abbottabad The Tanolis ( Urdu: تنولی) also called Tanaoli, Tanol, Tol, Tholi, Tahola, Tarnoli, Tanwalis The Durranis ruled ended abruptly in the beginning of the 18th century. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system
The first quarter of the 18th century was miserable for the Turks. Their rule came to an end due to the decay of their vitality and the increasing aggression of the Pukhtoons. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called The most crucial attack was that of the Swatis under the command of Syed Jalal Baba in 1703, who was a son-in-law of last Turk ruler, Sultan Mehmud Khurd. Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year During the absence of his father-in-law Syed Jalal Baba invited Swatis to invade Pakhli Sarkar. Syed Jalal Baba was a spiritual saint grandson of Pir Baba of Buner, under whose leadership in 1703, the Swatis had predominated in the Hazara Pakhli was an ancient Sarkar (an administrative unit used during Mughal times of the Indian Subcontinent Being an insider, he provided crucial information to invading forces and succeeded to overthrow his in-laws through his shrewd conspiracy. Turks had already became weak due to their internal feuds as well. Swatis thus ousted the Turks from upper Hazara (Mansehra and Batagram) and captured it. Mansehra District ( Urdu: مانسہرہ is in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, which contains the town of Mansehra and the The extremely hostile and powerful Tanolis, of the Tanawal Mountains, brave and hardy and accounted for the best swordsmen in Hazara however, remained loyal to the Turks until the end of latter's rule in Hazara. The Tanolis ( Urdu: تنولی) also called Tanaoli, Tanol, Tol, Tholi, Tahola, Tarnoli, Tanwalis By the time Awans, Jadoons, Karlal and Tareens captured lower Hazara (Abbottabad and Haripur), the Tanolis had already established their authority over Tanawal who later on founded a state named Amb. Awan (اعوان Punjabi Gurmukhi ਆਵਾਨ a South Asian Zamindar tribe putatively of Arab origin living predominantly in The Jadoon ( Urdu: جدون is a Pakhtun tribe located partly in Gadoon area in Swabi on the southern slopes of Mahaban Mountains and partly in Abbottabad Karlal (also known as Kard'al, Karaal, Karhral, or Kiraal) is a tribe found in the Abbottabad and Haripur districts of The Tareen ( Pashto: ترین are a prominent Pashtun tribe residing in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Tanolis ( Urdu: تنولی) also called Tanaoli, Tanol, Tol, Tholi, Tahola, Tarnoli, Tanwalis Upper Tanawal and Lower Tanawal which cover the greater part of Hazara has been ruled by Tanolis for centuries. Descendants of former Turk rulers of Hazara now live in village, Behali of district Mansehra and in some other villages of Abbottabad, Haripur and Mansehra. Behali is village and Union Council (an administrative subdivision of Mansehra District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Another famous martial tribe called the Gakhars settled in Khanpur (NWFP) in early 18th Century. The Gakhars (also Gakkhar or Ghakhar or Ghakkar) (گاکھر were a fiercely independent and warlike Clan now located in Rawalpindi Khanpur is one of the 44 Union Councils, administrative subdivisions of Haripur District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. This tribe once ruled areas from Attock to Jhelum.
British rule & Pashtun resistance
By 1849, the British had gained control of all of Mansehra. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common However, the western Pashtun tribes remained rebellious. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called These tribes included the clans of Allai, Batagram in the Nandhiar valley, and the tribes inhabiting both slopes of the Black Mountain of Hazara. A clan is a group of People united by Kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor For the Italian commune see Allai (OR. Allai is an administrative subdivision of Batagram District in the North-West Frontier Province Kala Dhaka historically known as the Black Mountain of Hazara is a mountain range and a tribal area of Mansehra District on the north-western Hazara
In 1852, after three years of relative peace, Zaman Shah of Kaghan turned against the British. Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year James Abbot sent an expedition to Kaghan which deprived Zaman Shah of his territory and he was exiled to Pakhli plain. After four years the British forgave him and he was permitted to get back his lost territory.
However, the British sent many expeditions against the Pashtun tribes to crush the rebellion between 1852 and 1892, especially against the Black Mountains. Along with some parts of Balakot which are located near to the boundry of Azad Jammu & Kashmir including Nelum Valley to stop the resistance by Mughal tribes and those tribes were command by Faqir Khan of Lambian Pattian. Balakot (بالاکوٹ is a town in Mansehra District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free
To maintain peace in the area the British also took preventive measures by co-opting the local rulers.
The British divided Hazara District into three Tehsils (administrative subdivisions) : Mansehra, Abbottabad, andHaripur; and decided to annex it to the Punjab. Hazara District was a district of Peshawar Division in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan until 1976 A tehsil ( Urdu: تحصیل) (or tahsil, tahasil, taluka, taluk, taluq, mandal) is an Administrative division Abbottabad (ایبٹ آباد is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Haripur ( Urdu: ہری پور) is a district of Hazara in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan that contains the Punjab was a province of British India, it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British rule In 1901, when the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) was formed, Hazara was separated from Punjab and made a part of NWFP. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. Throughout their rule in Mansehra, the British met fierce resistance from the local Pashtun tribes and declared martial law. Meanwhile, the people of Mansehra's many villages largely governed themselves. Many of Mansehra's citizens joined the Khilafat movement. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history
When the Muslim League in Pakistan started its movement for a separate land, the local people joined and struggled for liberation under the leadership of Quaid-i-Azam. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan Their eventual victory culminated in the creation of Pakistan, an independent state for the Muslims of the sub-continent. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and During Bhutto's regime, Mansehra was upgraded to a district, containing two subdivisions: Mansehra and Batagram. Later, the Mansehra district had the Balakot subdivision added to it. Balakot (بالاکوٹ is a town in Mansehra District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Swatis were given places by Turks in Hazara so that they can protect the valley from the foreign attacks. There was no fight fought between Turks and Swatis, Turks remained popular.
Independence
During British rule, the region of Hazara had formed part of the Punjab province, until the western parts of that province were separated to form the new North-West Frontier Province. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The areas around Abbottabad and Mansehra became the Hazara District of Peshawar Division, whilst areas to the north of this became the Hazara Tribal Agency and the Kohistan Tribal Agency. Hazara District was a district of Peshawar Division in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan until 1976 Peshawar Division was an administrative division of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third Agencies were administrative sub-divisions of British India - and were directly ruled by the government Sandwiched between Hazara Tribal Agency and the Hazara district were the small princely states of Amb and Phulra. For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a Amb was a Princely state in what is today the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Phulra was a minor Princely state of both Pakistan and British India, located in the modern North-West Frontier Province. This system of administration continued until 1950, when these two small states were incorporated into the Hazara district.
From 1955 to 1970, the North-West Frontier Province became part of West Pakistan under the One Unit policy, with the Hazara district forming part of the Peshawar division of West Pakistan. West Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official (1955&ndash1970 name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971 when the eastern wing became independent On the dissolution of West Pakistan, the Hazara district and the two tribal agencies were merged to form the new Hazara division with its capital at Abbottabad. The division was initially composed of three districts (Abbottabad, Kohistan and Mansehra) but within a few years, Haripur district was spun off from Abbottabad district and Batagram district was spun off from Mansehra district.
In 2000, administrative divisions were abolished and the fourth tier districts were raised to become the new third tier of government in Pakistan.
Geography and climate
Hazara is bounded on the north and east by the Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir. The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free To the south are the Islamabad Capital Territory and the province of Punjab, whilst to the west lies the rest of the North-West Frontier Province. History The land was acquired from the North-West Frontier Province and Punjab in 1960, for the purpose of establishing Pakistan's new capital The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. The river Indus runs through the division in a north-south line, forming much of the western border of the division. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The total area of Hazara is 18,013 km².
Because it lies immediately south of the main Himalaya Range, and is exposed to moist winds from the Arabian Sea, Hazara is the wettest part of Pakistan. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: At Abbottabad, annual rainfall averages around 1,200mm (47 inches) but has been as high as 1,800mm (70 inches), whilst in parts of Mansehra District such as Balakot the mean annual rainfall is as high as 1,750mm (68 inches). Balakot (بالاکوٹ is a town in Mansehra District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Due to its location on the boundary between the monsoonal summer rainfall regime of East Asia and the winter-dominant Mediterranean climate of West Asia, Hazara has an unusual bimodal rainfall regime, with one peak in February or March associated with frontal southwest cloudbands and another monsoonal peak in July and August. A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. The driest months are October to December, though in the wettest parts even these months average around 40mm (1. 6 inches).
Due to the high altitude, temperatures in Hazara are cooler than on the plains, though Abbottabad at 1,200m still has maxima around 32°C (90°F) with high humidity in June and July. Further up, temperatures are cooler - often cooler than the Northern Areas valleys due to the cloudiness. The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA In winter, temperatures are cold, with minima in January around 0°C (32°F) and much lower in the high mountains. Snowfalls are not uncommon even at lower levels.
Population
The population of the Hazara region was estimated to be over 4. 5 million in 2005. The total area of Hazara is 18013 km²: See table below.
| District | Area (km²) | Population (Millions) |
| Abbottabad | 1802 | 1 |
| Batagram | 910 | 0. Abbottabad (ایبٹ آباد is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. 5 |
| Haripur | 1763 | 0. Haripur ( Urdu: ہری پور) is a district of Hazara in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan that contains the 7 |
| Kohistan | 7581 | 0. The word Kohistan ( کوہستان) in Persian literally means Country of the Hills. 6 |
| Mansehra | 5957 | 1. Mansehra District ( Urdu: مانسہرہ is in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, which contains the town of Mansehra and the 4 |
Demographics
Approximately half of the population speaks Gujri and Hindko and most of the rest speak Pashto. Hindko (هندکو /Hindkoŭ/ also Hindku, Hinko, or Lahnda, لَیہندا is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken in North Western Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Small numbers of people speak other languages, but there is considerable bilingualism and multilingualism amongst the population. The districts of Haripur and Abbottabad have higher literacy rates than most districts of the province. Haripur ( Urdu: ہری پور) is a district of Hazara in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan that contains the Abbottabad (ایبٹ آباد is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
In addition, Afghan refugees, although predominantly Pashtun (including the Ghilzai and Durrani tribes), and other smaller groups found throughout the Division. Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the
The population of Hazara was estimated to be over 4. 5 million in 2005.
The University of Hazara provides higher education to people of the region. Hazara University is located in Dhodial town Mansehra District, Hazara in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Transport
Hazara lies close to the crossroads formed by the river Indus and the Grand Trunk Road. The Grand Trunk Road (commonly abbreviated to GT Road is one of South Asia 's oldest and longest major roads The Karakoram Highway begins at the town of Havelian and goes north through the division towards China via the Northern Areas. The Karakoram Highway (KKH is the highest paved international road in the world China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
See also
References
- ^ Hazara -Nordisk familjebok
- ^ Hazāra District - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 13, p. 76.
- ^ See Some Refs: Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr – 1988, P 267, Kalhana, M. The Divisions of Pakistan were previously the third tier of government in Pakistan until they were abolished in 2000. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. The 1974 Hunza Earthquake was a magnitude 62 earthquake in the rugged and isolated Hunza, Hazara and Swat districts of northern Pakistan at Nordisk familjebok (en Nordic familybook is a Swedish Encyclopedia, published between 1876 and 1957 A. Stein; The Historical Background of Pakistan and Its People -1973, P 156, Ahmed Abdulla; Ethnic Settlements in Ancient India: A Study on the Puranic Lists of the Peoples of Bharatavarsa – 1955, P 91, Sashi Bhusan Chaudhuri; Kalhana – 1978, P 57, Somnath Dhar; The Indian Society: A Process of Peoples' Revolutionary Struggle Through the Ages – 1974, P 207, R. P. Saraf; Indian Conquest of the Himalayan Territories: Military Exploits of General Zorawar Singh Dogra – 1978, P 18, Sukh Dev Singh Charak; Maharaja Ranjitdev and the Rise and Fall of Jammu Kingdom, from 1700 A. D. to 1820 A. D. -, 1971 Edition, P 133, Sukh Dev Singh Charak; Studies in Alexander's Campaigns – 1973, P 48, B. C. (Binod Chandra) Sinha; History of India – 1906, P 76, Henry Miers Elliot, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Vincent Arthur Smith, Stanley Lane-Poole, Sir William Wilson Hunter, Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall; Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab - Pge 77, Yogendra Mishra; Who's Who In The Age Of Alexander The Great: Prosopography Of Alexander's Empire – 2006, P xxviii, Waldemar Heckel; The North-west India of the Second Century B. Romesh Chunder Dutt, CIE ( Calcutta August 13 1848 — Baroda November 30 1909 or R C. – 1974, P 20, Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan; Studies in Skanda Purāṇa – 1965, Page 1, A. B. L. Awasthi; The Indian Historical Quarterly – 1963, P 553; History of the Panjab Hill States – 1933, P 671, John Hutchison, Jean Philippe Vogel; Eminent Rulers of Ancient Kashmir: A Detailed History of the Life and Rule of Ten Kings and. . . 1975, M. L. (Manohar Lal) Kapur; The Greek World in the Fourth Century: From the Fall of the Athenian Empire to the Successors of. . . 1997, - P 224, Lawrence A. Tritle; The Panjab, North West Frontier Province and Kashmir – 2003, P 160, James Douie; History of the Panjab Hill States – 1994, P 667, John Hutchison, Jean Philippe Vogel; The Geographical Encyclopaedia of Ancient and Medieval India: Based on Vedic, Puranic, Tantric,. . 1967, . - P 40, Krishna Datta Bajpai; The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition, Vol. 1 – 1963, P 24, Marco Polo; Glimpses of Kashmiri Culture - P 52, Shri Parmananda Research Institute; An Advanced History of India, - 1956, P 164; Ancient Nepal – 1969, P 21, D. R. Regmi; The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India. – 1971, p 236, Nundo Lal Dey; Kashmir: an historical introduction -1961, P 100, James P. Ferguson; History of Kanauj – 1990, P 84, Rama Shankar Tripathi; Foundations of Indian Culture Pt. 1 & 2 -1991, P 24, Govind Chandra Pande; Kashīr, Being a History of Kashmīr from the Earliest Times to Our Own – 1949, P 238, Ghulām Muhyid Dīn Sūfī, Ghulam Muhyi'd Din Sufi; On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A. D. – 1904, P 257, Thomas Watters, Vincent Arthur Smith, Thomas William Rhys Davids, Stephen Wootton Bushell; Accounts of India and Kashmir in the Dynastic Histories of the Tʾang Period – 1968, P 24, Hsü Liu, Hsiu Ou-yang; Indological Studies – 1950, P 18, Bimala Churn Law; Harsha and His Times – 1970, P 211, Baijnath Sharma; Memoirs of Zehīr-Ed-Dīn Muhammed Bābur: emperor of Hindustan – 1921, P 201, Babur; Trubner's Oriental Series: Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A. D. 629), 2001, Samuel Beal - Social Science; Yuan Chawang, pp 256-57 (I), Watters etc etc.
- ^ Watters, Yuan Chawang, Vol I, p 284.
- ^ See refs: Mahabharata 7/91/39-40; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 133, 218/220, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; History of India – 1944, P 94; Narendra Krishna Sinha, Anil Chandra Banerjee; Chilas: The City of Nanga Parvat (Dyamar) – 1983, Page 120, Ahmad Hasan Dani; Indological Studies – 1950, P 18, Dr B. Ahmad Hassan Dani ( Urdu: احمد حسن دانی) FRAS, SI, HI (born 20 June 1920) is a Pakistani C. Law; A Companion to Middle Indo-Aryan Literature – 1977, P 168, Suresh Chandra Banerji; A Companion to Sanskrit Literature: spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing. . . – 1971, P 486, Sures Chandra Banerji; Asoka - P 31, Dr R. G. Bhandarkar; J. N. Banerjea Volume: A Collection of Articles by His Friends and Pupils, 1960, p 18, University of Calcutta. Dept. of Ancient Indian History and Culture. Alumni Association.
- ^ A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North -West provinces , compiled by H A Rose , vol I Page 120
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