The Māori name Hawaiki refers to the mythical land to which some Polynesian cultures trace their origins. A mythological place (also called "mythical place" is a place that a particular culture describes in their Mythology and Folklore as existent Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over It may also refer to an underworld in many Māori stories, and in Mangaia in the Cook Islands. In the study of Mythology and Religion, the underworld (gr κάτω κόσμος) is a generic term approximately equivalent to the lay term Afterlife This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. Mangaia (traditionally known as Auau Enua which means terraced) is the most southerly of the Cook Islands and the second largest after Rarotonga. The Cook Islands ( Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. Tregear (1891:392) records that the Cook Islands Maori word Avaiki only means "underworld". The Cook Islands Maori language also called Māori Kūki 'Āirani or Rarotongan, is the Official language of the Cook Islands. Avaiki is one of the many entities by which the people of Polynesia refer to their ancestral and spiritual homelands Buse however (1996: 90) in his dictionary Cook Islands Maori Dictionary with English Finderlist (edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moeka'a almost a century after Tregear's work) writes this entry for 'Avaiki:
'Avaiki, prop. n. Hawaiki, the legendary homeland of the Polynesians. I tere tū mai rātou mei 'Avaiki. They voyaged direct from Hawaiki.
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Name-variants
The Māori name Hawaiki figures in legends about the arrival of the Māori in Aotearoa (New Zealand). New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The same concept appears in other Polynesian cultures, the name appearing variously as Hawaiki, Havai‘i, or ‘Avaiki in other Polynesian languages, though Hawaiki or Hawaiiki appear to have become the most common variants used in English. The Polynesian languages are a Language family spoken in the region known as Polynesia. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Even though the Sāmoans (themselves forming one of the oldest communities in Polynesia) have preserved no traditions of having originated elsewhere, the name of the largest Sāmoan island Savai‘i preserves a cognate with the word Hawaiki, as does the name of the Polynesian islands of Hawaiʻi (the ʻokina denoting a glottal stop that replaces the "k" in some Polynesian languages). Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa, is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands Archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean Savai’i, the "soul of Samoa" is the larger main Island in the state of Samoa, formed by a massive Basaltic Shield volcano which rises Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Encoding and displaying the Polynesian glottal Old conventions In plain ASCII the glottal is sometimes represented by the apostrophe character (' This article is about the sound in spoken language For the letter see Glottal stop (letter.
Other cognates of the word Hawaiki include sauali'i ("spirits" in Sāmoan) and hou'eiki ("chiefs" in Tongan). The Sāmoan or Samoan language is the traditional language of Samoa and American Samoa and is an official language &mdash alongside English Tongan ( lea fakatonga) is an Austronesian language spoken in Tonga. This has led some scholars to hypothesize that the word Hawaiki, and, by extension, Savai'i and Hawaiʻi, may not, in fact, have originally referred to a geographical place, but rather to chiefly ancestors and the chief-based social structure that pre-colonial Polynesia typically exhibited (Taumoefolau 1996). A traditional tribal chief is the leader of a Tribe, or the head of a tribal form of self-government
In Easter Island, the name of the mythical home country appears as Hiva. According to Thor Heyerdahl Hiva allegedly lay east of the island. Thor Heyerdahl ( October 6, 1914 Larvik, Norway &ndash April 18, 2002 Colla Micheri, Italy) was a Sebastian Englert records:
He-kî Hau Maka: "He kaiga iroto i te raá, iruga! Ka-oho korua, ka-û'i i te kaiga mo noho o te Ariki O'Hotu Matu'a! [Translation:] "The island towards the sun, above! Go, see the island where King Hotu Matu'a will go and live!"
Englert puts forward that Hiva lies to the West of the island. Father Sebastian Englert OFM Cap (born November 17, 1888 in Dillingen an der Oder, Bavaria, died January 8, 1969 in [1]
Legends
According to various oral traditions, Polynesians migrated from Hawaiki to the islands of the Pacific Ocean in open canoes, little different from the traditional craft found in Polynesia today. A legend ( Latin, legenda, "things to be read" is a Narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The Māori people of New Zealand trace their ancestry to groups of people who reportedly travelled from Hawaiki in about 40 named canoes (waka) (compare the discredited Great Fleet theory of the Polynesian settlement of New Zealand). This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors Various Māori traditions recount how their ancestors set out from a mythical homeland in great ocean-going canoes (or waka)
Polynesian oral traditions say that the spirits of Polynesian people return to Hawaiki after death. In the New Zealand context, such return-journeys take place via Spirits Bay, Cape Reinga and the Three Kings Islands at the extreme north of the North Island of New Zealand — giving a possible pointer as to the direction in which Hawaiki may lie. Spirits Bay is located at the northern end of the Aupouri Peninsula at the northern tip of New Zealand 's North Island. Cape Reinga ( Te Reinga or Te Rerenga Wairua in Māori) Suitable vehicles can travel much of the way via Ninety Mile Beach and Te Paki The Three Kings Islands ( Manawa-tawhi or Ngā Motu Karaka in Māori) are a group of The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island.
Modern science and practical testing of theories
Until recently, many anthropologists had doubts that the canoe-legends described a deliberate migration, preferring to believe that the migration occurred accidentally when seafarers became lost and drifted to uninhabited shores. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of In 1947 Thor Heyerdahl sailed the Kon-Tiki, a balsa-wood raft, from South America into the Pacific in order to show that humans could have settled Polynesia from the eastern shores of the Pacific Ocean, with sailors using the prevailing winds and simple construction techniques. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Thor Heyerdahl ( October 6, 1914 Larvik, Norway &ndash April 18, 2002 Colla Micheri, Italy) was a Kon-Tiki is the Raft used by Norwegian explorer and writer Thor Heyerdahl in his 1947 expedition across the Pacific Ocean A raft is any flat floating structure for travel over water It is the most basic of Boat design characterized by the absence of a hull. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a
However, DNA, linguistic and archaeological evidence indicates that the Austronesian-speaking peoples (including the Polynesians) probably originated from islands in eastern Asia, possibly from Taiwan,[2][3] and moved southwards and eastwards through the South Pacific Ocean. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The common ancestry of all the Austronesian languages of which the Polynesian languages form a major subgroup, supports this theory. The Polynesian languages are a Language family spoken in the region known as Polynesia. This evidence indicates that at least some of the migration occurred against the prevailing winds, and hence deliberately rather than just accidentally. The prevailing winds are the trends in speed and direction of Wind over a particular point on the Earth 's surface Austronesian and Polynesian navigators may have deduced the existence of uninhabited islands by observing migratory patterns of birds.
In recent decades, boatbuilders (see Polynesian Voyaging Society) have constructed ocean-going craft using traditional materials and techniques, and have sailed them over presumed traditional routes using ancient navigation methods, showing the feasibility of such deliberate migration. The Polynesian Voyaging Society (PVS is a non-profit research and educational corporation based in Honolulu, Hawai{{okina}}i.
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Englert notes that the phrase "The island towards the sun, above" seems to mean that, seen from Hiva, it lay towards the rising sun. Hawaiiloa is the hero of an ancient Hawaiian legend about the settling of the Hawaiian Islands. the Māori mythology of some tribes Kupe was involved in the Polynesian discovery of New Zealand Stephenson Percy Smith (1840–1922 was a New Zealand ethnologist and surveyor Sourced from http://www.rongorongo.org/leyendas/008.htm
- ^ "Mitochondrial DNA Provides a Link between Polynesians and Indigenous Taiwanese," synopsis. Public Library of Science, July 5, 2005
- ^ The origin of the Polynesians. The Economist, Jul 7th, 2005.
References
- Buse, J. , Taringa, R. , Cook Islands Maori Dictionary With English Finderlist, edited by Biggs, B. and Moeka'a R. (1996), 90. Canberra: The Australian National University.
- M. Taumoefolau, "From *Sau 'Ariki to Hawaiki". The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 105(4), (1996), 385-410.
- E. R. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary (Lyon and Blair: Lambton Quay), 1891.
External links
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