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HMS Frobisher
Class overview
Name: Hawkins
Operators: RN Ensign Royal Navy
Preceded by: Birmingham class
Succeeded by: County class
In commission: October 1, 1918
Completed: Five
Lost: Two
General characteristics
Type: heavy cruiser
Displacement: 9,750 tons (standard)
12,190 tons (full load)
Length: 565 ft (172 m) (p/p)
605 ft (184 m)(o/a)
Beam: 58 ft (18 m) (65 ft across bulges)
Draught: 17. Interwar career Frobisher was commissioned on 20 September 1924 and entered service with the Mediterranean Fleet as Flagship of the 1st Cruiser Squadron The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Classes of Town-class cruiser Bristol class The Bristol class were all ordered under the 1909 Programme and commissioned in late Design & development The 10000 ton treaty cruisers were the first type of warships built to internationally-agreed restrictions by the original requirement that they should be capable Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The heavy cruiser was a type of Cruiser, a naval Warship designed for long range high speed and an armament of naval guns roughly 8in in calibre Length between perpendiculars, often abbreviated as p/p, pp, pp or LBP is a term describing the length of a Ship. Length overall, often abbreviated as ( LOA, o/a, oa or oa) refers to the maximum length of a vessel from the two points on the hull most distant 25 ft (5. 26 m) (20. 5 ft (6. 2 m) full load)
Propulsion: Ten Yarrow-type oil-fired water-tube boilers (eight oil, two coal-fired in Hawkins until 1929),
Parsons (Brown-Curtis in Frobisher, Effingham) geared steam turbines, Four shafts, 70,000 shp (60,000 shp in Hawkins)
Speed: 31 knots (57. Yarrow (Shipbuilders Limited (YSL often styled as simply Yarrows, was a major shipyard now part of BVT Surface Fleet, a joint venture between BAE Systems A water-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which water circulates in tubes heated externally by the fire Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company was a British Engineering company based in Wallsend, North England, on the River Tyne. A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts Thermal energy from pressurized Steam, and converts it into useful mechanical work 4 km/h) (30 knots (55. 6 km/h) Hawkins)
Range: 5,400 nmi (10,000 km) at 14 knots (26 km/h)
Complement: 712 / 750 flag
Armament: Design;
  • 7 x BL 7. This article explains terms used to describe the British Armed Forces ' ordnance (i 5 inch Mark VI in single mounts CP Mk. This article explains terms used to describe the British Armed Forces ' ordnance (i V
  • 8 x QF 12 pdr 12 cwt Mk.II on single mounts P Mk. The QF 12 pounder 12 cwt gun was a common 3 Inch Calibre naval gun introduced in 1894 and used until the middle of the 20th century This article explains terms used to describe the British Armed Forces ' ordnance (i I
  • 4 x QF 3 inch 20 cwt Mk.I on single mounts HA Mk. The QF 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun became the standard anti-aircraft gun used in the home defence of England against German airships and bombers in World War I. This article explains terms used to describe the British Armed Forces ' ordnance (i II
  • 2 x submerged & 4 x fixed above water 21 inch torpedo tubes
As completed, except Vindictive
  • 7 x BL 7. The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below 5 inch Mark VI in single mounts CP Mk. V
  • 3 x QF 4 inch Mk.V in single mounts HA Mk. The QF 4 inch Mk V gun was a Royal Navy gun of World War I which was adapted on dual HA-LA mountings to the heavy anti-aircraft role both at sea and on land and as a coast defence III (not Hawkins
  • 4 x QF 3 inch 20 cwt Mk.I on single mounts HA Mk. The QF 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun became the standard anti-aircraft gun used in the home defence of England against German airships and bombers in World War I. II (Hawkins only)
  • 4 x QF 3 inch 20 cwt Mk.I on single mounts HA Mk. The QF 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun became the standard anti-aircraft gun used in the home defence of England against German airships and bombers in World War I. This article explains terms used to describe the British Armed Forces ' ordnance (i II
  • 2 x QF 2 pdr Mk. The 2-pounder gun, officially designated the QF 2-pounder ( QF denoting "quick firing" and universally known as the pom-pom, was a 1 II on single mounts HA Mk. I
  • 2 x submerged & 4 x fixed above water 21 inch torpedo tubes
Armour: Main belt;
  • 1½–2½ in forward
  • 3 in amidships
  • 2¼–1½ in aft
Upper belt;
  • 1½ in forward
  • 2 in amidships
Upper deck;
  • 1-1½in in over boilers
Main deck;
  • 1-1½in in over engines
  • 1 in over steering gear
Gunshields;
  • 2 in face
  • 1 in crown & sides
Aircraft carried: See Vindictive

The Hawkins class was a class of five heavy cruisers of the Royal Navy designed in 1915 and constructed throughout the First World War. The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below Design and construction The design of the Hawkins class cruisers was finalized in late 1915 and four ships were ordered in December of that year A ship class is a group of ships of a similar design This is distinct from a ship-type which might reflect a similarity of tonnage or intended use The heavy cruiser was a type of Cruiser, a naval Warship designed for long range high speed and an armament of naval guns roughly 8in in calibre The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All All ships were named after Elizabethan sea captains. Romance and reality The Victorian era and the early twentieth century idealised the Elizabethan era The three ships remaining as cruisers in 1939 served in the Second World War, with Effingham being an early war loss through wreck; this was unusual since Raleigh was lost in a similar shipwreck on uncharted rocks in 1922 (and Vindictive was nearly lost to grounding in 1919). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Vindictive, though no longer a cruiser, also served throughout the War. This class formed the basis for the definition of the heavy cruiser type under the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, limited the naval armaments of its five signatories the United States of America, the

Contents

Design

The ships were improved versions of the Birmingham sub-class of the "Town" class cruisers, thus they were initially known as the "Improved Birmingham" type. Classes of Town-class cruiser Bristol class The Bristol class were all ordered under the 1909 Programme and commissioned in late Their lineage descended through an intermediate sketch design of 1912 known as the "Atlantic Cruiser", armed with a combination of 7. 5 and 6 inch (190 and 152 mm) guns, designed to counter reported large German cruisers armed with 170 mm (6. The Kaiserliche Marine or Imperial Navy was the German Navy created by the formation of the German Empire. 8 inch) guns.

HMS Frobisher in 1945
HMS Frobisher in 1945

In 1915, a new design of cruiser was prepared for trade protection on distant waters, for which a heavy armament, long range and high speed was required; meaning a large ship. Previous large cruisers had been of the armoured cruiser or protected cruiser type. The armored cruiser, or armoured cruiser (see spelling differences) is a type of Cruiser, a naval warship. Protected cruisers were a type of naval Cruiser of the late 19th century so known because their deck armour offered protection for vital machine spaces from shrapnel caused These ships had been made obsolete by the adoption of oil-firing and the steam turbine engine and had been superseded by the battlecruiser and the light cruiser. A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts Thermal energy from pressurized Steam, and converts it into useful mechanical work Battlecruisers were large Warships in the first half of the 20th century that were first introduced by the British Royal Navy. A light cruiser is a Warship. The term is a shortening of the phrase "light Armoured cruiser " describing a small ship that carried armour in the same way The Hawkins design was basically a light cruiser enlarged sufficiently to increase their range and armament as required. A mixed armament of 9. 2 and 6 inch was rejected after wartime experience illustrated the difficulty of controlling a mixed battery as shell splashes could not be differentiated. Thus, a uniform battery of 7. 5 inch calibre was adopted, controlled by the innovation of director firing. Note the term " fire control " may also refer to means of stopping a fire such as sprinkler systems A fire-control system

The development of director firing made the planned armament obsolete, as director control relies on "straddles" in which some shells in a given salvo are seen to fall short of the target and some long. As long as straddles are maintained, some percentage of the shots will be hits. With a main battery consisting of only two guns, a straddle of one shell falling short and one long mathematically eliminates the possibility of a hit, while a uniform six-gun broadside allows the possibility of up to four hits out of a straddle.

The boilers were initially a combination of coal and oil firing to ensure a supply of fuel on distant stations; coal being more available and the ships could cruise on coal firing alone. Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from Petroleum Distillation, either as a distillate or a residue The installed power was 60,000 shp for 30 knots (56 km/h). However, only Hawkins and Vindictive were completed as such. The other ships were not constructed with much haste and were completed post-war with oil-firing only, increasing power to 70,000 shp for 31 knots (57 km/h).

These ships did not suit the Royal Navy's postwar needs well, as Britain needed numbers of cruisers, rather than indvidually powerful ships. As breaking them up on the slips would have been an unwarranted waste of money, they were completed anyway, and just shy of 10,000 tons and armed with 7. 5-inch guns, they became the prototype of the Washington Treaty cruiser.

Vindictive

HMS Vindictive shortly after completion
HMS Vindictive shortly after completion

The fifth and last ship of the class - laid down as Cavendish - was altered to an aircraft carrier while building, renamed Vindictive to perpetuate the name of the cruiser sunk at the Second Ostend Raid and her construction was rushed to bring her into service before her cruiser sisters. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with The Second Ostend Raid (officially known as Operation VS) was the latter of two failed attempts by the Royal Navy to block the channels accessing the Belgian She had a 100-foot (30 m) flying-off platform forwards and a 215-foot (66 m) landing deck aft and a hangar for up to eight aircraft. She was armed with four 7. 5 inch and six 12 pounder guns. In 1923 she reverted back to a cruiser, but retained the hangar forwards and did not carry a 'B' gun; a crane and catapult being carried instead for seaplanes. A seaplane is a Fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting on water After 1935 she did not serve in a cruiser role; for her various further modifications see her individual entry. Design and construction The design of the Hawkins class cruisers was finalized in late 1915 and four ships were ordered in December of that year

Modifications

No ships were completed with the original design secondary armament. Hawkins carried only the 12 pounder anti-aircraft (A/A) guns, her sisters having two (Raleigh) or three (Frobisher, Effingham) QF 4 inch Mark V guns on mountings HA Mark III. Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces In 1929, Hawkins had her 12 pounder guns replaced by an equal number of the same model of 4-inch (102 mm) guns as her sisters. Frobisher was partially disarmed as a training ship in 1932, but reverted to a cruiser in 1937 when Vindictive was specially demilitarised for this role.

The ships were scheduled for disposal in 1936, but rising international tensions caused their retention. In 1937, Effingham was rebuilt as a light cruiser with nine BL 6 Mark XII guns on single mountings CP Mark XIV. These were shipped superfiring forwards in 'A', 'B' and 'C' positions, on either wing, triple aft in 'W', 'X' and 'Y' positions with the ninth gun being on the quarterdeck in position 'Z'. The after boiler rooms were removed and the remaining uptakes trunked into a single large funnel. Secondary armament was eight QF 4 inch Mark XVI on twin mountings HA/LA Mark XIX, eight QF 2 pounder Mark VIII guns on two quadruple mountings Mark VII and twelve 0.5 inch Vickers machine guns on three quadruple mountings Mark I. This article explains terms used to describe the British Armed Forces ' ordnance (i The 2-pounder gun, officially designated the QF 2-pounder ( QF denoting "quick firing" and universally known as the pom-pom, was a 1 The Vickers machine gun or Vickers gun is a name primarily used to refer to the water-cooled. The submerged torpedo tubes were removed. She had a new bridge and spotting top and carried a crane amiships, the catapult and aircraft were never fitted.

It had been planned to rebuild Hawkins and Frobisher on similar lines, but other priorities prevented this. They were re-armed for war with all their 7. 5-inch (191 mm) guns, except in Frobisher which had the wing guns removed so that the 4-inch (102 mm) gun deck could be extended out to the ship's sides. In 1940, they received two (Hawkins) or four (Frobisher) quadruple 2 pounder "multiple pom-pom" mountings and seven (Frobisher) or eight (Hawkins) 20 mm Oerlikon guns on single mountings P Mark III. The term " Oerlikon 20 mm cannon " refers to a series of Autocannons based on an original designed by Reinhold Becker during World War I, and They received an outfit of centimetric Radar Type 273 target indication on the bridge, Type 286 air warning at the mastheads, Type 275 on the HACS 4-inch (102 mm) gun director for ranging and bearing and, in Frobisher only, a pair of Type 282 sets on the pom-pom directors on the bridge. This page is a List of World War II British naval Radar. Nomenclature These sets were initially numbered as Wireless telegraph This page is a List of World War II British naval Radar. Nomenclature These sets were initially numbered as Wireless telegraph This page is a List of World War II British naval Radar. Nomenclature These sets were initially numbered as Wireless telegraph HACS, an acronym of High Angle Control System, was a British Anti-aircraft Fire-control system employed by the Royal Navy from This page is a List of World War II British naval Radar. Nomenclature These sets were initially numbered as Wireless telegraph Further wartime additions increased the number of 20 mm guns.

Service

HMS Raleigh grounded on Point Amour in 1922
HMS Raleigh grounded on Point Amour in 1922

Ships

Four ships were ordered in December 1915:

A fifth ship was ordered in April 1916, but was completed as an aircraft carrier:

References

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