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Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān (Arabic: حي بن يقظان‎ "Alive, son of Awake"; Latin: Philosophus Autodidactus "The Self-Taught Philosopher"; English: The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan) was the first Arabic novel and the first philosophical novel,[1][2] and was written by Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), an Arab physician and philosopher, in early 12th century al-Andalus. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Philosophical novels are works of Fiction in which a significant proportion of the novel is devoted to a discussion of the sort of questions normally addressed in discursive TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Tufail (c 1105 Guadix Spain &ndash 1185 (full Arabic name Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The novel was itself based on an earlier Persian allegorical tale and philosophical romance of the same name, written by Avicenna in early 11th century Persia. As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born See Also Persian Empire History of Iran and Greater Iran (also referred to as the " Iranian Cultural Continent [3]

Hayy ibn Yaqdhan had a significant influence on Arabic literature, Persian literature, and European literature after it was translated into Latin and English in 1671 and 1708 respectively; the novel was also translated into Dutch (1672 by Johannes Bouwmeester) and German at the time. Arabic literature ( Arabic: الأدب العربي Al-Adab Al-Arabi) is the writing produced both Prose and Poetry, by speakers Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost European literature refers to the Literature of Europe. European literature includes literature in many Languages; among the most important of the modern Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. [4] The work also had a "profound influence" on both classical Islamic philosophy and modern Western philosophy,[5] and became "one of the most important books" during Europe's Age of Reason and Age of Enlightenment. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Modern philosophy is Philosophy done in Europe and North America between the 17th and early 20th centuries. 17th century philosophy in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of Modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century [2]

Contents

Plot summary

The plot of Ibn Tufail's novel was inspired by Avicennism, Kalam, and Sufism,[6] and was essentially intended as a thought experiment. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Tufail (c 1105 Guadix Spain &ndash 1185 (full Arabic name Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف A thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is a proposal for an Experiment that would test a Hypothesis or Theory [7] The novel tells the story of an autodidactic feral child, raised by a gazelle and living alone on a desert island in the Indian Ocean. Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is self-education or self-directed learning A feral child ( Feral, Wild, or undomesticated) is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age and has no (or little A GAZelle (ГАЗе́ль is a series of mid-sized Trucks Vans and Buses made by Russian car manufacturer GAZ. The term desert island, or deserted island, refers to an Island which is uninhabited or sparsely inhabited The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface After his gazelle mother passes away, he dissects her body and performs an autopsy in order to find out what happened to her. Dissection (also called anatomization) is usually the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the function An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, or obduction, is a Medical procedure that consists of a thorough Examination The discovery that her death was due to a loss of innate heat sets him "on a road of scientific inquiry" and self-discovery. [1]

Without contact with other human beings, Hayy discovers ultimate truth through a systematic process of reasoned inquiry. Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Inquiry or enquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting Knowledge, resolving Doubt, or solving a Problem. Hayy ultimately comes into contact with civilization and religion when he meets a castaway named Absal. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos A castaway is a person who is cast adrift or ashore While the situation usually happens after a Shipwreck, some people voluntarily stay behind on a deserted island either He determines that certain trappings of religion and civilization, namely imagery and dependence on material goods, are necessary for the multitude in order that they might have decent lives. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. However, he believes that imagery and material goods are distractions from the truth and ought to be abandoned by those whose reason recognizes that they are distractions.

Ibn Tufail drew the name of the tale and most of its characters from an earlier work by Ibn Sina (Avicenna). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Ibn Tufail's book was neither a commentary on nor a mere retelling of Ibn Sina's work, however, but a new and innovative work in its own right. It reflects one of the main concerns of Muslim philosophers (later also of Christian thinkers), that of reconciling philosophy with revelation. At the same time, the narrative anticipates in some ways both Robinson Crusoe and Emile: or, On Education. The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (of York Mariner Who lived Eight and Twenty Years all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America near the Mouth Emile or On Education (1762 which Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed to be the “best and most important of all my writings” is largely a philosophical treatise It tells of a child who is nurtured by a gazelle and grows up in total isolation from humans. In seven phases of seven years each, solely by the exercise of his faculties, Hayy goes through all the graduations of knowledge. The story of Hayy Ibn Yaqzan is also similar to the later story of Mowgli in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as well as the character of Tarzan in that a baby is abandoned on a deserted tropical island where he is taken care of and fed by a mother wolf. Mowgli (ˈmaʊɡli is a fictional character who originally appeared in Rudyard Kipling 's Short story "In the Rukh" (collected in Many Inventions Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet The Jungle Book (1894 is a collection of stories written by Rudyard Kipling. Tarzan is a Fictional character, an archetypal Feral child raised in the African jungle by Apes who later returns to civilization only to [8]

Philosophical themes

Hayy ibn Yaqdhan dealt with many philosophical themes, especially in regards to epistemology. A theme, from Old French tesme, is a broad idea in a story or literary work or a message or lesson conveyed by a written text Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge The thoughts expressed in the novel can be found "in different variations and to different degrees in the books of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Immanuel Kant. Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg "[2]

Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan was written as both a continuation of Avicenna's version of the story and as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, which had criticized many of Avicenna's views. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died The Incoherence of the Philosophers ( Tahāfut al-Falāsifaʰ) in Arabic (تهافت الفلاسفة is the title of a landmark 11th century Polemic in Islamic [9] Ibn Tufail cited al-Farabi, Avicenna's Avicennism and al-Ghazali's Ash'ari theology as the main influences behind his work,[10] as well as his teacher Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), Ibn Tumart,[11] and Sufism. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. The Ash'ari theology ( Arabic الأشاعرة al-asha`irah) is a school of early Muslim speculative theology founded by the theologian Abu al-Hasan Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Abū-Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Sāyigh ( Arabic أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن الصائغ known as Ibn Bājjah (ابن باجة was an Andalusian Abu Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Tumart (also Ibnu Tuwmart) ( Berber: Amghār ibn Tumrt, Arabic: أبو عبدالله محمد ابن تومرت (c Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف [6]

Empiricism, tabula rasa, nature versus nurture

In his Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, Ibn Tufail was the first to demonstrate Avicenna's theories of empiricism and tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his novel, as he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society" on a deserted island. In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Tabula rasa ( Latin: blank slate) refers to the epistemological thesis that individual human beings are born with no built-in mental content A thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is a proposal for an Experiment that would test a Hypothesis or Theory The Latin translation of his work, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, published by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, inspired John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding,[12] which went on to become one of the principal sources of empiricism in modern Western philosophy, and influenced many Enlightenment philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley. Edward Pococke (1604-1691 was an English Orientalist and biblical scholar John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is one of John Locke 's two most famous works the other being his Second Treatise on Civil Government In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy George Berkeley (ˈbɑrkli (12 March 1685 14 January 1753 also known as Bishop Berkeley, was a Philosopher. The theory of tabula rasa later gave rise to the nature versus nurture debate in modern psychology. Tabula rasa ( Latin: blank slate) refers to the epistemological thesis that individual human beings are born with no built-in mental content The nature versus nurture debates concern the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities ("nature" i Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and

Conditions of possibility

In Hayy ibn Yaqzan, Ibn Tufail was also "the first author in the history of philosophy to ask himself the question" of the "conditions of possibility" of thought. The history of Philosophy is the study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time Condition of possibility ( Bedingungen der Möglichkeit) is a Philosophical Concept made popular by Immanuel Kant. He asked himself the questions "how does thought manifest itself" and "what is structure?"[13] His answer was that "the most humble experience is already, by itself, structured like a thought. Structure is a fundamental and sometimes Intangible notion covering the Recognition, Observation, nature, and Stability of Experience as a general concept comprises Knowledge of or skill in or Observation of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or "[14]

Materialism

Hayy determines that certain trappings of civilization, namely imagery and dependence on material goods, are necessary for the multitude in order that they might have decent lives. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements However, he believes that imagery and material goods are distractions from the truth and ought to be abandoned by those whose reason recognizes that they are distractions. Hayy's ideas on materialism in the novel also have some similarities to Karl Marx's historical materialism. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx ( 1818 - 1883 [13]

Molyneux problem

Ibn Tufail also foreshadowed Molyneux's Problem, an unsolved problem in philosophy proposed by William Molyneux to Locke, who included it in the second book of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Molyneux's Problem is an unsolved problem in philosophy. In response to John Locke 's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, scientist and politician This article deals mainly with unsolved problems in Analytic philosophy. See Molyneux for others of the same surname William Molyneux ( 17 April[[ 656]] &ndash 11 October[[ 698]] both in Dublin Ibn Tufail wrote the following in Hayy ibn Yaqzan:[15][16]

"If you want a comparison that will make you clearly grasp the difference between the perception, such as it is understood by that sect [the Sufis] and the perception as others understand it, imagine a person born blind, endowed however with a happy natural temperament, with a lively and firm intelligence, a sure memory, a straight sprite, who grew up from the time he was an infant in a city where he never stopped learning, by means of the senses he did dispose of, to know the inhabitants individually, the numerous species of beings, living as well as non-living, there, the streets and sidestreets, the houses, the steps, in such a manner as to be able to cross the city without a guide, and to recognize immediately those he met; the colors alone would not be known to him except by the names they bore, and by certain definitions that designated them. In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors In psychology temperament is the innate aspect of an individual's personality such as Introversion or Extroversion. Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities In Psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store retain and subsequently retrieve information Senses are the physiological methods of Perception. The senses and their operation classification and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields Suppose that he had arrived at this point and suddenly, his eyes were opened, he recovered his view, and he crosses the entire city, making a tour of it. He would find no object different from the idea he had made of it; he would encounter nothing he didn’t recognize, he would find the colors conformable to the descriptions of them that had been given to him; and in this there would only be two new important things for him, one the consequence of the other: a clarity, a greater brightness, and a great voluptuousness. Brightness is an attribute of Visual perception in which a source appears to emit or reflect a given amount of Light. "

Influence and Legacy

Hayy ibn Yaqdhan had a significant influence on Arabic literature, Persian literature, and European literature,[4] and went on to become an influential best-seller throughout Western Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Arabic literature ( Arabic: الأدب العربي Al-Adab Al-Arabi) is the writing produced both Prose and Poetry, by speakers Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost European literature refers to the Literature of Europe. European literature includes literature in many Languages; among the most important of the modern Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' [10] The work also had a "profound influence" on both classical Islamic philosophy and modern Western philosophy. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Modern philosophy is Philosophy done in Europe and North America between the 17th and early 20th centuries. [5] It became "one of the most important books that heralded the Scientific Revolution" and European Enlightenment, and the thoughts expressed in the novel can be found "in different variations and to different degrees in the books of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Immanuel Kant. The period which many historians of science call the Scientific Revolution can be roughly dated as having begun in 1543 the year in which Nicolaus Copernicus published The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg "[2] George Sarton considered the novel "one of the most original books of the Middle Ages. George Alfred Leon Sarton (1884-1956 was a Belgian -American Polymath, historian of science, and father of the writer May Sarton. "[17]

Middle East

In the late 12th century, Avicenna's original Persian version of Hayy ibn Yaqzan inspired Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi to write Story of Western Loneliness, in which he began the story from where Avicenna ended Hayy ibn Yaqzan. Shahab al-Din Yahya as-Suhrawardi ( Persian شهاب الدين يحيى سهروردى, also known as Sohrevardi) was a Persian philosopher Sufi

In the 13th century, Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan inspired Ibn al-Nafis to write the first theological novel, Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah (The Treatise of Kamil on the Prophet's Biography), known in the West as Theologus Autodidactus,[18] written as a critical response to Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective [9] Theologus Autodidactus was also based on a feral child living on a desert island but the plot later expanded beyond this setting and evolved into the first example of a science fiction novel. A feral child ( Feral, Wild, or undomesticated) is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age and has no (or little The term desert island, or deserted island, refers to an Island which is uninhabited or sparsely inhabited [19] Ibn al-Nafis' novel was also later translated into English in the early 20th century as Theologus Autodidactus.

In 2001, an Arabic animated cartoon, Hay - The Gazelle Child, was produced as an adaptation of Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan. An animated cartoon is a short hand-drawn (or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn Film for the cinema, Television or computer [17]

Europe

A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, was first published in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, who had earlier completed the translation before 1660. Edward Pococke (1604-1691 was an English Orientalist and biblical scholar [20] The novel inspired the concept of tabula rasa developed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) by John Locke, who was a student of Pococke,[21][22] and who referred to his translation as a "novelty". Tabula rasa ( Latin: blank slate) refers to the epistemological thesis that individual human beings are born with no built-in mental content An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is one of John Locke 's two most famous works the other being his Second Treatise on Civil Government John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. [4] Philosophus Autodidactus also inspired Robert Boyle, another acquaintance of Pococke, to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist. Robert Boyle was a Natural philosopher, chemist physicist inventor and early Gentleman scientist, noted for his work in Physics and Chemistry [23]

The first English translation, entitled The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan, by Simon Ockley, was published in 1708,[24] followed by two more English translations. Simon Ockley (1678 – August 9, 1720) was a British Orientalist. Baruch Spinoza also read the work and soon encouraged a Dutch translation. Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, There were also two German translations of the novel, one of which was read by Gottfried Leibniz, who praised it as an excellent example of classical Arabic philosophy. In Paris, Pococke's agent also wrote to him stating that he "delivered a copy to the Sorbonne for which they were very thankful, being much delighted with it. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city "[4][12]

In 1719, the Latin and English translations of Philosophus Autodidactus inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, which was also set on a deserted island and was regarded as the first novel in English. Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 — April 24, 1731 was an English Writer, Journalist, and Pamphleteer, who gained enduring fame for The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (of York Mariner Who lived Eight and Twenty Years all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America near the Mouth The following works of literature have each been claimed as the first Novel in English. [25][26][27][4] The story also anticipated Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile: or, On Education in some ways, and is also similar to the later story of Mowgli in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as well Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan, in that a baby is abandoned in a deserted tropical island where he is taken care of and fed by a mother wolf. Emile or On Education (1762 which Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed to be the “best and most important of all my writings” is largely a philosophical treatise Mowgli (ˈmaʊɡli is a fictional character who originally appeared in Rudyard Kipling 's Short story "In the Rukh" (collected in Many Inventions Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet The Jungle Book (1894 is a collection of stories written by Rudyard Kipling. Edgar Rice Burroughs ( September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American author best known for his creation of the jungle hero Tarzan is a Fictional character, an archetypal Feral child raised in the African jungle by Apes who later returns to civilization only to The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora [8] Both Rousseau and Kipling were likely to have been influenced by Hayy ibn Yaqzan. [28] Other early modern European scholars and writers who were also influenced by Philosophus Autodidactus include Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,[29] George Keith, Robert Barclay, the Quakers,[30] Samuel Hartlib,[23] Karl Marx,[13] and Voltaire. Melchisédech (or Melchisédec) Thévenot (c 1620 - October 29, 1692) was a French author scientist traveler cartographer John Wallis ( November 23, 1616 - October 28, 1703) was an English mathematician who is given partial credit for the Christiaan Huygens (ˈhaɪgənz in English ˈhœyɣəns in Dutch) ( April 14, 1629 &ndash July 8, 1695) was a Dutch George Keith (1638/9 – March 27, 1716) was a Scottish Missionary. Robert Barclay ( December 23, 1648 – October 3, 1690) one of the most eminent Writers belonging to the Religious Society Samuel Hartli(eb (ca 1600 &ndash 1662 was a German Briton Polymath, an expert in many subjects called "the Great Intelligencer of Europe" François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French [28]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Jon Mcginnis, Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources, p. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Tufail (c 1105 Guadix Spain &ndash 1185 (full Arabic name TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( Arabic literature ( Arabic: الأدب العربي Al-Adab Al-Arabi) is the writing produced both Prose and Poetry, by speakers Arabic epic literature encompasses Epic poetry and Epic fantasy in Arabic literature. Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar 284, Hackett Publishing Company, ISBN 0872208710. Hackett Publishing Company Inc is an academic Publishing house based in Indianapolis, Indiana.
  2. ^ a b c d Samar Attar, The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought, Lexington Books, ISBN 0739119893. [1]
  3. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman (1996), History of Islamic Philosophy, p. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian Oliver Leaman is a Professor of Philosophy and Zantker Professor of Judaic Studies 315, Routledge, ISBN 0415131596. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals
  4. ^ a b c d e Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts, The Guardian, 22 March 2003. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
  5. ^ a b G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 218, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198202911.
  6. ^ a b Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, p. 17, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004093001. Founded in 1683 in Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill (known as E
  7. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman (1996), History of Islamic Philosophy, p. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian Oliver Leaman is a Professor of Philosophy and Zantker Professor of Judaic Studies 316, Routledge, ISBN 0415131596. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals
  8. ^ a b Latinized Names of Muslim Scholars, FSTC.
  9. ^ a b Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", pp. 95-102, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame. The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame) (ˌnoʊtɚˈdeɪm is a private Roman Catholic Research university located in [2]
  10. ^ a b G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 228, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004094598. Founded in 1683 in Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill (known as E
  11. ^ Peter Heath (1998), "Review: The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Hayy ibn Yaqzan by Lawrence I. Conrad", Journal of the American Oriental Society 118 (3): 413-415 [413]
  12. ^ a b G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, pp. 224-262, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004094598. Founded in 1683 in Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill (known as E
  13. ^ a b c Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38-46, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004093001. Founded in 1683 in Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill (known as E
  14. ^ Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, p. 40, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004093001
    (cf. Peter Heath (1998), "Review: The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Hayy ibn Yaqzan by Lawrence I. Founded in 1683 in Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill (known as E cf is an abbreviation for the Latin -derived (but also modern English) word confer, meaning "compare" or "consult" Conrad", Journal of the American Oriental Society 118 (3): 413-415 [413])
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